psych sleeping

the human sleep cycle repeats half about every

90 minutes

How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?

In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.

After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing

REM sleep

Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through

REM sleep

paradocical sleep is a slow wave sleep as ______ sleep is to ________ sleep

REM; stage 4

Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as

chunking

After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal:

circadian rhythm

With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the

circadian rhythm

Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by

context effects

When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that

portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been.

Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of:

priming

Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?

recall

Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions?

recognition

Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?

recognition

Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in

retrieval

the smell of freshly baked bread awakened in mr. hutz vivid memories of this early childhood. the aroma apparently acted as a powerful

retrieval cue

After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of

retroactive interference

we are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else. this illustrates

self-reference effect

Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.

sensory memory

Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her ________ memory.

short term

Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from

sleep apnea

The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep are called

sleep spindles

As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates

source amnesia

he brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of

stage 1 sleep

After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates

state-dependent memory

The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to

encoding failure

A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory.

explicit

Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.

flashbulb

elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing

flashbulb memories

The process of encoding refers to

getting information into memory

After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to

have very relaxed muscles

The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on

how long ago we learned that information

the address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the Tv screen, but the image disappears before sergei has had a chance to right down the complete address. to his surprise, however he has retained momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. his experience best illustrates _______ memory

iconic

Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ________ memory.

implicit

procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle typically ______ memories

implicit

REM sleep is

inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills

Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from

insomnia

researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a nights sleep than after several hours awake. this finding suggests that sleep

is for making memories

Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream.

latent content

Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?

long term memory

Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.

manifest

Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of

memory construction

Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated

misinformation effect

compared with formally depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. this best illustrates

mood congruent memory

which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver

narcolepsy

About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from

night terrors

chronic sleep debt is most likely promote

obesity

the activation synthesis theory best helps to explain why

people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep

Deep sleep appears to play an important role in

physical growth

Exposure to bright light causes the

pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin

to simultaneously be able to listen to what a person is saying, and think about what they are saying for understanding, requires the activation of

working memory

Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably

would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep

which of the following is most accurate about a typical night sleep

as sleep progresses, stage 3 and stage 4 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases

the large , slow brain ease associated with deep sleep are called

delta waves

Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is

depressed

long-term potentiation is believed to be

a neural bias for learning and memory

Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as

the spacing effect

REM rebound involves the

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation