PSYCH test 2 greening

Tolman and Köhler were: Gestalt psychologists. psychoanalysts. physiologists. evolutionary psychologists.

Gestalt psychologists.

________ is made by scraping the resin from the leaves of the cannabis sativa plant. Mescaline Hashish Opium Psilocybin

Hashish

_____ occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus. Vicarious conditioning Biological preparedness Latent learning Higher-order conditioning

Higher-order conditioning

Divergent thinking is especially difficult to teach to: males. Australian children. females. Japanese children.

Japanese children.

___________ is a method for comparing mental age and chronological age that was adopted for use with the revised Binet intelligence test. The standard deviation Stern's formula The validity test Practical equivalence

Stern's formula

An important factor in the formation of prototypes is: emotional intelligence. scientific information. culture. intelligence.

culture.

For classical conditioning to be effective, the conditioned stimulus must be: startling. food. distinctive. positive.

distinctive.

Driving and talking on a cell phone at the same time is an example of a state of: meditation. divided consciousness. increased alertness.

divided consciousness.

Night terrors are experienced: during N1 (R&K Stage 1). during deep non-REM sleep. during REM sleep.

during deep non-REM sleep.

On the way to the grocery store, James repeats his list to himself—"Bread, milk, butter. Bread, milk butter...." James is using: maintenance rehearsal. encoding specificity. the method of loci. elaborative rehearsal.

maintenance rehearsal.

While hypnosis may make it easier to recall some memories, it also: causes physical changes in the brain. makes it easier to create false memories. makes the memories more vivid than before

makes it easier to create false memories.

If you are dreaming that a monster is chasing you, the monster is the: manifest content. gender schema. cultural content

manifest content.

Examples of algorithms are: baseball card collections. musical notes. mathematical formulas. mechanical solutions.

mathematical formulas.

Kohler's idea of animal insight was controversial because: animals do not have self-awareness. the chimps were punished for not reaching the bananas. his experiment was flawed. other researchers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait.

other researchers, like Thorndike, did not believe that animals demonstrated that trait.

Bandura conducted some of his research to study: people's innate aggressiveness. hero worship in children. the effects of rewards on children's behavior. possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others.

possible links between children's exposure to violence on television and aggressive behavior toward others.

toilet training a cat, "Lid Up, Seat Down" is known in operant conditioning as: imitation. preparing the training arena. shaping. the conditioned stimulus.

preparing the training arena.

When Diana remodeled her kitchen, she moved the clock from one wall to another. Now every time she enters the kitchen, she looks at the blank wall to see the time. Diana is experiencing: anterograde amnesia. retrograde amnesia. retroactive interference. proactive interference.

proactive interference.

Derrick lives in the rugged mountains, so whenever he hears the word "vehicle," the first thing that comes to mind is a jeep. For Derrick, a jeep is a(n) _______ for vehicle. factor prototype mental set algorithm

prototype

The system of working memory processes the information in: short-term memory. long-term memory. the hippocampus. the attention filter.

short-term memory

The ___________ of hypnosis suggests that people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state, but are playing the role expected of them in that situation. activation-synthesis hypothesis activation-information-mode model social-cognitive theory adaptive theory

social-cognitive theory

Archie believes that people who think they are hypnotized are not actually hypnotized at all. In fact, they are simply acting out everything that they are being told to do by the hypnotist. Archie's way of thinking is similar to which of the following theories? Freudian theory of hypnosis social-cognitive theory of hypnosis theory of hypnotic confusion dissociative theory of hypnosis

social-cognitive theory of hypnosis

Theo gets excited whenever he finds a quarter lying on the ground outside. While walking home from school one day, Theo noticed a shiny round object lying on the sidewalk and became very excited. He soon realized that the object was a bottle cap and his excitement quickly dissipated. Which of the following concepts is demonstrated in this example? extinction stimulus generalization conditioned emotional response spontaneous recovery

stimulus generalization

Writing a term paper may be best approached by using: subgoals. availability heuristics. algorithms. representative heuristics.

subgoals.

Higher false recall and recognition response can be predicted by: family history of mental illness. symptoms of depression. age. socioeconomic status.

symptoms of depression.

One of B. F. Skinner's famous experiments involved: teaching babies to avoid loud noises. teaching rats to learn how to obtain food. teaching dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. teaching coyotes to ignore sheep.

teaching rats to learn how to obtain food.

Autobiographical memories: are always implicit. begin to form at birth. are easily lost. tend to form when children are able to talk about shared memories with adults.

tend to form when children are able to talk about shared memories with adults.

Whether a whale is a fish or a mammal is an example of a: superordinate concept. prototype. "fuzzy" natural concept. schema.

