Psych test 5-7

Fundalmentalism

(believing in only one religion)

Quest

(using religion to find meaning)

School Interventions

- Desegregation backfired because key conditions were not met: close contact, equal status, support from society, and common goals - Cooperative learning environments are beneficial since competition can breed prejudice -common goals can be fixed through cooperative learning interventions/antibias education and multicultural education programs that are implemented

Conservatism vs. Liberalism

- Linked to different forms of prejudice (modern-symbolic vs. aversive) - Linked to different attributional patterns with conservatism often involving "blaming the victim" b/c they be;oieve in hard work and if one is poor that is their fault -sticks to oldf-ashioned views - Conservatism shows relationship to SDO + RWA personalities; -when controlling for these personalities, there is no significant correlation between conservatism and prejudice -values and beliefs of conservatism don't lead to prejudice only the two personality types -Liberals are prejudice aversively -correct themselves with external attributions when may be prejudice -making both internal and external attributions -Not fully living or embracing their scripture -prejudice matches societies -follows social norms

Two Prejudice-Prone Personalities

- Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) - Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)

Role of Incidental Emotions

- are emotional states that the person brings to an interaction. -Greater levels of bias occur when individuals are in a happy or angry mood -More stereotyping occurs with a happy mood and less occurs with a sad mood -can be explained by an evolutionary perspective on the significance of emotions (e.g., happy = safe environment + no need for vigilance) -Also if you believe you are safe you do not have to deeply process your environment so you are more likely to use mental shortcuts and make stereotypes -A sad mood = lower levels of stereotyping because when you are sad it signals that something is not right in your environment, so you are more likely to process your environment and what this potential threat is or why you are sad. - Anger is linked with greater use of stereotypes due to its highly-arousing nature; involves increased self-focus and decreased attention to the individuating characteristics of others and less likely to judge or have the desire to focus on someone else so leads to mental shortcuts and stereotypes and no desire to make an accurate judgment - Emotions that are common to prejudice (e.g., anger, disgust, anxiety, hate, discomfort) can lead to more stereotyping and greater prejudice; this is true even when the original source of the emotion is unrelated to a group (e.g., study that found greater stereotyping after disgust was induced by a foul odor)

response amplification

-A behavior toward a stigmatized person that is more extreme than behavior toward a nonstigmatized but similar person in the same type of situation -respond in a very vigorous manner when pushed to one set of values -one set of values can become more salient or important at the moment, which can lead to this -situational cues determine the direction of response -If a situation calls for positive behavior (such as when the other person does something good) the person experiencing ambivalent prejudice acts more positively towards the member of a minority group than a white person -if the situation calls for negative bad behavior (such as when the other person does something bad) the person experiencing ambivalent prejudice acts more negatively towards a member of the minority group

Why might someone be high in aversive prejudice?

-Aversive prejudice typically stems from anxiety over intergroup interactions. -This anxiety is mainly the result of lack of prior contact/experience/knowledge of the outgroup, slight negative affect, and/or fear of stigma‐by‐association. -Aversive prejudice can also stem from incompatible values- namely individualism/PWE and egalitarianism.

Modern-Symbolic Racism

-Based on belief that Black persons are morally inferior and violate the traditional value system (e.g., hard work) - Also captures a sense of anger/resentment that developed in response to the civil rights movement - Involves opposition to policies such as affirmative action, Black candidates in office - Specific beliefs: discrimination no longer exists, Black Americans do not work hard enough, Black Americans have gotten more than they deserve - Possible causes: lack of knowledge and contact, negative emotions, PWE and BJW beliefs - Support equality of opportunity but NOT equality of outcome - Those high in modern symbolic racism were more opposed to gun control after being primed with Black and White faces, which suggests that the gun is symbolic of keeping disadvantaged groups in their place and that minorities were seen as enemies of freedom.

Gender-Related Prejudice

-By about 1-2 years of age, children show gender-specific toy preferences. -Develop a vague sense of gender identity by ages 2-3 but do not have firm grasp on gender constancy -Homosociality appears around age 3 or 4 -Gender stereotypes in children are biologically-based rather than role-based. -By about age 8, most children value male characteristics more. -Sexism slightly declines after age 8, but there are still very few cross-sex friendships in high school. -As for sexual orientation, this issue becomes most relevant at puberty. -Negative attitudes and beliefs develop but are lower in older teens.

Religion

-Can be positively or negatively correlated with prejudice - Distinction between intrinsic & extrinsic orientation and whether prejudice is permitted (allowed) or proscribed (forbidden) by religious doctrines together can predict prejudice; those with intrinsic orientation live by their religious teachings and will therefore show permitted prejudices - Quest and fundamentalism may have clearer connections to prejudice with the former linked to lower levels and the latter linked to higher levels.

The Development of Prejudice Originates from Categorization

-Children have a greater need for categorization due to limited cognitive capacities. - Children rely more on categorization due to its ability to make the world simpler and more predictable • Two types of category awareness: - Implicit awareness/categorization: recognize category but cannot yet put names on the categories; studied in infants and very young children -aware of gender, attractiveness and age in early years 4 - Explicit awareness/categorization: can accurately name the categories; studied in older children - occurs during preschool years (3-5 yrs); -measured using the PRAM (involves presenting two photos of people that differ in race and then telling a short story and asking the child to identify the main character) -Classification: child is shown a picture or doll and is asked to name the category to which person in picture (or doll) belongs -Sorting: child is given a set of pictures of people who fall into different categories (e.g., gender, race) and is asked to group the photos that "look alike" or "belong together

Authoritarianism

-Considered a social ideology and/or personality type -Initially investigated to better understand fascism -5 relevant subcomponents: conventionalism, submission, aggression, stereotypy, and projectivity -Correlates with many different forms of prejudice -Conventionalism: follow traditional values and obey them -Submission: submit themselves or obey authority figure, follow advice, guidance, laws, give complete submission -Aggression: seek out and punish rule violators to keep them in line -Stereotypy: Are rigid, thinks everthing is good or bad, black or white, you obey or disobey -Projectivity: see the world as very dangerous and humanity is essentially bad Authoritarian Mind: -Strong beliefs about right and wrong - Respect for authority & desire for a strong leader -Belief that aggression must be used to subdue those who do not follow conventional ways -Negative view of humanity - Belief that the root of many problems is a degradation of morality -Resistance to creative, innovative ideas -Tendency to project one's own issues onto others -Preoccupation with violence and sex F scale sample items: -Obedience and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn. -If people would talk less and work more, everybody would be better off. Issues with original construct of authoritarianism - Focus was shifted away from Freud's psychoanalytic approach - F-Scale flaws - Confusing relationship with political orientation -so changed to Right wing Authoritarian

benevolent + hostile prejudice

-Marked by positive beliefs about the other group but also correlates with negative attitudes -High warmth/low competence tterm-11argets: persons with disabilities, persons with mental illness, females -Targets may start to accept this form of prejudice • Can be used to justify oneself as non-prejudiced; this is known as "establishing moral credentials"

Aversive Prejudice

-Measured using both explicit and implicit measures (shows up as low explicit/high implicit prejudice) - Involves a desire to avoid + ignore the existence of members of stigmatized groups -When mixed interactions are unavoidable, people high in aversive prejudice are nervous, uncomfortable, and/or may overcompensate - Linked to intergroup anxiety (worsened when interacting with high-status outgroup members) -Predicts discriminatory behaviors when other factors can be blamed; also, predicts subtle discriminatory behaviors (e.g., unfriendly body language) -Negative affect toward minorities mixed with pro-White bias - Tendency to derogate high-status minority-group members -Ingroup favoritism + discrimination in ambiguous situations -When White students who were high in aversive prejudice interacted with Black students, their bias was able to be detected; their Black partners found them to be quite unfriendly - Support for pro-minority policies such as affirmative action, but also hold negative attitudes - Belief in equality (e.g., will support affirmative action) - Desire to see oneself as unprejudiced - Can be seen in some liberals

Research Patterns

-Prejudice is typically low in very young children. -Prejudice peaks around ages 4-5 and then declines -Ingroup favoritism emerges before outgroup dislike in White children -Racial segregation in friendships occurs in middle school and some avoidance behavior in high school. - Vague sense of gender by age 2-3 and preferences for own gender in friendships shortly after that; -focus on biological gender, not social roles; by age 8 or so, value male characteristics. • For White children, - Prejudice increases until about ages 5-7 and then decreases. - However, children with low intergroup contact, prejudice increases with age. • For Black children, - Hold somewhat positive attitudes toward White children around ages 2-4, but then prejudice increases over time. - Intergroup contact is not related to their attitudes. - Black children vary in their preferences due to variability in personal experiences with prejudice + talks with parents.

extrinsic religious orientation

-Religious for social reasons, activity purposes, or non-religious reasons

Key Theories on the Development of Prejudice

-Social Learning Theory (Bandura) -Inner States Theories -Cognitive + Intergroup Developmental Theories

mortality salience effects

-When we are reminded of death (mortality salience), we are even more prejudicial against outgroups that we already have negative views of. -We also do not like those who violate our worldviews. -For example, judges set higher bonds for prostitutes when reminded of death.

anti-bias education

-aims to provide students with a heightened awareness of institutional racism and other forms of institutional bias and with the skills to reduce it within the spehre of influence -programs instruct students aboiyt the nature of bias, its history, and its current forms and effects -use lectures, media, role playing, and class discussion as teaching tools -found that multicultural and antibias education programs that provided direct contact with members of the outgroup and programs that focused on developing empathy and pespective- taking skills were especially effective in lowering prejudice. -effective especially if allows for intergroup contact and promote empathy

Intergroup Emotions:

-feelings aroused when people think about or interact with members of other social groups -Include hate, anxiety, and empathy • Sternberg (2003) proposed that hate is composed of three complex layers of emotions: - Disgust (which leads to distancing) - Fear & anger (which leads to aggressive action against outgroup) - Contempt (which leads to dehumanizing outgroup members & seeing them as less moral) • Hate is transmitted via storytelling, in which the outgroup is portrayed as barbarians and/or evil victimizers...

cooperative learning

-have been devised to create group learning environments which implement the necessary contact conditions as part of a day-to-day educational process -Approach to instruction in which students work with a small group of peers to achieve a common goal and help one another learn. -helps change common goals and close contact -Problem: favor their group and not the outgroup

terror management theory

-how people desire to promote and defend their beliefs and value systems result in prejudice. -Their explanation is rooted in two human characteristics: -the instinct for self-preservation -The contrasting knowledge that one's death is enviable -the coexistence of self-preservation instinct and and the knowledge of one's vulnerability to death leads to terror because the self preservation instinct motivates people to try and avoid the avoidable death -developing cultural institutions and world views that promise immortality: religious beliefs or symbolic -rather defend their culture against perceived challenges to its validity or different world views because it provides a buffer against terror and fear of death

Empathy:

-involves perspective-taking, empathic concern, personal distress (feel the distress that the target feels), + fantasy (ability to imagine the same thing happening to oneself); -negatively correlated with prejudice; -research demonstrates that the subcomponent of perspective-taking, in and of itself, can lower prejudice (racism, prejudice against HIV/AIDs, prejudice against homelessness) "Study on perspective-taking & empathy (Dovidio et al., 2004) - Participants were randomly assigned to a sets of instructions: "Try to imagine how Glen, the African American in the documentary, feels about what is happening and how it affects his life," OR "Try to take an objective perspective toward what is described," OR No Instructions - Results: Those who were asked to take Glen's perspective felt more empathy for him; extends to AIDS victims, homeless people, murderers, & the elderly

Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA):

-is tied to conventionalism (traditional values), submission (idolize and respect authority), + aggression (punish wrongdoers); Inside the Mind of the Right-Wing Authoritarian: other traits include -Low tolerance for ambiguity -Views world as a dangerous place -Values safety and submits to authority figures to gain it -High tendency to categorize self & others -Self-righteous -Threatened by anyone who violates traditional values and/or those who are condemned by authority figures -being inflexible -having high need for closure - likely to imitate authority figures in terms of their expression of prejudice Ex: -It is always better to trust the judgments of the proper authorities in government and religion. -What our country really needs is a strong, determined leader who will crush evil and take us back to the true path. -Old fashion values still show the best way to live.

Intrinsic religious orientation

-live by their religious teachings and will therefore show permitted prejudices -often read and study scripture -less prejudicial against groups that their religion likes or is tolerant of -More prejudicial of groups their religion condems or does not like (LGBTQ)

Possible causes of aversive prejudice

-natural by-product of categorization -in-group favoritism -fear of stigma-by association -combination of mixed ideals (PWE + BJW + Egalitarianism)

Inner States Theories:

-prejudice is the result of changes in personality; one main cause of these changes is parenting • Adorno focused on parenting style in development of authoritarianism • Duckitt argued that parenting plays a role, but so do childhood experiences, worldviews, motivations, and ideologies; -high RWA = punitive experiences, conforming personality, view of world as dangerous, + desire to attain security; high ----SDO = cold experiences, tough-minded personality, view of world as competitive, + desire to attain superiority • Altemeyer focused on the adolescent years and the effects of parents and other key figures as well as personal experiences -Authoritarianism from strict environment in childhood -social dominance is created from neglect in childhood

Social Learning Theory (Bandura):

-prejudice usually develops through observational learning -children imitate models who are rewarded for prejudice; -------direct reinforcement is another (but less common) way then learning via models -Children develop prejudice when they are directly reinforced for doing so, observe models being prejudiced and then imitate them, and/or learn vicariously that prejudice is acceptable or even rewarded

Young children are most likely to base their gender-related judgments on another's A. biological sex. B. gender-role behaviors. C. gender constancy. D. observed behaviors.

A

Carl tries to avoid all contact with Black people, and when forced to interact with them, is usually polite but distant. Carl's behavior is best described as stemming from A. aversive racism. B. subtle prejudice. C. old‐fashioned racism. D. blatant racism.

A.

People high in social dominance orientation A. are prejudiced against those who support the status quo. B. are competitive and ruthless. C. reject a society's legitimizing myths. D. believe there is enough for everyone

B

__________ is the feeling of discomfort people may experience when interacting with members of outgroups. A. Outgroup anticipation B. Intergroup anxiety C. Ingroup preference

B

Old (Jim Crow) Racism -

Belief that White persons are a genetically superior race and are thus allowed to keep other groups at a lower level; - used laws to ensure certain groups remained disadvantaged; -present in 10-15% of White Americans nowadays -Jim crow was actually a white actor Billy van who dressed up as a black person(blackface) in clothes and act like them in making fun of tgem for his comedy show

Homosociality reflects children's tendency to prefer social interactions with A. adults. B. boys. C. same‐sex children. D. other‐sex children.

