Psych Test 3 chapter 7
mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.
A Skinner Box
inside the box a rat presses a bar for a food reward, outside the box a measuring device records the animals accumulated responses
positive reinforcement
any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response
negative reinforcement
any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response
MC. Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.
association; observation and imitation
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, what was the conditioned response (CR)?
The fear of the white rat
shaping
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
The difficulty in introducing captive-bred animals successfully into the wild (there is only an 11% success rate) is evidence that successful adaptation into the wild requires both _____ and _____.
nature; nurture
Infants by age _________ will have imitative acts modeled on television
14 months
Classical conditioning
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
Stimulus
Any event or situation that evokes a response
Who is best known for studying observational learning?
Bandura
Pavlov studied
Classical conditioning
In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to a trigger a conditioned response, is called a
Conditioned stimulus (CS)
Early theorists in associative learning:
David Hume, John Locke, Aristotle
Neutral stimulus (NS)
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
Unconditioned response (UR)
In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)
Observational learning
Learn from others experience
Conditioning is the process of
Learning associations
Associative learning
Learning that certain events occur together.
Cognitive learning
The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
Learning
The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Behaviorism
The view that psychology 1. Should be an objective science 2. That studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not with 2
Operant conditioning
We learn to associate a response (our behavior) and it's consequence
Classical conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli and this to anticipate events
intrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
extrinsic motivation
a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
cognitive map
a mental representation of a layout of one's environment
reinforcement schedule
a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
high-order conditioning
a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.
conditioned reinforcer
a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (also known as secondary reinforcer)
In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was:
a white rat
After John Watson lost his professorship at Johns Hopkins University which career did he enter?
advertising
Models who commit violent acts but go unpunished would lead to the acquiring of...
aggressive behavior through observational learning
primary reinforcer
an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
operant behavior
behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.
classical
In their dismissal of "mentalistic" concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of _____ processes and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity.
cognitive
In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the bell after associating the bell with food is called a(n):
conditioned response (CR)
In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:
conditioned response (CR)
Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the:
conditioned response.
conditioned response (CR)
in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
Unconditioned stimulus (US)
in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response (UR)
conditioned stimulus (CS)
in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)
Acquisition
in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.
discrimination
in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimuli and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.
operant chamber
in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking
fixed-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforced a response only after a specified number of responses
variable-ratio schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
variable-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
fixed-interval schedule
in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
reinforcement
in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
According to psychologists, learning:
is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience
latent learning
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena.
objective; observable
John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:
observable behavior
The famous BoBo doll study showed that:
performance of a behavior was affected by the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment
Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:
playing a loud noise
prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior.
partial (intermittent) reinforcement
reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
continuous reinforcement
reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
According to Ader and Cohen (1985) classical conditioning even works on the body's disease-fighting immune system. According to this research which of the following would be the most likely to produce this response?
repeated pairing of coffee with the immune enhancing drug
The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response?
spontaneous recovery
extinction
the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UC) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced
One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:
the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.
modeling
the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
law of effect
thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that those behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:
two stimuli.
In classical conditioning _____, while in operant conditioning _____.
we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence