Psych Test 3 chapter 7

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientists believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so.

A Skinner Box

inside the box a rat presses a bar for a food reward, outside the box a measuring device records the animals accumulated responses

positive reinforcement

any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response

negative reinforcement

any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response

MC. Classical and operant conditioning involves learning through _____, whereas observational learning involves learning through _____.

association; observation and imitation

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, what was the conditioned response (CR)?

The fear of the white rat

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

The difficulty in introducing captive-bred animals successfully into the wild (there is only an 11% success rate) is evidence that successful adaptation into the wild requires both _____ and _____.

nature; nurture

Infants by age _________ will have imitative acts modeled on television

14 months

Classical conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

Stimulus

Any event or situation that evokes a response

Who is best known for studying observational learning?

Bandura

Pavlov studied

Classical conditioning

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus, which after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to a trigger a conditioned response, is called a

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

Early theorists in associative learning:

David Hume, John Locke, Aristotle

Neutral stimulus (NS)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Unconditioned response (UR)

In classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)

Observational learning

Learn from others experience

Conditioning is the process of

Learning associations

Associative learning

Learning that certain events occur together.

Cognitive learning

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

Learning

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Behaviorism

The view that psychology 1. Should be an objective science 2. That studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not with 2

Operant conditioning

We learn to associate a response (our behavior) and it's consequence

Classical conditioning

We learn to associate two stimuli and this to anticipate events

intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

cognitive map

a mental representation of a layout of one's environment

reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

high-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

conditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (also known as secondary reinforcer)

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert the conditioned stimulus (CS) used to produce fear was:

a white rat

After John Watson lost his professorship at Johns Hopkins University which career did he enter?

advertising

Models who commit violent acts but go unpunished would lead to the acquiring of...

aggressive behavior through observational learning

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

People and animals learn the association between two stimuli through _____ conditioning.

classical

In their dismissal of "mentalistic" concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of _____ processes and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity.

cognitive

In Pavlov's experiment with dogs, salivating in response to the bell after associating the bell with food is called a(n):

conditioned response (CR)

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus is called the:

conditioned response (CR)

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, the waiting room started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the waiting room is the:

conditioned response.

conditioned response (CR)

in classical conditioning, a learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response (UR)

conditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR)

Acquisition

in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response.

discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimuli and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

operant chamber

in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforced a response only after a specified number of responses

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

According to psychologists, learning:

is a relatively enduring behavior change that occurs due to experience

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomena.

objective; observable

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

observable behavior

The famous BoBo doll study showed that:

performance of a behavior was affected by the cognitive expectation of reinforcement or punishment

Watson and Rayner taught "Little Albert" to fear white rats by:

playing a loud noise

prosocial behavior

positive, constructive, helpful behavior.

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

According to Ader and Cohen (1985) classical conditioning even works on the body's disease-fighting immune system. According to this research which of the following would be the most likely to produce this response?

repeated pairing of coffee with the immune enhancing drug

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response?

spontaneous recovery

extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UC) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

One of Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology was to show how:

the discipline of psychology could be based on objective laboratory methods.

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

law of effect

thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that those behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

Most learning involves the process of association. With classical conditioning, an organism comes to associate:

two stimuli.

In classical conditioning _____, while in operant conditioning _____.

we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events; we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence