psych sleeping
the human sleep cycle repeats half about every
90 minutes
How is the hypothalamus involved in sleep?
In response to decreasing light the hypothalamus' suprachiastmatic nucleus causes the pineal gland to increase production of melatonin, leading you to sleep.
After Carlos had been asleep for about an hour and a half, his heart began to beat faster, his breathing became fast and irregular, and his closed eyes began to dart back and forth. Carlos was most likely experiencing
REM sleep
Evidence suggests that we consolidate our memories of recent life events through
REM sleep
paradocical sleep is a slow wave sleep as ______ sleep is to ________ sleep
REM; stage 4
Sherry easily remembers the telephone reservation number for Holiday Inn by using the mnemonic 1-800-HOLIDAY. She is using a memory aid known as
chunking
After four years of working nights, Raymond now works days. His present difficulty in getting to sleep at night is most likely due to a disruption of his normal:
circadian rhythm
With the approach of night, our body temperatures begin to drop. This best illustrates the dynamics of the
circadian rhythm
Walking into your bedroom you think, "I need to get my backpack in the kitchen." When you reach the kitchen, you forget what you came there for. As you return to your bedroom, you suddenly remember, "Backpack!" This sudden recall is best explained by
context effects
When Loftus and Palmer asked observers of a filmed car accident how fast the vehicles were going when they "smashed" into each other, the observers developed memories of the accident that
portrayed the event as more serious than it had actually been.
Reading a romantic novel caused Consuela to recall some old experiences with a high school boyfriend. The effect of the novel on Consuela's memory retrieval is an illustration of:
priming
Arnold so easily remembers his old girlfriend's telephone number that he finds it difficult to recall his new girlfriend's number. Arnold's difficulty best illustrates
proactive interference
When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being used?
recall
Which measure of memory is used on a test that requires matching glossary terms with their correct definitions?
recognition
Which memory test would most effectively reveal that Mr. Quintano, at age 55, still remembers many of his high school classmates?
recognition
Judy is embarrassed because she momentarily fails to remember a good friend's name. Judy's poor memory most likely results from a failure in
retrieval
the smell of freshly baked bread awakened in mr. hutz vivid memories of this early childhood. the aroma apparently acted as a powerful
retrieval cue
After learning the combination for his new locker at school, Milton is unable to remember the combination for his year-old bicycle lock. Milton is experiencing the effects of
retroactive interference
we are more likely to recall adjectives if asked how well they describe us than if asked how well they describe someone else. this illustrates
self-reference effect
Some information in our fleeting ________ is encoded into short-term memory.
sensory memory
Shelly was able to remember the names of three new class members for only a minute or two after they had been introduced to her. The new class members' names were briefly stored in her ________ memory.
short term
Mr. Dayton occasionally stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to snort air for a few seconds before falling back to sleep. Mrs. Dayton complains that her husband snores. Clearly, Mr. Dayton suffers from
sleep apnea
The rhythmic bursts of brain activity that occur during Stage 2 sleep are called
sleep spindles
As a child, Andre dreamed that he was chased and attacked by a ferocious dog. Many years later, he mistakenly recalled that this had actually happened to him. Andre's false recollection best illustrates
source amnesia
he brain waves associated with REM sleep are most similar to those of
stage 1 sleep
After his last drinking spree, Fakim hid a half-empty liquor bottle. He couldn't remember where he hid it until he started drinking again. Fakim's pattern of recall best illustrates
state-dependent memory
The inability to recall which numbers on a telephone dial are not accompanied by letters is most likely due to
encoding failure
A conscious memory of the name of the first president of the United States is a(n) ________ memory.
explicit
Joshua vividly recalls his feelings and what he was doing at the exact moment when he heard of his grandfather's unexpected death. This best illustrates ________ memory.
flashbulb
elevated levels of stress hormones most clearly contribute to developing
flashbulb memories
The process of encoding refers to
getting information into memory
After sleeping for about an hour and a half, José enters a phase of paradoxical sleep. He is likely to
have very relaxed muscles
The famous Ebbinghaus forgetting curve indicates that how well we remember information depends on
how long ago we learned that information
the address for obtaining tickets to a popular quiz show flashes on the Tv screen, but the image disappears before sergei has had a chance to right down the complete address. to his surprise, however he has retained momentary mental image of the five-digit zip code. his experience best illustrates _______ memory
iconic
Cheri doesn't remember that she got sick after eating oatmeal on several occasions in early childhood. However, whenever she smells oatmeal now she experiences a classically conditioned feeling of nausea. Cheri's conditioned reaction indicates that she retains a(n) ________ memory.
implicit
procedural memories for well-learned skills such as how to ride a bicycle typically ______ memories
implicit
REM sleep is
inhibited by alcohol and inhibited by sleeping pills
Layla has difficulty going to sleep and staying asleep. Layla is most likely suffering from
insomnia
researchers have demonstrated that people trained to perform tasks recall them better after a nights sleep than after several hours awake. this finding suggests that sleep
is for making memories
Greg remembered a recent dream in which his girlfriend suddenly grabbed the wheel of his speeding car. Greg's therapist suggested that the dream might be a representation of the girlfriend's efforts to avoid sexual intimacy. According to Freud, the therapist was attempting to reveal the ________ of Greg's dream.
latent content
Which type of memory has an essentially limitless capacity?
long term memory
Shane, a straight-A student, remembers dreaming that he failed an important chemistry test. According to Freud, Shane's account represents the ________ content of his dream.
manifest
Karl and Dee had a joyful wedding ceremony. After their painful divorce, however, they began to remember the wedding as a somewhat hectic and unpleasant event. Their recollections best illustrate the nature of
memory construction
Many of the experimental participants who were asked how fast two cars in a filmed traffic accident were going when they smashed into each other subsequently recalled seeing broken glass at the scene of the accident. This experiment best illustrated
misinformation effect
compared with formally depressed people, those who are currently depressed are more likely to recall their parents as rejecting and punitive. this best illustrates
mood congruent memory
which of the following sleep disorders would be the most incapacitating for a commercial bus driver
narcolepsy
About three hours after he falls asleep, Bobby often sits up in bed screaming incoherently. His mother tries to awaken him, but with no success. His pulse races and he gasps for breath. The next morning, he remembers nothing. It appears that Bobby suffers from
night terrors
chronic sleep debt is most likely promote
obesity
the activation synthesis theory best helps to explain why
people often experience sudden visual images during REM sleep
Deep sleep appears to play an important role in
physical growth
Exposure to bright light causes the
pineal gland to decrease the production of melatonin
to simultaneously be able to listen to what a person is saying, and think about what they are saying for understanding, requires the activation of
working memory
Forty-year-old Lance insists that he never dreams. Research suggests that he probably
would report a vivid dream if he were awakened during REM sleep
which of the following is most accurate about a typical night sleep
as sleep progresses, stage 3 and stage 4 sleep diminish while REM sleep increases
the large , slow brain ease associated with deep sleep are called
delta waves
Lars was feeling depressed at the time he read a chapter of his history textbook. Lars is likely to recall best the contents of that chapter when he is
depressed
long-term potentiation is believed to be
a neural bias for learning and memory
Jamille is taking French in school. She gets her best grades on vocabulary tests if she studies for 15 minutes every day for 8 days than if she crams for 2 hours the night before the test. This illustrates what is known as
the spacing effect
REM rebound involves the
the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation