Psych Study for Final

Episodic memory is ____.

memory for the events of one's life

In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called _______.

negative reinforcement

Shaping differs from simple reinforcement in that ____.

shaping involves the reinforcement of different behaviors until an ultimate behavior is expressed

Mike wants to teach his 2-year-old brother to dunk a basketball in a mini basketball net. Briefly list the steps in shaping by explaining how Mike would be able to use this method to teach his brother to dunk.

1. Mike would give his 2 year old brother a piece of candy for touching the basketball. 2. Then you would give him a piece of candy for picking up the ball. 3. Then you would give him a piece of candy for bringing the ball to the hoop. 4. Then you would give him a piece of candy if he tried to score the ball. 5. Mike's brother will eventually learn what behavior is reinforced and then dunk the basketball.

If you were trying to store a list of single digit numbers in your short-term memory, about how many should you be able to store on average?

7

Describe the two types of amnesia. Summarize what you learned about Clive Wearing and his experiences (video).

Antérograde amnesia is where data can not transfer from short term to long term memory. So people that have this form of amnesia won't be able to remember what has happened in the present. Retrograde amnesia is where the persons early memories are forgotten. So people that have this form of amnesia won't be able to remember what there 16th Birthday was like or important memories in their life. Clive Wearing suffers both anterograde and retrograde amnesia. He is unable to form new memories and has forgotten his past memories. He wakes up thinking its a fresh start every few minutes.

Which psychologist included "latency" in their stages of development?

Freud

An infant hears a loud noise and draws up his/her legs, arches the back, and starts to cry. The infant exhibits the _____ reflex.

Moro

You find that the infant you are babysitting takes great pleasure in the game of peek-a-boo. _______ concept of ________ explains this observation.

Piaget's; object permanence

Which statement is TRUE about spontaneous recovery?

Spontaneous recovery can happen long after the response has been extinguished.

Describe the research regarding memory and eyewitness testimony (i.e., Elizabeth Loftus' work on the reliability and validity of eyewitness testimony). Refer to the in-class video "When Eyes Deceive" (the video of the "purse thief" in the classroom).

The research regarding memory and eyewitness testimony is not as clear as one thinks. Most people, believe they can remember what a certain person looks like. However, in the video we think that they would for sure show us people that looked like the culprit and that he would be one of those people. Those who assumed this also made the assumption to pick the one that looked the most like him. Others, went with their gut instinct and knew they didn't see the culprit. This shows us that the eyewitness testimony might be a little bit off and everything can be skewed in a way to where it actual becomes their truth.

Immediately after birth, Giada's son Maxwell was able to display the rooting reflex. Which of the following behaviors did Giada observe Maxwell doing?

When the corner of his mouth was stroked, Maxwell turned to search for food.

Mary and Eric are outside playing one day when Eric looks up and asks, "What's that big bright ball in the sky?" Mary replies that it is the sun. That night, Eric looks out his bedroom window and sees a big, bright ball in the sky. "Look, Mary, it's the sun!" he exclaims. This example shows that Eric has used _______ for his new knowledge.

assimilation

What is an intense, reciprocal relationship between a child and an adult?

attachment

In the strange situation method, a child who keeps playing with building blocks and doesn't make eye contact with or ignores their mother when she returns, is demonstrating a(n):

avoidant attachment

To remember her nine-digit social security number, Alyssa uses her working memory to place the numbers into three groups. In addition, each group of three or four digits is easy to remember because it is meaningful. Alyssa has made her social security number easier to remember by using

chunking

Fallon is afraid of loud sounds, like thunder. He associates lightning with thunder because it regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Fallon sees lightning, he braces himself for hearing a big boom several seconds later. Fallon has experienced learning by associating two stimuli, which is called _______.

classical conditioning

Harry Harlow (1959) demonstrated that attachment in rhesus monkeys was related to

contact comfort.

When you are reading your textbook, your brain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that it can use. In memory, this process is called

encoding

If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus, the metronome, without the unconditioned stimulus, the food, the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called _______.

extinction

The Acme Chemical Company has some employees who work in a production plant and some who work in a sales office. The plant workers get paid every Friday; however, the office workers get paid for every fifth sale that they make. The plant workers are paid on a _______ schedule, whereas the office workers are paid on a _______ schedule.

fixed interval; fixed ratio

Which item is a primary reinforcer?

food

Peggy's parents are amazed at how much their daughter has changed. Over the past year, she became interested in doing chemistry experiments. Peggy predicts what will happen when she combines two chemicals together and then observes the results to see whether her hypothesis was correct. Peggy is most likely in the _______ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

When you tie your shoes, you are most likely making use of your ____

implicit memory

Hannah just got a new bank account password: 979tamu. She repeats the code over and over, keeping the information maintained in short-term storage by using

maintenance rehearsal.

Social learning is often referred to as ____.

observational learning

Bandura's Bobo doll studies showed that ____.

one does not have to engage in behavior and experience consequences to learn

A child is playing at the beach. She pours an equal amount of sand into both a short, fat container and a tall, thin container. When asked which container holds more sand, the child points to the tall, thin container. This response suggests that she is most likely in the ______ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational

Joffrey's wife asked him to go to the store and buy milk, bacon, apples, juice, butter, and cereal. Joffrey did not write down the items, and ended up only remembering to buy milk and bacon at the store. The fact that Joffrey only remembered milk and bacon demonstrates the _____________ effect.

primacy

Percy wants to teach his daughter good manners. To increase the likelihood of her saying "Excuse me" when bumping into someone in a store, he should use a stimulus called a(n)

reinforcer

What is the best example of the use of explicit memory?

remembering the name of an old friend

Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest?

sensorimotor

In the three stages model of memory, the briefest stage of memory is ____.

sensory

Iconic memory is most like a(n) ____.

snapshot

The serial position effect reveals that when attempting to recall a list of items immediately after being exposed to them, ____.

the items at the beginning and the end of the list are better recalled than the items in the middle of the list

Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to

the recency effect.

Amanda was telling Connie about a movie she had seen, when Connie asked who starred in the movie. Amanda became frustrated because she could not think of the actor's name, even though she could describe the actor and list other movies he has starred in. Amanda is most likely experiencing

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Erik Erikson described an early stage of psychosocial development during which we depend on primary caretakers. This relationship determines the emergence of which of Erikson's stages?

trust vs. mistrust