psych midterm
Jackson is working with a company to help it develop more effective training programs for its employees. He has spent a great deal of time reviewing all the documentation the company has about the previous training opportunities it has provided for its employees. Up to this point in time, Jackson has been engaged in
Archival research.
Which of the following psychologist would have been MOST likely to assert that "free will is an illusion"?
B.F. Skinner
Statistics that are used to summarize and organize data are called:
Descriptive statistics
Dr. Stillingsworth is interested in people's reactions to a controversial jury verdict. Dr. Stillingsworth calls people at their home between the hours of 1pm and 3pm on a tuesday afternoon. In this example, Dr. Stillingsworth has most likely selected
a biased sample
roots of psych began in
greece (more than 2000 years ago)
42. Which of the following BEST characterizes people's understanding of reality?
highly subjective
Larry is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. You should expect that Larry is MOST interested in
how people relate to each other and influence each other
The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
humanism
One method to control for experimenter bias effects in research is to use
a double-blind procedure
A scientific journal refers to
a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles.
A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations is called
a theory
The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is
humanists
10. Statistical procedures are used during which step in conducting a scientific investigation?
analyze the data and draw conclusions
Which of the following reasons for conducting psychological research with animals is most controversial?
animals can be exposed to treatments that would be unacceptable for human exposure
38. According to the psychology definition, behaviors are
any action we can observe and record
who's theory states that knowledge grows from the experiences stored in our memories
aristotle
psychology is best defined as the science of
behavior and mental processes
The type of psychologist who would be MOST likely to study rats in a laboratory setting would be a
behaviorist
William James, who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism, was MOST heavily influenced by
charles darwin
Dr. Foust studies the causes and treatment of schizophrenia. Dr. Foust is most like a(n) ____ psychologist.
clinical
The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is called
clinical psychology
Which core psychological research area is primarily devoted to the study of such topics as memory, problem solving, and thinking?
cognitive
A psychologist who studies information processing and decision making would probably be considered a
cognitive psychologist
According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of
conscious experience
The experimental group
consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the independent variable
which of the following is not listed in the textbook as a descriptive research method?
criterion-based induction
A psychologist whose major interest focuses on how behavior changes as a function of age would probably be considered a
developmental psychologist
35. Empiricism means that knowledge should be acquired through
direct observation
Rene Descartes's idea that mind and body are separate is an example of
dualism
Dr. Licciardi predicts that if people are observed while they perform a complex task, they will make more errors. Dr.Licciardi's prediction is an example of
hypothesis
Mrs. Smith, an elementary school teacher, believes that girls are smarter than boys. She predicts that the girls in her class will learn more than the boys during the school year. Her prediction is a(n)
hypothesis
Most typically, researchers report their findings
in a journal
in an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the
independent variable
If you take a sip of soda and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold, bubbly, sweet, etc) you would be utilizing the technique of
introspection
The purpose of the control group is to
isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable
The text's unifying theme of "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the
nature v nurture issue
You are asked to be on a panel of experts investigating the nature of consciousness. While the other experts are content to rely on speculation regarding consciousness, you demand that the evidence be based on experimentation and observation. Your approach is known as
empiricism
John Locke's idea of "tabla rasa" states that knowledge is learned from
experiences
The area of research specialization in psychology that studies many of the traditional topics in psychology is
experimental
12. The two main types of research methods used in psychology are the
experimental and descriptive/correlational research methods
The fact that researchers often unintentionally influence the outcome of their studies implies the existence of
experimental bias
The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images
functionalism
In a descriptive. correlational research, the investigator
systematically observes two variables to see whether there is an association between them
a researcher found that clients who were randomly assigned to same-sex groups participated more in group therapy sessions than clients who were randomly assigned to coed groups. In this experiment the dependent variable was
the amount of participation in the group therapy sessions.
a group of researchers wanted to determine if people will eat more food in a room with red paint and red decorations than in a room that is decorated blue. half the participants in this study ate in a red room and half ate in a blue room. the researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. In this study the independent variable was__
the color of the decorations in the room.
21. According to John Watson, behavior that can be observed by others
the environment
Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines
the experimental approach
In an experiment designed to test memory processes, one group was given special instructions and asked to group the items on a list into categories while they tried to memorize them. A second group of participants was given the same list, but they did not receive any special instructions. In this study, the experimental group is
the group that received the special instructions
According to the psychology definition, mental processes are
the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior
Researchers studying the effects of sleep deprivation tested the physical coordination skills of 25 year old males who had been sleep deprived for 24, 36, or 48 hours. in this study the dependent variable would be
the physical coordination skills of the men in the study
A researcher is conducting an experiment on the effect of alcohol consumption on reaction time; half of the subjects drink alcoholic drinks, and half drink nonalcoholic versions of the same drinks. The subjects receiving the nonalcoholic drinks are the __ group and are used in the study to minimize the influence of __ control;
the placebo effect
40. The text's unifying theme that "psychology is theoretically diverse" implies that
there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations
Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common that
they do not manipulate the variables under a study
A researcher is interested in examining whether relaxation techniques help decrease the perception of anxiety in subjects. The second step in this scientific investigation would be
to design the study and select the research method.
