Psych test 2 study review

perhaps the most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was

skinner

Olfaction

smell

which sense is the best at bringing back memories and influencing our mood?

smell

if a child asks you why you can see colors, and you want to answer according to trichromatic theory of color vision, you might tell him it is because there are ____ different types of cones in the retina

3

who is the theorist for observational learning

Bandura

who is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology?

Pavlov

who was the most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning?

Skinner

in watson's experiment with little albert, the unconditioned stimulus was

a loud noise

what is vertigo?

a spinning sensation

According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to improve your short-term memory, you should spend time writing about ________.

a traumatic life experience

which of the following scenarios exemplify negative punishment? a. astrid sends her daughter to her room alone when she misbehaves. b. carly yells at her husband when he comes home drunk c. jim makes his middle schooler run extra laps when they are unruly in gym class d. both b and c

a. astrid sends her daughter to her room alone when she misbehaves.

___________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives

binocular

the _____ in the eye contains no receptor cells

blind spot

pain is an unpleasant experience that involves:

both physical and psychological components

pain has _____ components

both sensory and emotional

Having taken "21 for 21" alcohol shots, Deanna barely remembers her 21st birthday. In other words, her __________ memory is sketchy.

episodic

What did Lashley develop by purposely damaging the brains of rats that had learned a task and then testing those rats to see if the brain damage impaired their ability to complete that same task? A. chunking effect B. equipotentiality hypothesis C. levels of processing hypothesis D. Stroop effect

equipotentiality hypothesis

positive punishment is

exemplifies by a spanking

The likelihood of functional fixedness occurring may be influenced by culture, and it is________.

experienced in both industrial and preindustrial countries equally

classical conditioning mostly applies to ___________, while operant conditioning mostly applies to ___________

involuntary behavior; voluntary behavior

which part of the eye holds eye color

iris

when children first start to speak in sentences, what is usually true of their speech?

it is telegraphic

learning that occurs internally and is expressed behaviorally only when there is insufficient motivation to do so is called ________ learning

latent

pain can be considered _______ or ________ in nature

neuropathic; inflammatory

Bandura's bobo doll experiment were intended to demonstrate

observational learning

what is the sense of smell called?

olfaction

You stare at a bright red sign for a minute, then look away to a white wall. You see a green afterimage on the white wall. This is consistent with the finding that afterimages are usually seen in colors complementary to the colors of the original image, confirming a prediction made by the ________ theory.

opponent-process thoery

which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

optic nerve

the size of the ______ regulates the amount o light that enters the eye

pupil

cones are sensitive to

red, green, or blue light

to read this question, you are looking at it. After the light passes into your eyes, the incoming light waves are recorded by receptor cells located in the

retina

When we use the term "remembering" in day-to-day life, we are making reference to the memory process of:

retrieval

which cells, cylindrically shaped, are responsible for the perception of light and dark?

rods

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

stimulus discrimination

why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak memories emotional experiences form weak memories?

strong emotional experiences can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen that memory

the ________ theory of color vision says perception results from mixing three distinct color systems

trichromatic

any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous learning is a

unconditioned stimulus

any stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response without previous learning is an

unconditioned stimulus

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.

dilated

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall implicit memories are those that are not part of the consciousness

which of the following statemtments about eyewitness testimony is correct?

eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion

the 9/11 attacks on the world trad center; princess diana's death; the 1984 challenger explosion. peoples memories for the moment in which they learned of these events are learned ________ memories

flashbulb

in pavlov's study, the unconditioned stimulus was ___________; the neutral stimulus was ___________; and, finally, the conditioned stimulus was ___________.

food, the bell; the bell

Pablo vainly searches for a screwdriver while failing to recognize that a readily available coin in his pocket would turn the screw. His oversight best illustrates:

functional fixedness

Arthur Jensen believed that ________.

genetics was solely responsible for intelligence

which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship; law of continuity, and principle of closure?

gestalt

At a school social gathering, you hear a professor talking about proximity, continuity, similarity, and closure. You deduce that he is knowledgeable about

gestalt principals of perception

the fact that english grammar dictates that most verbs end in -ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ___________

grammar

how did lashley develop the equipotentiality hypothesis?

he trained rats in the correct route through a maze then deliberately damaged their brains and observed that he did not inhibit their progress through the maze

what is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

if you want to remember a piece of information, you should think about it more deeply and link it to other information snad memories to make it more meaningful

mental representations of objects are called ________; mental representations of categories are called ________.

images; concepts

memorie of which we're not consciously aware are called ________memories

implicit

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

learning

Anywhere between 30-70% of individuals with diagnosed cases of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) also have some sort of ________.

learning disability

what was the most controversial claim in arthur jensen's article "how much can we boost iq and achievement?"

level II intelligence is most prevalent among asians, followed by caucasians, then african americans

the ________ model of memory suggest that a deeper analysis of meaning enables you to improve long-term memory

levels of processing

you are standing on the beach; the sea is choppy. you observe that the crests of distant waves appear not only smaller, but also closer together than do the crests of waves nearer the beach this example illustrates a depth cue known as

linear perspective

which of the following is one of gardner's multiple intelligences? a. general intelligence b. analytical intelligence c. crystallized intelligence d. logical-mathematical intelligence

logical-mathematical intelligence

the step of rehearsal which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory is called

memory consolidation

Schemata are a(an) ________.

method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced he hears his name. he stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. someone else won the award. this illustrates how ___________ can affect perception

motivation

the ________ illusion is an visual illusion containing a horizontal line terminating inward- or outward-pointing arrowheads

muller-lyer

it is the process of ________ that organizes and interprets incoming sensory information

perception

What is bottom-up processing?

