psych personality

Humanistic Theory (Rogers, Maslow): View of Personality

If our basic human needs are met, people will strive toward self-actualization. In a climate of unconditional positive regard, we can develop self-awareness and a more realistic and positive self-concept.

A question on the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) such as "I get angry sometimes" is included to determine what about the test-taker? Whether the person has a personality disorder. If the person needs immediate help for anger management. If the person is more extraverted than introverted. Whether the person has a stronger id or superego. If the person is answering the questions truthfully.

If the person is answering the questions truthfully.

Which of the following is the major criticism of the social-cognitive perspective? A. It focuses too much on early childhood experiences.B.It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person.C.It provides descriptions but not explanations.D.It lacks appropriate assessment techniques.

It focuses too little on the inner traits of a person.

Repression (defense mechanism)

Most important, underlies them all Motivated forgetting, dont want to admit that actions were done Allows conscious calm with ego Freudian slips/dreams, unconscious escapes defense mechanisms in the form of slips or dreams

Karen Horney's Theory of Neurosis

Moving towards against or away from people We have basic needs, are clingy and needy Viewed mental illnesses (neuroses) as a way of coping, which is a normal part of life Identified 10 different neuroses, such as need for independence, need for power and affection, etc.

Which of the following is a "Big Five" personality factor? Seriousness Neuroticism Dutifulness Dominance Abstractedness

Neuroticism

Rationalization

Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions.

Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura) Assumptions:

Our traits and the social context interact to produce our behaviors.

Psychoanalytic Personality Theory (Freud): View of Personality

Personality consists of pleasure-seeking impulses (the id), a reality-oriented executive (the ego), and an internalized set of ideals (the superego).

Which term describes questionnaires that cover a wide range of feelings and behaviors and are designed to assess several traits? Factor analysis studies Peer reports Achievement tests Cognition tests Personality inventories

Personality inventories

What did Sigmund Freud call his theory of personality and the associated treatment techniques? Psychoanalysis Humanism The self-concept Psychosexual stages Free association

Psychoanalysis

Which of the following is an example of self-efficacy? Manuela believes others are always watching her. Abraham believes he is a good person. Rasheed believes he is a competent skater. Saundra believes it rained because she's been wishing for rain for days. Igor maintains his optimism despite doing poorly in his math class.

Rasheed believes he is a competent skater.

Humanistic Theory (Rogers, Maslow): Assumptions

Rather than examining the struggles of sick people, it's better to focus on the ways people strive for self-realization.

Children's TV-viewing habits (past behavior) influence their viewing preferences (internal personal factor), which influence how television (environmental factor) affects their current behavior. What is this an example of? Personal control Learned helplessness Reciprocal determinism The Big Five traits Implicit learning

Reciprocal determinism

denial

Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities.

According to Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms underlies all of the others? Repression Reaction formation Displacement Projection Regression

Repression

According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following defense mechanisms buries threatening or upsetting events in the unconscious? Regression Displacement Repression Projection Rationalization

Repression

Scott Lilienfeld, James Wood, and Howard Garb (2001) wrote, "When a substantial body of research demonstrates that old intuitions are wrong, it is time to adopt new ways of thinking." What were they talking about? MRI test

Rorschach inkblot test

Trait Theory (Allport, Eysenck, McCrae, Costa) View of Personality:

Scientific study of traits has isolated important dimensions of personality, such as the Big Five traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion).

What did Abraham Maslow call the process of fulfilling our potential? Love needs Self-esteem Self-actualization Self-transcendence Hierarchy of needs

Self-actualization

What do we call the process of fulfilling our potential?

Self-actualization

Which term is defined as all the thoughts and feelings we have in response to the question, "Who am I?" Self-concept Ideal self Self-esteem Empathy Self-acceptance

Self-concept

Displacement

Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person.

Which of the following is true based on "Big Five" personality traits research? Highly conscientious people are likely to be evening people or "owls." Highly conscientious people get poor grades. Married partners scoring the same on agreeableness are more likely to experience marital dissatisfaction. Shy introverts are more likely to prefer communicating through e-mail instead of in person. Neuroticism predicts the use of positive-emotion words in text messages.

