psych midterm

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Jackson is working with a company to help it develop more effective training programs for its employees. He has spent a great deal of time reviewing all the documentation the company has about the previous training opportunities it has provided for its employees. Up to this point in time, Jackson has been engaged in

Archival research.

Which of the following psychologist would have been MOST likely to assert that "free will is an illusion"?

B.F. Skinner

Statistics that are used to summarize and organize data are called:

Descriptive statistics

Dr. Stillingsworth is interested in people's reactions to a controversial jury verdict. Dr. Stillingsworth calls people at their home between the hours of 1pm and 3pm on a tuesday afternoon. In this example, Dr. Stillingsworth has most likely selected

a biased sample

roots of psych began in

greece (more than 2000 years ago)

42. Which of the following BEST characterizes people's understanding of reality?

highly subjective

Larry is a graduate student whose major area of interest is social psychology. You should expect that Larry is MOST interested in

how people relate to each other and influence each other

The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

humanism

One method to control for experimenter bias effects in research is to use

a double-blind procedure

A scientific journal refers to

a periodical that publishes technical and scholarly articles.

A system of interrelated ideas used to explain a set of observations is called

a theory

The theoretical viewpoint that is MOST closely associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow is

humanists

10. Statistical procedures are used during which step in conducting a scientific investigation?

analyze the data and draw conclusions

Which of the following reasons for conducting psychological research with animals is most controversial?

animals can be exposed to treatments that would be unacceptable for human exposure

38. According to the psychology definition, behaviors are

any action we can observe and record

who's theory states that knowledge grows from the experiences stored in our memories

aristotle

psychology is best defined as the science of

behavior and mental processes

The type of psychologist who would be MOST likely to study rats in a laboratory setting would be a

behaviorist

William James, who was a pioneer in the development of functionalism, was MOST heavily influenced by

charles darwin

Dr. Foust studies the causes and treatment of schizophrenia. Dr. Foust is most like a(n) ____ psychologist.

clinical

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders is called

clinical psychology

Which core psychological research area is primarily devoted to the study of such topics as memory, problem solving, and thinking?

cognitive

A psychologist who studies information processing and decision making would probably be considered a

cognitive psychologist

According to Wilhelm Wundt, the focus of psychology was on the scientific study of

conscious experience

The experimental group

consists of the subjects who receive some special treatment with regard to the independent variable

which of the following is not listed in the textbook as a descriptive research method?

criterion-based induction

A psychologist whose major interest focuses on how behavior changes as a function of age would probably be considered a

developmental psychologist

35. Empiricism means that knowledge should be acquired through

direct observation

Rene Descartes's idea that mind and body are separate is an example of

dualism

Dr. Licciardi predicts that if people are observed while they perform a complex task, they will make more errors. Dr.Licciardi's prediction is an example of

hypothesis

Mrs. Smith, an elementary school teacher, believes that girls are smarter than boys. She predicts that the girls in her class will learn more than the boys during the school year. Her prediction is a(n)

hypothesis

Most typically, researchers report their findings

in a journal

in an experiment, the variable that is controlled or manipulated by the researcher is called the

independent variable

If you take a sip of soda and concentrate on what you are experiencing (cold, bubbly, sweet, etc) you would be utilizing the technique of

introspection

The purpose of the control group is to

isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

The text's unifying theme of "heredity and environment jointly influence behavior" is often referred to as describing the

nature v nurture issue

You are asked to be on a panel of experts investigating the nature of consciousness. While the other experts are content to rely on speculation regarding consciousness, you demand that the evidence be based on experimentation and observation. Your approach is known as

empiricism

John Locke's idea of "tabla rasa" states that knowledge is learned from

experiences

The area of research specialization in psychology that studies many of the traditional topics in psychology is

experimental

12. The two main types of research methods used in psychology are the

experimental and descriptive/correlational research methods

The fact that researchers often unintentionally influence the outcome of their studies implies the existence of

experimental bias

The school of psychology that focused on identifying and examining the fundamental components of conscious experience, such as sensations, feelings, and images

functionalism

In a descriptive. correlational research, the investigator

systematically observes two variables to see whether there is an association between them

a researcher found that clients who were randomly assigned to same-sex groups participated more in group therapy sessions than clients who were randomly assigned to coed groups. In this experiment the dependent variable was

the amount of participation in the group therapy sessions.

a group of researchers wanted to determine if people will eat more food in a room with red paint and red decorations than in a room that is decorated blue. half the participants in this study ate in a red room and half ate in a blue room. the researchers then measured how much food was consumed in each of the two rooms. In this study the independent variable was__

the color of the decorations in the room.

21. According to John Watson, behavior that can be observed by others

the environment

Manipulating a variable under carefully controlled conditions and observing the changes in a second variable defines

the experimental approach

In an experiment designed to test memory processes, one group was given special instructions and asked to group the items on a list into categories while they tried to memorize them. A second group of participants was given the same list, but they did not receive any special instructions. In this study, the experimental group is

the group that received the special instructions

According to the psychology definition, mental processes are

the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior

Researchers studying the effects of sleep deprivation tested the physical coordination skills of 25 year old males who had been sleep deprived for 24, 36, or 48 hours. in this study the dependent variable would be

the physical coordination skills of the men in the study

A researcher is conducting an experiment on the effect of alcohol consumption on reaction time; half of the subjects drink alcoholic drinks, and half drink nonalcoholic versions of the same drinks. The subjects receiving the nonalcoholic drinks are the __ group and are used in the study to minimize the influence of __ control;

the placebo effect

40. The text's unifying theme that "psychology is theoretically diverse" implies that

there are often several ways to interpret a set of observations

Naturalistic observation, case studies, and surveys all have in common that

they do not manipulate the variables under a study

A researcher is interested in examining whether relaxation techniques help decrease the perception of anxiety in subjects. The second step in this scientific investigation would be

to design the study and select the research method.

