psych test 1
Which of the following would be studied by a personality psychologist? (multiple answers) • The consistency in people's behavior across their lives • The study diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders • The traits that differentiate one person from another • The manner in which biological aspects of the body determine behavior
- The consistency in people's behavior across their lives - The traits that differentiate one person from another
yellow red colorblindess
2nd most common type of color blindness
hypothesis
A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Serotonin
Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal
cerebellum
Balance and coordination
pheromones
Chemical signals released by an animal that communicate information and affect the behavior of other animals of the same species.
iris
Colored part of the eye
Darwin's concept of natural selection is most closely related to which branch of psychology?
Evolutionary
How light therapy works
It encourages the development of different thought patterns and beliefs. It stimulates the production of healing enzymes. It passes an electric current through the part of the body that is affected by pain.
Hemisphere often more involved in Language
Left
neurons
Nerve cells, the basic components of the nervous system.
sensory area
Skin sensations (temperature, pressure, pain)
Darwin believed that natural selection determined our physical traits. Evolutionary psychologists believe that natural selection determines which of the following? (multiple selections) Experience Physiological reactions Social behaviors Personality traits
Social behaviors Personality traits
mirror neurons
Specialized neurons that fire not only when a person enacts a particular behavior but also when a person simply observes another individual carrying out the same behavior
social psychology
Studies how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to change throughout the life span through the addition of new neurons, new interconnections between neurons, and the reorganization of information-processing areas.
cornea
The clear tissue that covers the front of the eye
difference threshold
The minimum amount of difference that can be detected between two stimuli
pupil
The opening through which light enters the eye
visual cortex
The visual processing areas of cortex in the occipital and temporal lobes.
Phineas Gage
Vermont railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that changed his personality and behavior; his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning
cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses
cognitive restructuring
a therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs
eardrum
a thin membrane that marks the beginning of the middle ear; sound waves cause it to vibrate
The long, slim, tube-like extension on every neuron that carries messages to other neurons is referred to as the a. axon b. dendrite. c. terminal button. d. myelin sheath.
a. axon.
Functional Magnetic Resonance (fMRI)
an imaging technique used to examine changes in the activity of the working human brain by measuring changes in the blood's oxygen levels
bottom-up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
The _______ carries messages received by the dendrites to other neurons.
axon
The part of the neuron that carries messages to other neurons.
axon
cerebellum
balance and coordination
central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
corpus callosum
brain cut in split brain procedure
rods
brightness
optic nerve
bundle of ganglion axons that carry visual info to brain
The synapse is the space between two neurons where the _______ of a sending neuron uses chemical messages to communicate with the dendrites of a receiving neuron. a. nucleus b. sheath c. axon d. myelin
c. axon
glial cells
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
cones
color
motor cortex
controls voluntary movements, spacial orientation
A cluster of fibers at one end of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons.
dendrite
Neurons receive information through their __________ and send messages through their _______
dendrites and axons
A baby taking her first step or saying her first word are universal milestones that would be studied in ______ psychology.
developmental
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
mirror neurons
empathy
hippocampus
encoding new memories
impact of noise on senses
enhances the processing of the sense of touch
adaptation
eventual inability to perceive a sensation due to ongoing neuron stimulation
frontal lobe
executive functions, planning, strategizing, problem-solving, emotions and behavioral control, reasoning
opponent-process theory
explains afterimages
cochlea
fluid filled
personality psychology
focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another
brain region related to attention span
frontal lobe
late to mature brain region
frontal lobe
Neurons are physically held in place by ___________ _____
glial cells
afterimages
happens bc retinal activity continues even when you look away
evolutionary psychology
how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
evolutionary psychology
how genetics influence behaviors
behavioral genetics
how heredity influences behavior
A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested
hypothesis
A prediction, stemming from a theory, stated in a way that allows it to be tested.
hypothesis
afterimages
images that occur when a visual sensation persists for a brief time even after the original stimulus is removed
Phineas Gage
improved understanding of frontal lobe association areas
endocrine system
influences and is influenced by nervous system
myelin
insulates axon
noise
interferes with other perceptions
Negative effects of anabolic steroids on behavior
irritability and aggression also known as Roid Rage
pituitary gland function
is to secrete hormones that control the activity of the other endocrine glands
biofeedback
learn to consciously control unconscious body functions. connected to biosensors. neurofeedback shows brainwaves on a screen.
language lateralization
left hemisphere
amplitude (sound)
loudness
pituitary gland
master gland: activates other glands
hippocampus
memory
A protective coat of fat and protein that wraps around the axon.
myelin sheath
Just as electrical wires have an outer coating, axons are insulated by a coating called the ________
myelin sheath
How nervous and endocrine systems can regulate each other
neurons can trigger hormone secretion and hormones and stimulate or inhibit neurons
sensation
noticing
frequency
number of waves per second
visual cortex
occipital lobe
causes of afterimages
overstimulation and desensitization of rods and cones
Split brain patients abilities
patients retain intact memory and social skills, also motor skills
supertasters
people with heightened sensitivity to all tastes and mouth sensations
The branch of developmental psychology that would study how your traits are different from your sister's traits is called ______ psychology.
personality
_____________ psychology studies the traits that differentiate one person from another
personality
frequency (sound)
pitch
locations most psychologists work
psychologists work in academics so they can research, practice clinically, & teach
dendrites
receive messages from other cells
most common type of color blindness
red and green
Thalamus
relay center for sensory information except smell. sensory input gets routed to proper region of the brain from the thalamus
cones
retinal cells that respond to higher levels of light and result in color perception
Rods
retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray
umami
savory
cognitive restructuring
self talk to manage pain perception
thalamus
sensory relay station
EEG (electroencephalogram)
shows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp
difference threshold
smallest amount of change needed to notice a diference
absolute threshold
smallest intensity of stimulus to be noticee
_______________psychology is the study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and actions are affected by others.
social
light therapy
stimulates enzymes
frontal lobe
stores memories created by hippocampus
developmental psychology
studies how people grow and change from the moment of conception through death
motor cortex
subdivision of frontal lobe, helps with just moving
auditory area
temporal lobe, interprets hearing
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance
Neuroplasticity
the ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma
endocrine system
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
perception
the interpretation of what is sensed
retina
the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
absolute threshold
the minimum intensity of stimulation that must occur before you experience a sensation
optic nerve
the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
nervous system
the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.
sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
echolocation
the process of using reflected sound waves to find objects; used by animals such as bats
all or none law
the rule that neurons are either on or off
psychology
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
sensory area
the site in the brain of the tissue that corresponds to each of the senses, with the degree of sensitivity related to the amount of tissue
developmental psychology
the study of continuity and change across the life span of
behavioral genetics
the study of the effects of heredity on behavior
opponent-process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green
Broad explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest
theories
an explanation for a phenomenon of interest is known as a _________.
theory
which of the following is true of hypotheses? a. They are correlated with experiments. b. They are the basis of a theory. c. They can be tested. d. They are the same as theories.
they can be tested
Split brain patients struggles
they cannot learn to perform new tasks that require interdependent movement of each hand
TMS (transcranial magnetic stimulation)
treatment for depression that includes brief magnetic pulses
light therapy
use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder
theories
vary in their detail/specificity
ear drum
vibrates in response to sound waves
depth perception
view in three dimensions and notice distances