Ramon is a graduate student whose major area of interest is cognitive psychology. You should expect that Ramon is MOST interested in
understanding mental processes such as memory and learning
unit 2
unit 2
unit 3 yay
unit 3
Subjects in the control group should be __ subjects in the experimental groups in all respects except for the treatment they receive in regards to the
very similar to; independent variable
A group of researchers wanted to determine whether children would behave more aggressively after watching violent television programming. half the children in the study watched a violent television show; the other children watched a non-violent program. In this study, the control group is the children who
watch the non-violent program.
Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using functionalist perspective. It is MOST likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that
we can only understand the conscious experience of pain if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation
Cognitive psychologists are primarily interested in
studying, memory, thinking, learning, and other mental processes
The median of the following distribution of scores is 1, 2, 3, 7, 7 is
3
What is the mode of the following data: 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 12
3
Which research method involves an in-depth investigation of an individual subject?
A case study
To discover whether residents of a city are in favor of building a new sports stadium, the team's owner randomly selected and interviewed 500 of the city's 500,000 residents. In this instance, the 500 people that the owner interviewed would be:
A representative sample
32. One advantage of naturalistic observation is that it:
Allows behavior to be studied in realistic settings
The major organization that represents BOTH the scientific and professional branches of psychology in the United States is the
American Psychological Association (APA)
Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions are called
Inferential statistics
A sample is representative if:
Its composition is similar to the composition of the population
The psychologist who proposed the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior
John B. Watson
Our modern psychology really came from which philosopher's ideas during the 1600s?
John Locke
27. Strength is a(n)
Negative correlation
As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are
Negatively correlated
In criticizing the structuralists; reliance on the method of introspection, William James argued that two people could view the same stimulus quite differently. James's argument illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes?
Our experience of the world is highly subjective
Which of the following is not included in the ethical guidelines for human participants in psychological research?
Participants should be paid for their participation
If we were to measure the height and weight of 100 adult women, we would find that these two measures are:
Positively correlated
In the 1920s, there were many fundamental disputes between competing schools of thought in psychology. These disputes illustrate which of the textbook's unifying themes?
Psychology is theoretically diverse
With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree
Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others
The ______ is an index of the amount of variability in a set of data.
Standard deviation.
Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist?
The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances
Charley tells you that 17 our of the 30 students enrolled in his English class scored exactly 62 points on the last exam. Conceptually, this is the same as saying
The mode for that particular English exam was 62 points
One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?
The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives
Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?
Variability
Statistically significant" means that the results of an experiment most likely:
Were not due to chance.
50. Both Rogers and Maslow believed
people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth
That people sometimes see what they either "want to see" or "expect to see" BEST reflects the unifying theme
people's experience of the world is highly subjective
Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of
philosophy and physiology
A psychologist monitors changes in the subject's heart rate as the subject watches a violent movie. The data collection technique being used is
physiological recording.
Dr. Barton has found that students who score higher than 85% on the first midterm tend to earn scores of 75% or better on the final exam, while students who score less than 60% on the first midterm often end up with a failing grade on the final exam. This suggests that the scores on the first midterm and the final midterm are
positively correlated.
one major difference between psychologists and psychiatrists
psychiatrists prescribe meds
In conducting a research study psychologists need to define all their variables clearly and unambiguously, so that other researches can objectively evaluate the results of the research. This aspect of psychology illustrates the underlying theme that
psychology is empirical
While Freud might explain an individual's depression by focusing on the person's unconscious thoughts, a physiological psychologist might focus instead on a chemical in- balance in the brain. This difference in explanations BEST illustrates the text's unifying theme of
psychology is theoretically diverse
William James's publication, Principles of Psychology, is considered the first
psychology textbook
Psychologists use a variety of data collection techniques; which of the following is best suited for studying attitudes
questionnaires
7. The final step in a scientific investigation is to
report the findings
The three roles of a psychologist is to
research, consult, and teach
The data obtained in a research study, along with the statistical analyses, are reported in the
results section of a journal article
1. The ___ approach assumes that events are governed by some lawful order
scientific
Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research specialization?
social psychology
18. The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was
stream of consciousness