Ramon is a graduate student whose major area of interest is cognitive psychology. You should expect that Ramon is MOST interested in

understanding mental processes such as memory and learning

unit 2

unit 2

unit 3 yay

unit 3

Subjects in the control group should be __ subjects in the experimental groups in all respects except for the treatment they receive in regards to the

very similar to; independent variable

A group of researchers wanted to determine whether children would behave more aggressively after watching violent television programming. half the children in the study watched a violent television show; the other children watched a non-violent program. In this study, the control group is the children who

watch the non-violent program.

Dr. Lee is studying pain perception using functionalist perspective. It is MOST likely that Dr. Lee would suggest that

we can only understand the conscious experience of pain if we first understand the role of pain in human survival and adaptation

Cognitive psychologists are primarily interested in

studying, memory, thinking, learning, and other mental processes

The median of the following distribution of scores is 1, 2, 3, 7, 7 is

3

What is the mode of the following data: 2, 3, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7, 12

3

Which research method involves an in-depth investigation of an individual subject?

A case study

To discover whether residents of a city are in favor of building a new sports stadium, the team's owner randomly selected and interviewed 500 of the city's 500,000 residents. In this instance, the 500 people that the owner interviewed would be:

A representative sample

32. One advantage of naturalistic observation is that it:

Allows behavior to be studied in realistic settings

The major organization that represents BOTH the scientific and professional branches of psychology in the United States is the

American Psychological Association (APA)

Statistics that are used to interpret data and draw conclusions are called

Inferential statistics

A sample is representative if:

Its composition is similar to the composition of the population

The psychologist who proposed the study of consciousness should be replaced by the study of behavior

John B. Watson

Our modern psychology really came from which philosopher's ideas during the 1600s?

John Locke

27. Strength is a(n)

Negative correlation

As the number of bystanders increases, people are less likely to help someone who is in distress. This suggests that the size of a crowd and helping behavior are

Negatively correlated

In criticizing the structuralists; reliance on the method of introspection, William James argued that two people could view the same stimulus quite differently. James's argument illustrates which of the textbook's unifying themes?

Our experience of the world is highly subjective

Which of the following is not included in the ethical guidelines for human participants in psychological research?

Participants should be paid for their participation

If we were to measure the height and weight of 100 adult women, we would find that these two measures are:

Positively correlated

In the 1920s, there were many fundamental disputes between competing schools of thought in psychology. These disputes illustrate which of the textbook's unifying themes?

Psychology is theoretically diverse

With which of the following statements would a behaviorist agree

Psychology should be the science of behavior that can be observed by others

The ______ is an index of the amount of variability in a set of data.

Standard deviation.

Which of the following statements is LEAST likely to be made by a humanist?

The behavior of humans tends to be dictated by environmental circumstances

Charley tells you that 17 our of the 30 students enrolled in his English class scored exactly 62 points on the last exam. Conceptually, this is the same as saying

The mode for that particular English exam was 62 points

One psychologist explains a phobia in terms of learning principles whereas another looks to the unconscious for an explanation. Given this scenario, which of the following conclusions is MOST accurate?

The two psychologists are using different theoretical perspectives

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?

Variability

Statistically significant" means that the results of an experiment most likely:

Were not due to chance.

50. Both Rogers and Maslow believed

people have a basic need to fulfill their potential for personal growth

That people sometimes see what they either "want to see" or "expect to see" BEST reflects the unifying theme

people's experience of the world is highly subjective

Psychology's intellectual parents are the disciplines of

philosophy and physiology

A psychologist monitors changes in the subject's heart rate as the subject watches a violent movie. The data collection technique being used is

physiological recording.

Dr. Barton has found that students who score higher than 85% on the first midterm tend to earn scores of 75% or better on the final exam, while students who score less than 60% on the first midterm often end up with a failing grade on the final exam. This suggests that the scores on the first midterm and the final midterm are

positively correlated.

one major difference between psychologists and psychiatrists

psychiatrists prescribe meds

In conducting a research study psychologists need to define all their variables clearly and unambiguously, so that other researches can objectively evaluate the results of the research. This aspect of psychology illustrates the underlying theme that

psychology is empirical

While Freud might explain an individual's depression by focusing on the person's unconscious thoughts, a physiological psychologist might focus instead on a chemical in- balance in the brain. This difference in explanations BEST illustrates the text's unifying theme of

psychology is theoretically diverse

William James's publication, Principles of Psychology, is considered the first

psychology textbook

Psychologists use a variety of data collection techniques; which of the following is best suited for studying attitudes

questionnaires

7. The final step in a scientific investigation is to

report the findings

The three roles of a psychologist is to

research, consult, and teach

The data obtained in a research study, along with the statistical analyses, are reported in the

results section of a journal article

1. The ___ approach assumes that events are governed by some lawful order

scientific

Dr. Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence people's behavior. Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr. Somers' research specialization?

social psychology

18. The term used by William James to describe a continuous flow of thoughts was

stream of consciousness


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