C

Intergroup emotions are A. emotions shared by people who are in a group setting, such as a crowd. B. emotions people feel toward social groups to which they belong, such as other members of their race or social class. C. feelings aroused when people think about or interact with members of another group. D. feelings of sympathy with another person's situation

C

Which of the following is NOT a pattern of thought characteristic of those with an authoritarian personality? A. conventionalism B. projectivity C. flexibility D. authoritarian submission

C

Which of the following techniques is used to investigate whether babies can discriminate between pictures that vary on the basis of gender, age, or race? A. centration technique B. doll technique C. habituation paradigm D. sociometric ratings

C

Individualism vs communality/egaltarism

Centers around the idea that if you work hard, you will get ahead. • Can predict anti-Black attitudes • Sample beliefs: - Our society would have fewer problems if people had less leisure time. - Anyone who is willing and able to work hard has a good chance of succeeding. - A distaste for hard work usually reflects a weakness of character. - Most people who don't succeed in life are just plain lazy. vs. Emphasizes equality and a concern for the well-being of others • When combined with high individualism, it can predict ambivalence toward Black people. • Sample beliefs: - One should be kind to all people. - Everyone should have an equal chance and equal say in most things. - A good society is one in which people feel responsible for one another. - Those who are unable to provide for their basic needs should be helped by others.

5) Which value emphasizes personal responsibility and self‐reliance? A. egalitarianism B. humanitarianism C. egocentrism D. individualism

D

Which of the following is NOT a major component of Jim Crow racism? A. White people's absolute belief that they are inherently superior to other races. B. A firm belief in the rightness of keeping disadvantaged groups in their place. C. Using the power of government to pass laws that discriminate against disadvantaged groups. D. The belief that some stigmatized groups are more acceptable than others and can be allowed rights and privileges similar to those of White people.

D

Which of the following is characteristic of right‐wing authoritarianism? A. a high degree of submission to authorities B. aggression that is perceived to be permitted by authorities C. a high degree of adherence to social norms and values D. all of the above

D

I pray chiefly because I have been taught to pray.

Extrinsic

Whenever science and sacred scripture conflict, science must be wrong.

Fundamentalism

Personal Values:

In general, threats to one's value system can elicit greater amounts of prejudice. - Individualism (hard work, self-restraint, self-reliance, PWE) is linked with more prejudice, esp. against groups perceived as lazy and/or hedonic - Egalitarianism (equal treatment, empathy, concern for well-being of others; can prevent activation of stereotypes + inhibit prejudice) is linked with less prejudice

I try hard to carry my religion over into all my other dealings in life.

Intrinsic

Ambivalent Prejudice

Involves mixed stereotypes and emotions about stigmatized individuals and conflicting sets of personal values Causes: -clash between individualism/PWE and egalitarianism values -also result from a combination of positive & negative stereotypical beliefs, which can lead to feelings of benevolence mixed with hostility - Behavior depends on which set of values is most salient; can lead to response amplification (exaggerated, polarized responses) if pushed strongly in one direction - Can be pushed around by situational cues; for example, reading a line from Reagan's speech that emphasizes hard work leads to PWE salience and prejudice against groups perceived as lazy/indulgent. However, reading a line about equality for all leads to the salience of egalitarianism and thus less prejudice. -Benevolent and hostile prejudice: holding both positive beliefs/emotions about the other group (e.g., Black persons are musical, athletic) and negative ones (e.g., Black persons are hostile) -Common targets of benevolent prejudice are ones that are perceived as high warmth/low competence (elderly persons, females) -gives illusion to self and others that one is "nonprejudiced"; targets may begin to accept this form of prejudice - Also, people who exhibit benevolent prejudice may use this as justification for not being prejudicial; this is known as "establishing moral credentials.

People high in SDO often put forth legitimizing myths. What are these?

Legitimizing myths are stereotypes used to justify and explain why some groups deserve less and should be at the bottom of the hierarchy.