"fuzzy" natural concept.

Nearly ____ percent of a baby's sleep is REM, compared to about ____ percent for a normal, healthy adult. 90; 10 10; 90 20; 50 50; 20

50; 20

Which of the following examples of change demonstrates learning? As Lamont grows older, he begins to look more and more like his father. Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road. Kara asks her mom for a new pair of shoes after noticing an increase in the size of her feet. Isaiah sits for the first time.

Ama slows down her car after seeing a police officer on the side of the road.

_________ includes the ability to be self-motivated, to feel what others feel, and to be socially skilled. Creative intelligence Emotional intelligence Analytical intelligence Practical intelligence

Emotional intelligence

_______ is the tendency for memory of any kind of information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved. Kinetic memory Dynamic memory Retroactive recall Encoding specificity

Encoding specificity

________ are used to treat narcolepsy. Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Narcotics Methamphetamines

Methamphetamines

So-called supernatural visitations can be explained by hypnogogic hallucinations common during: N1 (R&K Stage 1). microsleeps. N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4). REM sleep.

N1 (R&K Stage 1).

The heart rate slows, breathing becomes more shallow and irregular, and an EEG would show the first signs of sleep spindles in: N2 (R&K Stage 2). N1 (R&K Stage 1). N3 (R&K Stages 3 and 4). REM sleep.

N2 (R&K Stage 2).

_________ is more resistant to extinction than _______. Negative reinforcement; positive reinforcement Positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement Continuous reinforcement; partial reinforcement

Partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

_____ believed that classical conditioning occurred because the CS became a substitute for the UCS when paired closely together in time. Pavlov Skinner Rescorla Watson

Pavlov

______ is a rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares. REM deficit disorder REM rebound REM behavior disorder REM paralysis

REM behavior disorder

_________ has been used as a successful defense in some murder trials. Experiencing night terrors Insomnia REM paralysis REM behavior disorder

REM behavior disorder

The idea that people deprived of REM sleep will become paranoid and seem to be mentally ill is known as the: REM rebound. REM paralysis. REM behavior disorder. REM myth.

REM myth.

______ is the classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person. Shaping Conditioned learning Vicarious conditioning Operant conditioning

Vicarious conditioning

Kohler's chimpanzee experiment involved: a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana. two chimps forming a relationship to solve a problem together. a young chimp gaining insight from an older chimp. testing a chimp to find out its strategy for climbing a tree to reach a banana.

a chimp fitting one stick into another stick to reach out of his cage for a banana.

Juana was certain that the man she saw in the police photograph was the man who stole her purse. Later, another man confessed to the crime. This is an example of: repression. decay. retrograde amnesia. a false positive.

a false positive.

In order for people to be able to tell you how many televisions they have in their house, they would probably use: an algorithm. a mental image. a concept. a prototype.

a mental image.

Which is an example of a recognition task? a word-search puzzle an essay question filling out a job application a short-answer question

a word-search puzzle

According to the ________, a dream is merely another kind of thinking that occurs when people sleep. activation-synthesis hypothesis psychoanalytic model restorative theory adaptive theory

activation-synthesis hypothesis

After taking medication for his back, Todd's thoughts become fuzzy and disorganized. Todd is in a state of: altered consciousness. divided consciousness. waking consciousness. drug-induced consciousness.

altered consciousness

A modern term for a form of behavior modification that uses shaping techniques to mold a desired behavior or response is: biofeedback. applied behavior analysis (ABA). neurofeedback. latent learning.

applied behavior analysis (ABA).

The minor tranquilizers are not addictive. are dangerous even in small doses. are not dangerous. are commonly used to treat anxiety.

are commonly used to treat anxiety.

Terman determined that gifted people: are more resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence. normally possess an IQ of 160 or above. are usually socially maladjusted. are typically below average in height and weight.

are more resistant to mental illnesses than those of average intelligence.

In his 1932 book, Sir Frederic Bartlett wrote that he viewed memory: like instant replay. as a problem-solving activity. like reading a story in a book. as a sketchpad.

as a problem-solving activity.

For each day of the week that Tanya is good, she earns a fake dollar from her teacher. By the end of every week, Tanya has the option of using her dollars to buy something from the school store or saving them to buy something at a later time. The issue of fake dollars in response to good behavior is an example of _______. classical conditioning behavior modification placebo learning primary reinforcement

behavior modification

Eventually, everyone must sleep due to our: need for mental rest. delta waves. beta waves. biological rhythms.

biological rhythms.