Shy introverts are more likely to prefer communicating through e-mail instead of in person.

Reaction formation

Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites

Psychodynamic Personality Theory (Adler, Horney, Jung): View of Personality

The dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious motives and conflicts shape our personality.

Athletes who often privately credit their victories to their own abilities, and their losses to bad breaks, lousy officiating, or the other team's exceptional performance, are exhibiting which psychological concept? A low self-esteem The self-serving bias Pessimism The spotlight effect Incompetence

The self-serving bias

Amy was sure everyone noticed how nervous she was when she spoke in front of the entire school, but later no one that she talked to mentioned it. What is the term for the belief that others are always noticing and evaluating us more than they really are? Self-monitoring Self-schemas Possible selves The spotlight effect The social-cognitive perspective

The spotlight effect

Psychodynamic Personality Theory (Adler, Horney, Jung): Assumptions

The unconscious and conscious minds interact. Childhood experiences and defense mechanisms are important.

In Brad Bushman and Roy Baumeister's research, how did people with unrealistically high self-esteem react when they were criticized? They became exceptionally aggressive. Many were more receptive to the criticism. Some became easily depressed. Most worked harder to do better the next time. They quit the task without completing it.

They became exceptionally aggressive.

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act? Myers-Briggs Indicator Factor analysis Introversion Extroversion Trait

Trait

____ theorists see personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior. They describe our differences rather than trying to explain them

Trait

Sublimation

Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives.

According to Carl Rogers, when we are in a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem. What did he call this accepting attitude? A peak experience Unconditional positive regard Self-transcendence Humanistic psychology Our self-concept

Unconditional positive regard

Carl Jung: Archetypes

Universal symbol or basis for action (Mandala, shadow, persona, anima/animus) contents of unconscious mind are called archetypes. Primordial images: an unlearned tendency to experience things a certain way. It is an organizing principle Mother archetype: we come into this world ready to want mother, to week her, to recognize her to deal with her. We have a built in ability to recognize a certain relationship, mothering

Trait Theory (Allport, Eysenck, McCrae, Costa) Assumptions:

We have certain stable and enduring characteristics, influenced by genetic predispositions.

trait

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

projective test

a personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

personality inventory

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

id

a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

empirically derived test

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

terror-management theory

a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

Which of the following is an example of an assessment likely to be used by a social-cognitive psychologist? A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom. A person applying for a managerial position takes the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. A defendant in a criminal case is interviewed by a court-appointed psychologist. In a premarriage counseling session, a young couple responds to ambiguous inkblots. A depressed young man is asked by his therapist to relax on a couch and talk about whatever comes to mind.

A student teacher is formally observed and evaluated in front of the classroom.

Recent research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that: A. some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.B.these traits only describe personality in Western, individualistic cultures.C.the hereditibility of individual differences in these traits generally run about 25 percent or less.D.all the above are true.

A. some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.

Alfred Adler's Inferiority Complex

Adler's theory of the feelings of inadequacy or inferiority in young children that influence their developing personalities and create desires to overcome Inferiority Complex was one's feelings and uncertainties that they are not enough in the eyes of society or to other people

Which of the following is best described along a continuum ranging from ruthless and suspicious to helpful and trusting? Conscientiousness Agreeableness Openness Extraversion Perfectionism

Agreeableness

Who of the following is considered the leading advocate of personality's social-cognitive approach? Gordon Allport Carl Jung Karen Horney Carl Rogers Albert Bandura

Albert Bandura

____ _____ first proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which views personality as the product of the interaction between a person's traits (including thinking) and the situation—the social context.

Albert Bandura

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n): A. projective personality test.B.empirically derived and objective personality test.C.personality test developed mainly to assess job applicants.D.personality test used primarily to assess locus of control.

B. empirically derived and objective personality test.

Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory

Believed that development was a continual process that kept going through life Believed that not every conflict was due to the unconscious, but many resulted instead from the developmental process Focused on an ongoing series of developmental oppositions that continued throughout the lifespan, from the moment one is born until they die. At every stage, people face a conflict that they must resolve in order to develop strengths Trust vs. mistrust, etc.