RWA vs. SDO

Low correlation between the two constructs -Authoritarianism focuses on submission to ingroup authority figures -SDO centers around intergroup competition & a desire for one's own group to have power over others -SDO scores are positively correlated with ingroup identification, which is linked with greater tendency to categorize, stereotype, & hold prejudicial attitudes toward other groups -SDO leads to prejudice because you strongly believe your group is important and powerful

Implicit Prejudice -

Most forms of modern prejudice are this -thoughts + behaviors are biased yet people are unaware of these biase - Often leads to discrimination in situations of "attributional ambiguity" (when other factors can be blamed) Characteristics of this type of prejudice: -can be automatically activated -hard to control, -often doesn't show up on self-report measures -can lead to misconception that prejudice does not exist within oneself + others -can lead to discriminatory behavior that is difficult to prove Many forms of modern prejudice is NOT usually the result of hate but rather center around: ambivalence, anxiety, ingroup favoritism, lack of contact, perceived value differences (one group is morally superior and outgroup shares different values), over-endorsement of the American dream (protestant work ethic and belioef in a just world)

attribution-value model

Prejudice can arise from two sets of perceptions: - perception that the outgroup has devalued characteristics (or upholds a different value system) - the group is responsible for their negative characteristics -this responsibility than arouses negative emotions in others • This model best predicts prejudice against the following: - Groups in which membership is freely chosen (e.g., political affiliation) - Groups where members are viewed as highly similar to one another (e.g., gender) example: overweight people choose to be overweight or matter of choice if they can just eat less then they would become skinny seen as lazy and unable to control their eating -Lesbians and gay men are seen as violating family values and can choose to not be gay.

intergroup theories

Prejudice occurs alongside (and as a result of) normal cognitive developments • Three specific changes are believed to be important determinants of prejudice: -development of category rules, -use of categories (i.e., categorization), - and the development of beliefs and attitudes associated with those categories. • These beliefs and attitudes include perceptions of category constancy and essentialism (when members of a category are very much alike or made from the same fabric

I was not very interested in religion until I began to ask questions about the purpose of my life.

Quest

social ideologies

Set of beliefs that shape how one interacts with the world political orientation: conservatism and liberalism religion

Protestant Work Ethic (PWE):

belief that if people work hard then they will get ahead; emphasis on self-control & denial of pleasure

Belief in a Just World (BJW):

belief that people get what they deserve; fate is based on one's choices and actions

values

beliefs people hold about the importance of their goals and the outcomes they try to achieve and avoid

Evidence of Modern Prejudice:

bogus pipeline research has demonstrated that people express more prejudice than they show on traditional self-report measures; physiological evidence suggests that people with low contact/ exposure to stigmatized group are threatened when interacting with that group -Most modern prejudice is implicit in nature (i.e., people are unaware that they harbor such biases)

explicit vs implicit prejudice

explicit: -refers to intergroup stereotypes and attitudes that people intentionally retrieve from memory, such as when asked on their opinion on an issue. -Because of their intentional nature, explicit prejudice reflects beliefs that people are willing to personally endorse and lead to deliberate, intentional behavior -can show on self-report measures vs. implicit: -refers to intergroup stereotypes and attitudes that are activated in memory when the person encounters a member of the outgroup without the person being aware that the activation has occurred. -Because implicit prejudices are activated automatically, they are difficult to control, so it can lead to bias evaluations and behaviors even if the person had no intention of acting that way -can not be seen on self-report measures because activated without awareness -prejudice lies dormant until an event occurs, such as encountering a member of the outgroup that activates prejudice -relate pleasantly or unpleasantness on amp test when shown pictures of ingroup and outgroup members -higher levels of implicit prejudice lead the person to rate the neutral stimulus as unpleasant when seeing a picture of an outgroup member and then an ingroup member

Intergroup Anxiety:

feeling of discomfort when interacting (or simply imagining interacting) with an outgroup member; stems from negative beliefs about the outgroup that developed due to 1) lack of contact and/or 2) negative past experiences; predicts stereotyping + prejudice; associated with avoidance behavior, which further reinforces the anxiety

Measuring attitudes by the Doll preference paradigm:

have child give the experimenter the doll that is "bad", "ugly", "good", etc -children were shown White and Black dolls. -Then, they were asked to give the experimenter "the doll that... ...you want to play with." ...is a nice doll." ...looks bad." ...is a nice color." ...looks like a white child." ...looks like a colored child." ...looks like you." -Majority of kids pick white doll to play with and think black doll is bad

Humanitarianism/Egalitarianism:

importance of equal opportunity & treatment for all; concern for well-being of others; can prevent activation of stereotypes + inhibit prejudice

Individualism:

importance of self-reliance, hard work, & self-restraint; predicts prejudice against groups perceived as lazy and/or indulgent (e.g., LQBTQ+ community)

Measuring attitudes by the Habituation paradigm:

infants are presented with a photo until it becomes boring and then are shown a second one; if baby stares at the new one longer, then it recognizes it as different

multicultural education/programs book

is based on the belief that inaccurate information about other groups leads to intergroup anxiety and the use of stereotypes to counteract this effect, these programs try to provide students with the knowledge and attitydes nescarry to understand, respect,and interact harminously as equals with members of different ethnic groups 1. Teach about history pf different cultures 2.Make kids take the perspective of different cultures and see how that affects how historic events are viewed 3. Foster positive attitudes twoards social groups other than their own 4. Promote equality 5.antibias education

Social Dominance Orientation (SDO)

is tied to strong beliefs in the necessity of a hierarchy since the world is viewed as a "competitive jungle"; - must compete for limited resources -those at the bottom of the hierarchy deserve less and are allowed to be treated less equally - put forward "legitimizing myths" (stereotypes about lower-status groups) to keep the hierarchy intact. -Attracted to positions of power - Low in empathy -Experimental manipulations of power affect SDO scores -Higher scores in Whites, males, heterosexuals, the affluent Ex: to get ahead in life it is sometimes okay to step on other groups -inferior groups should stay in their place

Someone who is just high on egaltarism and low on individualism predicts less or more prejudice

less prejudice

High in individualism and low in egaltarism predicts less or more prejudice?

more prejudice

Cognitive Developmental Theories:

most of these are stage-theories of prejudice development Piaget's theory takes a stage model approach to prejudice; describes its development in terms of cognitive and motor achievements - Egocentric (4-7 years): child does not notice differences and assumes everyone is same as self - Sociocentric (7-10 years): focuses on ingroup and cannot take perspective of outgroup -which leads to ingroup favoritism and comparisons/contrasts between group - Reciprocity stage (10-15 years): treats outgroup similarly to how outgroup treats ingroup • Aboud argued that the stages were as follows: -stranger distress (first form of prejudice is toward those who look different than caregivers or themselves), -categorization based on perceptual differences, -increased cognitive flexibility (less prejudice is seen in the latter stage) 5

High in both egaltarism and individualism precits less or more prejudice?

predicts more prejudice, mostly ambivalent prejudice -meaning it depends on the situation

Stereotype Content Model

proposes that people's feelings toward groups are rooted in their perceptions of the warmth and competence of those groups Low Competence : Low warmth: Contempt/Disgust (welfare recipients, homeless people, persons with drug addictions) High Warmth:Pity (persons with disabilities, women, elderly) High Competence: Low warmth: Envy, Anger (Jewish people, rich people, business professionals) High Warmth: Admiration (White middle class, American Olympic athletes) Cottrell & Neuberg (2005) argue that our specific beliefs about different groups predict the types of emotions we feel towards them • - Beliefs that are tied to specific emotions: - Safety threat (danger) predicts fear. - Economic threat predicts anger. - Values threat predicts disgust. - Perceived lack of success predicts pity.

Measuring attitudes by the Sociometric ratings:

record best friends or give students the class roster and have them rate each person

Research on RWA Experiment

• In a study by Petersen and Dietz (2000), participants were asked to recommend three candidates for a manager position; half of the candidates were East German & half were West German • Independent variables: - RWA score of participants (high vs. low) - President's advice in memo (no hiring of East Germans vs. no regional preferences) • Dependent Variable: -recommendations • Results: -Those low in RWA did not discriminate, regardless of condition. -However, those high in RWA discriminated when the president indicated a regional preference.