Psych Test 2

The full psychological effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is roughly

4 weeks

_____ can be described as the use of psychological techniques to increase understanding and treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems

Psychotherapy

According to Carl Rogers, the client-centered therapist ideally should demonstrate

genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding

Maslow's hierarchy of needs suggests that people are unlikely to be motivated to obtain ________ if they are deprived of ________

good grades in school; love and safety

The tragic decision to launch the space shuttle Challenger resulted in part from the minimal expression of dissenting views among NASA personnel and advisors. This best illustrates the dangers of

groupthink

Shaping is a method used by Skinner to

guide an organism to exhibit a complex behavior using successive approximations

Henry decided to organize what he is studying by paying attention to chapter outlines, headings, objectives, learning outcomes, and test questions. This best illustrates the use of

hierarchical organization

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to ____________ a behavior, while the goal of punishment is to ____________ a behavior

increase; decrease

Learning by imitating the behavior of others is called ______________ learning. The researcher best known for studying this type of learning is ______________

observational; Bandura

Using Asch's procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when

participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers

The process of getting information out of memory storage is called

retrieval

In Atkinson and Shiffrin's three-stage processing model we record information in which order?

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Our enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex, or both sexes, is called our

sexual orientation

People often commit the fundamental attribution error, especially when they explain

the behavior of strangers who have been observed in only one type of situation

The most common hallucinations experienced in schizophrenia are

auditory

According to psychologists, memory refers to all of the following measures of retention EXCEPT

categorizing information

It is easier to remember information that is organized into meaningful units than information that is not. This is known as

chunking

In the Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the "teacher" was __________ the experimenter and __________ the "learner."

close to; far from

Aaron Beck's therapy teaches people new and more adaptive ways of thinking and acting, and is based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions. This therapy is called

cognitive therapy

According to Carl Jung, humans have a reservoir of images that are derived from our universal experiences. This is known as our

collective unconscious

According to Carl Rogers ______________ is an attitude of provisional acceptance toward another person. This attitude nurtures growth in others

conditional positive regard

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them. For the dogs, the sight of this person had become a(n)

conditioned stimulus (CS)

When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting

conformity

Geneva has an extremely clean dorm room. She keeps no clutter on her desk, she awakens very early to keep up with her schoolwork, and her car is spotless. Given your knowledge of her behavior, which of the following Big Five personality traits does she exhibit MOST?

conscientiousness

The humanistic perspective of personality

emphasizes the driving force of unconscious motivations in personality

The processing of information into the memory system is called

encoding

Diane is constantly concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense, irritable, impairs her concentration, and leaves her with many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from a(n)

generalized anxiety disorder

According to Freud, this part of the personality contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that strives to satisfy the basic sexual and aggressive drives

the id

Self-actualization is the ultimate psychological need. It only arises after basic psychological and physiological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved. Self-actualization is

the motivation to fulfill one's potential

During _______________, the excitement peaks as breathing, pulse, and blood pressure rates continue to increase

the plateau phase

During which phase of the sexual response cycle does the refractory period begin?

the resolution phase

After the events of 9/11, some Americans began boycotting Arab-American stores and lashing out at any person they perceived as Middle Eastern. This behavior is best explained in terms of

the scapegoat theory

Research on the genetic and environmental influences on body weight has revealed that

the weights of adopted children correlate with those of their biological parents, not with those of their adoptive parents

At his weekly therapy session, Henry became agitated at his therapist, saying that she was controlling, domineering, and trying to ruin his life with all of her mothering. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates

transference

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate

two stimuli

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth

unconditioned response (UR)

Jack finds it extremely difficult to pull himself away from the blackjack table. He keeps thinking he will break even as the next hand will be his winning one. This is a ________ schedule

variable-ratio

In obsessive-compulsive disorder, the most common compulsion is

washing and counting

Although Alex is frequently caught stealing money and other valuables from friends and strangers, he does not feel guilty or remorseful about his actions. According to Freud, Alex most clearly demonstrates a(n)

weak superego

The most widely used test to measure implicit attitudes and preferences is the _____, developed by psychologist Anthony Greenwald and his colleagues

Implicit Association Test (IAT)

______________ is a protein secreted by fat cells and when abundant causes the brain to increase metabolism and decrease hunger

Leptin

They observed muscle contractions all over the body during orgasm

Masters and Johnson

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

People with disorders are more likely to be victims than perpetrators of violence

Schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by

Schizophrenia is characterized by all of these things

Nicole's parents are often inconsistent in terms of their behaviors and what they say. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but are not very polite themselves when it comes to letting other people off airplanes or giving up seats on public buses. How would you expect this contradiction would impact Nicole's behavior?

She will act rude but talk about how important it is to be polite

A patient recently admitted to the hospital is complaining of auditory hallucinations. She might be treated with

Thorazine

Which of the following is NOT true with respect to sexual orientation?

Women's sexual orientation tends to be more strongly felt and potentially more rigid and inflexible than men's

Your friend yells at you for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe your friend is a rude jerk, you decide that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Thus, her behavior is the result of

a situational attribution

Freud's psychoanalytic theory includes ideas about

an unconscious region of the mind, psychosexual stages, and defense mechanisms

Discrimination is a negative ___________, whereas prejudice is a negative ___________

behavior; attitude

The police brought Elaine to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling that she "has the power!" Elaine was also spending large amounts of money across town and was rude and reckless over the last five days. In the ER, Elaine would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Elaine is most likely suffering from a(n)

bipolar disorder

DSM-5 provides mental health professionals with

both a common language for labeling psychological disorders and comprehensive guidelines for diagnosing the

Encoding is to _____________ as storage is to _____________

data input into a computer; data saved on the hard drive

Blake's doctor told her that she should not drink alcohol while taking Xanax. This is because antianxiety agents such as Xanax

depress central nervous system activity

In terms of pervasiveness, ____________ is to psychological disorders as the common cold is to mild physical illnesses

depression

Which of the following was the highest reported psychological disorder in the United States in 2008?

depressive disorders

With continuous reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________. With intermittent reinforcement, an organism is reinforced ________________

every time the desired behavior occurs; sporadically when the desired behavior occurs

Veda is sociable, fun-loving, and affectionate. She would likely score very high on a personality test that measures

extraversion

What was the conditioned response (CR) in Watson and Rayner's famous "Little Albert" study?

fear in response to the sight of the rat

Some of our memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as

flashbulb memories

Carolyn's therapist told her to relax and spontaneously say whatever thoughts or images came to her mind. Carolyn's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique of

free association

Few human behaviors are rigidly patterned enough to qualify as

instincts

This is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of your memory system.

long-term memory

By motivating us to satisfy our physical needs, hunger and thirst serve to

maintain homeostasis

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is primarily used as a treatment for

major depressive disorder

In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced what has become the most widely used ____________ test

projective

Free association, dream interpretation, and transference are to _____ as unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding are to _____.

psychoanalysis; client-centered therapy

To make a long-distance call, you have to dial an unfamiliar phone number. You are likely to have trouble retaining the number you just looked up. This best illustrates the limited capacity of ___________ memory

short-term

Brianna is a 20-year-old who lives in a small town. She has always been extremely shy, but lately she has been feeling intensely afraid that others are scrutinizing her. She avoids speaking in class, she no longer goes to parties, and she starts trembling whenever she is in a public place. Brianna seems to be suffering from a

social anxiety disorder

The fundamental attribution error best illustrates that we may often underestimate the importance of

social control