According to Freud, ______ is the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their ______. A. reaction formation; superegosB.reaction formation; egosC.identification; superegosD.identification; egos

C.identification; superegos

Who were the dissenters of Freud?

Carl Jung Karen Horney Alfred Adler Erik Erikson

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.

What did Carl Jung call the shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history?

Collective unconscious

Social Cognitive Theory (Bandura) View of Personality:

Conditioning and observational learning interact with cognition to create behavior patterns.

Martin Seligman

Conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness"

Electra complex (Jung)

Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

Today's personality researchers focus their work on: A. basic dimensions of personality.B.the interaction of persons and environments.C.grand theories of behavior.D.A. and B.

D.A. and B.

Projection

Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Psychoanalytic Personality Theory (Freud): Assumptions

Emotional disorders spring from unconscious dynamics, such as unresolved sexual and other childhood conflicts, and fixation at various developmental stages. Defense mechanisms fend off anxiety.

Critics of humanistic psychology have suggested that this theory fails to appreciate the reality of our human capacity for which of the following? Empathy Love Negativity Evil Laziness

Evil

oral stage

Freud's first stage of psychosexual development during which pleasure is centered in the mouth

genital stage

Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence).

anal stage

Freud's pychosexual period during which a child learns to control his bodily excretions

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

phallic stage

Freud's third stage of development, when the penis becomes the focus of concern and pleasure

Someone from a collectivist culture is more likely to do what? Develop a strong sense of self Give priority to group goals Form casual, often temporary relationships Achieve personal goals Focus on how they are different from the group

Give priority to group goals

Which of the following is most likely to be true of a person from an individualistic culture? His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes. He would cope by accommodating to reality. He would view his life task as fitting in and maintaining connections. He would strive to develop a few close and enduring relationships. He would focus on his duty to his family.

His behavior would be a reflection of his personality and attitudes

Which of the following is an example of unconditional positive regard? a. Mr. and Mrs. Prohaska, who have been married for 37 years, credit the success of their marriage to the fact that each has been able to accept the faults of the other without criticism. b. Seven-year-old Michaela gets her allowance each week whether she does her chores or not. c. Ms. Lopez, a second grade teacher, puts a smiley face sticker on her students' papers when they have done a good job. d. John got a promotion and a raise at work after filling in for a sick manager one day and doing a better job than the manager had done previously. e. Chen's parents usually praise him when he does well and ignore him when he engages in minor misbehavior.

a. Mr. and Mrs. Prohaska, who have been married for 37 years, credit the success of their marriage to the fact that each has been able to accept the faults of the other without criticism.

Free association is a. a method of exploring the unconscious. b. another name for hypnosis. c. the major function of the superego. d. an ego defense mechanism. e. a method of dream analysis.

a. a method of exploring the unconscious.

Oedipus complex

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

fixation

according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

unconscious

according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

self actualization

according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

unconditional positive regard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

self concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

The way we explain negative and positive events is called personal control. reciprocal determinism. positive psychology. attributional style. situational assessment.

attributional style.

Psychodynamic theories, which descended from Freud's historically important work, view personality from the perspective that ...

behavior is a dynamic interaction between the conscious and unconscious mind.

Which of the following theories offers a special focus on the potential for healthy personal growth? a. Neo-Freudian b. Psychodynamic c. Humanistic d. Behavioral e. Functionalist

c. Humanistic

Big Five Personality Factors

conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion

Which of the following represents Freud's Oedipus complex? a. Yutao has begun to suffer from the same recurrent nightmares he had as a child. b. Madeline manifests repressed anxiety because of guilt she experienced when she disappointed her parents during toilet training. c. Five-year-old Anagha is taking on many of her mother's values through a process of identification. d. Four-year-old Carlos is experiencing unconscious sexual desire for his mother and unconscious hatred for his father. e. Elle has begun to overeat and smoke cigarettes as a college student, indicating a degree of oral fixation.

d. Four-year-old Carlos is experiencing unconscious sexual desire for his mother and unconscious hatred for his father.