Recent studies support Rosch-Heider's theory of ______, rather than the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. a cognitive universalism the language acquisition device a collective monologue linguistic relativity

cognitive universalism

Researchers have found that animals ________ with one another. use language do not communicate communicate use sign language

communicate

Alyssa has to write a research paper discussing the effects of video games on child behavior. Alyssa believes that video games lead to bad behavior in children, and only finds research that supports her views. Alyssa's inability to find information that supports more than her viewpoint is a demonstration of _______. confirmation bias functional fixedness divergent thinking convergent thinking

confirmation bias

In a well-known animal language research study, Kanzi the chimp _________________________. made enough consistent sounds to be considered to have his own language demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word yes mastered syntax followed complex instructions up to the level of an 8-year-old child

demonstrated four consistent sounds to represent banana, grapes, juice, and the word yes

Noah is a junior in college and has always been an average student. This semester, he has a political science class for which he feels very passionate, and he sees himself pursuing a career in politics. For the first time, he wants to do well so that he can get an "A." This is an example of which element of observational learning? memory imitation desire attention

desire

One may transfer information from short-term memory (STM) into long-term memory (LTM) by: chunking. rote learning. paying attention. elaborative rehearsal

elaborative rehearsal

Which of the following is a way of transferring information from short-term memory into long-term memory by making the information meaningful in some way? elaborative rehearsal maintenance rehearsal encoding specificity rote learning

elaborative rehearsal

On the first day of school, all of the students in Mrs. Randall's class shared with her their names. Mrs. Randall's students were engaging in the process of ________. storage encoding retrieval decoding

encoding

Manny was talking to his friend as he was walking out the door. A few minutes later, Manny asked his friend about the conversation they had few minutes earlier, while walking out the door. Since his friend was not paying attention to him, he could not recall what Manny had said. Manny's friend experienced: premature recall. encoding failure. proactive interference. memory trace.

encoding failure.

The set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form that is usable in the brain's storage systems is called: storage. retrieval. rehearsal. encoding.

encoding.

Only differences among people in general can be investigated for the influence of genes because genes always interact with: ecological factors. environmental factors. gender. biological factors

environmental factors.

People's memories of September 11, 2001 are best described as: recognition. implicit memories. procedural memories flashbulb memories.

flashbulb memories.

Erik dropped a note under his car seat and couldn't find it. He looked all through the glove compartment for a flashlight so that he could get a better look under his seat. He later realized he could have just held his cell phone under the seat to help illuminate the area. This is an example of: functional fixedness. a mental set. a heuristic. confirmation bias.

functional fixedness.

According to researchers, men tend to: report fewer sexual dreams than women. dream about males and females equally. have more physical aggression in their dreams than women. dream about issues related to family and home.

have more physical aggression in their dreams than women

The case of H. M. shows that the ______ is integral in the formation of new long-term declarative memories. amygdala medulla hippocampus prefrontal cortex

hippocampus

Which of the following is a feature of the storage stage of memory? bringing information housed in long-term memory to mind holding information just long enough to work with it converting sound into vibrations converting visual information into something meaningful

holding information just long enough to work with it

Eduardo is watching people walk down the street, and all of a sudden, he thinks, "Was that man wearing a bright purple suit?" As a result of this thought, he looks back at the man to see if it is true. Which type of memory is responsible for Eduardo's behavior? long-term iconic sensory short-term working

iconic sensory

When people think, they often have _______ in their minds. a jumble of things confusion memories images and words

images and words

Sammy and his friends are watching animated fight scenes on television. Based on Bandura's findings in the Bobo doll experiment, it seems likely that later, at play, Sammy and his friends will: imitate the dialogue between the characters. be slightly less aggressive. be much less aggressive. imitate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV.

imitate many of the violent actions they witnessed on TV.

In their original study, which explored how information is stored in long-term memory, Collins and Quillian (1969) asked participants to respond "true" or "false" as quickly as possible to sentences such as "a canary is a bird" and "a canary is an animal." The results of this study suggest that: information is encoded in memory in auditory form. memory processes take place at different times over a small network of neural connections. information is processed through three different stages of memory. information exists in a kind of network, with nodes of related information linked to each other in a kind of hierarchy.

information exists in a kind of network, with nodes of related information linked to each other in a kind of hierarchy.

The _________ assumes that how long a memory will be remembered depends on the stage of memory in which it is stored. levels-of-processing model parallel distributed processing model sensory memory information-processing model

information-processing model

Melatonin supplements are often used to treat: jet lag. alcohol withdrawal. night terrors. Korsakoff's syndrome.

jet lag.

The second group of rats in Tolman's maze experiment was not reinforced for finding the exit until the tenth day. Once they started getting reinforcement, the rats: showed no interest in the reinforcement. learned to find the exit almost immediately. took just as long to find the exit as the third group, which received no reinforcement. learned to find the exit after only five more days.

learned to find the exit almost immediately.