perception that relies on recognizing the individual components of the stimuli

___________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ___________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by sensory receptor

perception; sensation

the four indices of the wechsler intelligence scale for children

perceptual reasoning, verbal comprehension, working memory and Processing speed index

________ is a chemical message sent by another individual

pheromone

irrational fears that may be caused by classical conditioning are called

phobias

Reinforcers that satisfy a biological need are called _____ reinforcers.

primary

During her evening Spanish language exam, Janica so easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning that she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty best illustrates

proactive interference

we more quickly recognize that a blue jay is a bird that a penguin is a bird because a blue jay more closely resembled our ___________ of a bird

prototype

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma.

retrograde

in ________ amnesia, memory is lost for events preceding an injury or accident

retrograde

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

which of the following is key to generating a bell curve? a. flynn effect b. norming c. population size d. sample size

sample size

when you add s to the word apple, you are referring to more than one apple. this illustrates an english language rule of

semantics

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

sematic

Anna is reading her psychology text. The activation of receptors in her retina is called ________; her interpretation of the stimuli as particular words is termed _______.

sensation; perception

you can't feel the waistband of your underwear, though you know it is there. this is the result of

sensory adaptation

the concept of working memory represents an alternative conceptualization of ________ memory

short-term

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

short-term memory itself has different forms

the overarching gestalt principles of perceptual organization is that of ________

simplicity

Mikel can look at an engineering plan and quickly build a scale model. This exemplifies ________ intelligence.

spatial

suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. for a fraction of a second, the words "drink cola" flash on the screen. you do not perceive the words "drink cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. in this example, the message "drink cola" is an example of

subliminal message

which factor accounts in large part for the way people are fooled into misjudging height in this interactivity?

that perception is an active process by htee perceiver

pavlov's initial interest in classical conditioning was stimulated when he observed his research dogs salivating at the sight of ________

the experimenter

After Teresa was verbally threatened by someone in a passing car, she was asked whether she recognized the man who was driving the car. Several hours later, Teresa mistakenly recalled that the driver was a male rather than a female. Teresa's experience best illustrates

the misinformation effect

in classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned stimulus related?

the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus

one interesting feature of the retina is that:

the photoreceptors actually point away from the light entering the eye.

which of the following is an example of a prototype for the concept of leadership on an athletic team? a. the equipment manger b. the star player c. the head coach d. the scorekeeper

the star player

environmental influence on intelligence ex

there is a positive correlation between the iq of biologically unrelated children raised in the same home

what best expresses the relationship between stimulugenerazatoin and stimulus discrimination

they are opposites

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

they have sensory receptors that respond to the food we eat or in the air we breathe.

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

pain receptors are found

throughout most structures of the body but not the brain

what kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? shimon offers mouin some salmon. mouin thinks "how nice. my friend is offering me fish. i wonder where he got it." this thought leads mouin to feel happy, appreciate, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand

top-down

________ is perception guided by higher-level knowledge, experience, expectations, and motivations

top-down processing

according to your text, exposure to media violence increases the context of ___________

use physical aggression to defend themselves

mnemonic device

using the acronym HOMES to remember the names of the five great lakes

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

variable ratio

read the following two sentences. (1) gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) green grass grown on the mountain. how does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not.

we group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.

what we perceive does not necessary correspond with a physical measurement of reality. our actions are guided by what ______ and not typically by what can be measured to exist or often by what we know

we perceive

the illusion of color is affected by

what we saw just before it

the reliability of a test is its ability to

yield the same results when given a second time

Remembering ________ is a good example of episodic memory.

your first day of school

according to Skinner's principle of operant conditioning, reinforcement, and punishment must come ___________ the response.

after

When Frank follows the step-by-step instructions for assembling a desk he just bought, which problem-solving strategy is he using?

algorithm

according to research, players of violent video games were more likely to have: a. reduced academic achievement b. behaved aggressively c. ben involved in delinquent behaviors d. all of these

all of these

memories of emotional events are specially likely to be facilitated by activation of the:

amygdala

anterograde amnesia

an inability to form new memories

the analytical intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

analyze, evaluate, judge, compare and contrast

Sharmila cannot remember what she had for breakfast last week, but she can remember the day she got married ten years ago as clearly as if it just happened. This example illustrates the ________ theory.

arousal

which of the following structures of the ey is CORRECTLY matched with it's function a. cornea- focuses light on the retina b. pupil-regulates the amount of of light entering the eye c. lens- protects the eye

b. pupil- regulates the amount of light entering the eye

operant conditioning most importantly forming associations between

behavior and consequences

which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?

both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

_______, you would recognize the individual shapes that make up each letter

bottom up processing

the optic nerve is responsible for

carrying information to the brain

the _____ in the brain is largely responsible for higher-level cognitive processing

cerebral cortex

the process of sensory adaptation implies that the human nervous system is most sensitive to

changing stimuli

Elena finds it very difficult to remember a long string of numbers, so she tries to memorize three numbers at a time. Later, she is able to repeat the numbers correctly because she grouped the numbers into more manageable groups of three. This is an example of ________.

chunking

________ is the process of grouping separate pieces of information together into a single unit in order to store more information in ________

chunking; short-term memory

what type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that would elicit the same response naturally?

classical conditioning

___________ are categories or groupings of linguistic information, images, ideas, or memories, such as life experiences.

concepts

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

traditional intelligence tests tend to access ________thinking; test of creativity tap into ________

convergent; divergent thinking

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________.

cornea; pupil

Communication between the left and right brain hemisphere is facilitated by the

corpus callosum

the retina from one eye cannot completely perceive which dimension

depth

which theorist put forth the triarchic theory of intelligence?

Sternberg

gustation

Taste

the observation that "the just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the magnitude of an initial stimulus" is known as

Weber's law