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego? a. It focuses on how we ought to behave. b. It is the source of guilt. c. It is the part of the personality present at birth. d. It strives to satisfy basic drives. e. It operates under the reality principle.

e. It operates under the reality principle.

Albert Bandura proposed the social-cognitive perspective, which explains the nature-nurture debate. predicts human behavior. focuses on how our environment controls us. explains human motivation. emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.

emphasizes the interaction of our traits with our situations.

narcissism

excessive self-love and self-absorption.

Which two dimensions of personality have the Eysencks emphasized? A.extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability B.internal-external locus of control and extraversion-introversion C.internal-external locus of control and emotional stability-instability D.melancholic-phlegmatic and choleric-sanguine

extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-instability

individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

self

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

behavioral approach

in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development.

free association

in psycho-analysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

defense mechanisms

in psycho-analytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories.

Personality

is an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

preconscious mind

level of the mind in which information is available but not currently conscious

psychodynamic theories

modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

Research has shown that individuals who are made to feel insecure are subsequently: A. more critical of others.B.less critical of others.C.more likely to display a self-serving bias.D.less likely to display a self-serving bias

more critical of others

Sigmund Freud's theory of psychoanalysis

not the most important theory in psychology, but his famous work is historically and culturally significant.

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth.

self-efficacy

one's sense of competence and effectiveness.

According to Freud's theory, personality arises in response to conflicts between: A. our unacceptable urges and our tendency to become self-actualized.B.the process of identification and the ego's defense mechanisms.C.the collective unconscious and our individual desires.D.our biological impulses and the social restraints against them.

our biological impulses and the social restraints against them.

A major criticism of trait theory is that it: A. places too great an emphasis on early childhood experiences.B.overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations.C.underestimates the importance of heredity and personality development.D.places too great an emphasis on positive traits.

overestimates the consistency of behavior in different situations.

spotlight effect

overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

Robert McCrae and Paul Costa

psychologists who came up with the Big Five personality factors

Recent research has provided more support for defense mechanisms such as ______ than for defense mechanisms such as ______. A. displacement; reaction formationB.reaction formation; displacementC.displacement; regressionD.displacement; projection

reaction formation; displacement

For humanistic psychologists, many of our behaviors and perceptions are ultimately shaped by whether our ______ is ______ or ______. A.ego; strong; weakB.locus of control; internal; externalC.personality structure; introverted; extravertedD.self-concept; positive; negative

self-concept; positive; negative

Humanistic psychologists often prefer to assess personality by a. having a person write out answers to questions. b. sitting down and talking to a person. c. getting a person to describe what he or she sees in ambiguous inkblots. d. having a person describe their dreams. e. putting a person in a stressful situation to see how he or she behaves under pressure.

sitting down and talking to a person.

Key Concepts of Freud:

structure of personality level of unconscious psychosexual stages defense mechanisms

psychosexual stages

the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Freud's early followers, the neo-Freudians, accepted many of his ideas. They differed in placing more emphasis on ..

the conscious mind and in stressing social motives more than sexual or aggression motives.

latency stage

the fourth psychosexual stage, in which the primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills

reciprocal determinism

the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

ego

the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Rorschach inkblot test

the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

superego

the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

The humanistic psychologists' view of personality focused on

the potential for healthy personal growth and people's striving for self-determination and self-realization.

identification

the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

false consensus effect

the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors.

According to the text, many research psychologists think of ________ as an information processor that works without our awareness.

the unconscious

Carl Jung's collective unconsciousness

unconsciousness passed down through the species- explains certain similarities we see between cultures material outside the individual's current unconscious which holds complexes groups of feelings, thoughts or memories. Collective unconscious based on human genetic heritage common to all people. A reservoir of all experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are born with. Influences our behavior, we are never conscious of it

Critics have said that humanistic psychology's concepts were ...

vague and subjective, its values self-centered, and its assumptions naively optimistic.

humanistic theories

view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

social-cognitive perspective

views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.