While in the store with her little sister, Amber decided to stop to take a look at some jewelry. As soon as she turned her head, her sister disappeared. Though it only took minutes to find her sister, Amber's fear of losing her little sister again caused her to keep a very close eye on her from that moment on. Amber's change in behavior demonstrates which of the following? maturation behavior modification shaping learning

learning

Adolescents who regularly use marijuana: will experience withdrawal when discontinuing the drug. do better in school. may experience a negative impact on their mental health. are at increased risk for cancer.

may experience a negative impact on their mental health.

Binet decided that a key element in testing intelligence was a child's: standard deviation. practical intelligence. emotional intelligence. mental age.

mental age

While in the middle of a conversation with his co-worker, Jackson unexpectedly slipped into a state of sleep, falling to the floor as he lost control of all the muscles in his body. Jackson appears to have a condition called _______. somnambulism narcolepsy enuresis sleep apnea

narcolepsy

David often experiences "sleep seizures" during the day. He probably suffers from: REM rebound. sleep apnea. narcolepsy.

narcolepsy.

When under the influence of a stimulant, you are likely to be in a state of: divided consciousness. waking consciousness. hypnosis. increased alertness.

ncreased alertness.

Jonah is often a victim of bad dreams, frequently centered around being left at a store or getting lost at an amusement park. He sometimes wakes up from them, and calls for his parents to help him calm down. Jonah is experiencing: night terrors. REM behavior disorder. somnambulism. nightmares.

nightmares.

In most employment situations, people are paid: on a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement. on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. on a variable schedule of reinforcement. as continuous reinforcement.

on a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement.

The social-cognitive theory of hypnosis assumes that people who are hypnotized are: only playing a role. completely under the command of the hypnotist. in a fully altered state. in a kind of dreamlike state.

only playing a role.

In defining learning, "_____" refers to the fact that when people learn anything, a part of their brain is physically changed to record what they have learned, and that change remains even if the behavior does not. behavior experience relatively permanent reaction

relatively permanent

Marjorie took a personality test in April. She took the same test in June and December, receiving a very similar score. This test can be considered: objective. subjective. reliable. valid.

reliable.

In his later studies, Bandura added the condition of _____ into his studies of children and the Bobo doll. modeling observation aggression reward

reward

Mechanical solutions may involve solving by: a means-end analysis. heuristics. using prototypes. rote.

rote.

Terry exhibits extraordinary musical ability. According to Spearman, this is an example of ____________ intelligence. analytical s factor practical g factor

s factor

A(n) ________ refers to a type of schema that involves a familiar sequence of activities. exemplar heuristic script prototype

script

You know the name of the first president of the United States without giving it a moment's thought. This is: a retrieval cue. episodic memory. implicit memory. semantic memory.

semantic memory.

As Amanda was reading through her course text, she couldn't remember anything that she read. She realized that although she was seeing the words, she wasn't processing the information. The information-processing memory system being used by Amanda was _______ memory. sensory working short-term echoic

sensory

Dr. Rubio is conducting an experiment in classical conditioning. Shortly after playing music, she places a loaf of bread on the window sill outside her office window. After doing this a number of times, she notices that now, just as she begins to play her music, several birds fly to her window even before she presents the bread. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus? Dr. Rubio's lab coat the sound of the window opening the music the bread

the music

Carl is able to remember the names of the first three presidents before he begins to have difficulty. This is: the recency effect. recognition. the primacy effect. state-dependent learning.

the primacy effect.

PET scans show areas of the _______ being activated during the process of forming an image. visual cortex parietal lobes hippocampus temporal lobes

visual cortex

Gardner would say that an astronaut is high in: logical/mathematical intelligence. verbal/linguistic intelligence. naturalist intelligence. visual/spatial intelligence.

visual/spatial intelligence.

An example of a conditioned taste aversion is: when rats go through the maze more quickly when reinforced with food. when dogs salivate in order to help digest their food. when coyotes ate sheep laced with lithium chloride, got extremely sick that one time, then stopped eating sheep meat. when dogs jump out of a pen to escape electrical shock.

when coyotes ate sheep laced with lithium chloride, got extremely sick that one time, then stopped eating sheep meat.

Most of the time, punishment: is a permanent solution. will only temporarily suppress a behavior. works better on children than on pets. must be harsh to be completely effective.

will only temporarily suppress a behavior.

Research on _______ has implications for understanding learning and attention disorders as well as various dementia-related memory problems. working memory long-term memory implicit memory biographical memory

working memory