Psych: Unit 3 Test?
A human sperm cell contains a. 23 chromosomes. b. 23 genes. c. 46 chromosomes. d. 46 genes. e. 92 DNA strands.
a
An adaptation is an inherited physical or behavioral characteristic that a. increases an organism's chance for survival. b. is ecologically disruptive. c. enables an organism to control its environment. d. may or may not benefit the organism. e. has no effect on fitness.
a
An all-or-none response pattern is characteristic of the a. initiation of neural impulses. b. release of endorphins into the central nervous system. c. release of hormones into the bloodstream. d. activation of either the sympathetic or the parasympathetic system. e. excitation of the antagonistic hormonal system.
a
At puberty, the hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRH), causing the secretion of gonadotropins by the pituitary gland. These hormones cause the ovaries to produce estrogen and testes to produce testosterone. As the levels of these hormones rise, they shut down the release of GnRH and the gonadotropins. This example illustrates the a. feedback systems connecting the brain and endocrine systems. b. information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system to the brain. c. role of agonists and antagonists in the nervous system. d. reflex pathways running through the spinal cord. e. combined signals of excitatory and inhibitory connections.
a
Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce people's ability to a. speak fluently. b. copy drawings. c. recognize faces. d. recognize familiar melodies. e. see colors.
a
Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to be criticized for a. providing hindsight explanations for human behaviors. b. failing to consider unconscious motivations. c. overemphasizing humans' capacity to learn and adapt to a variety of environments. d. underestimating gender differences in mate selection. e. overestimating cultural differences in human sexual behaviors.
a
French psychiatrist Joseph Capgras described a patient who reported that imposters had replaced her husband, children, and herself. Her inability to recognize the faces of her close family members or herself suggests that the a. right hemisphere of her brain was damaged. b. corpus callosum had been severed. c. thalamus in the brainstem is not functioning properly. d. angular gyrus was compromised leading to aphasia. e. left temporal lobe was injured.
a
In a recent car accident, Tamiko sustained damage to his right cerebral hemisphere. This injury is most likely to reduce Tamiko's ability to a. facially express emotions. b. solve arithmetic problems. c. understand simple verbal requests. d. process information in an orderly sequence. e. control his aggression.
a
Information travels from the spinal cord to the brain via a. interneurons. b. the circulatory system. c. sensory neurons. d. the sympathetic nervous system. e. the endocrine system.
a
Males in their ________ are most likely to be sexually attracted to women who are several years older rather than several years younger than themselves. a. teens. b. twenties. c. thirties. d. forties. e. fifties.
a
Nerve cells in the brain receive life-supporting nutrients and insulating myelin from a. glial cells. b. neurotransmitters. c. motor neurons. d. hormones. e. sensory neurons.
a
Professor Assad suggested that a cautious attitude toward sexual encounters has proven to be more reproductively advantageous to women than to men because the birth process is time-consuming. This suggestion best illustrates the logic of a(n) ________ theory of sexual behavior. a. evolutionary b. social learning c. Freudian d. behaviorist e. humanistic
a
Psychologist Michael Gazzaniga asked split-brain patients to stare at a dot as he flashed HE·ART on a screen. HE appeared in the left visual field, ART in the right. When asked to point to the word with their left hand, patients pointed to a. HE. b. ART. c. HEART. d. EA. e. nothing. They were unable to complete the task.
a
Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter a. dopamine. b. epinephrine. c. acetylcholine. d. serotonin. e. GABA.
a
Some opiate drugs have molecular structures so similar to endorphins that they mimic endorphin's euphoric effects in the brain, making these opiate drugs which kind of molecule? a. agonists b. antagonists c. endorphins d. endocrines e. autonomics
a
Someone trying to add a long series of three digit numbers is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure? a. left hemisphere b. thalamus c. reticular formation d. right hemisphere e. medulla
a
The reticular formation is located in the a. brainstem. b. limbic system. c. sensory cortex. d. motor cortex. e. cerebellum.
a
The somatic nervous system is a component of the ________ nervous system. a. peripheral b. autonomic c. central d. sympathetic e. parasympathetic
a
To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) a. fMRI. b. hemispherectomy. c. ACh agonist. d. brain lesion. e. MRI.
a
To trigger a person's hand to make a fist, José Delgado stimulated the individual's a. motor cortex. b. hypothalamus. c. sensory cortex. d. reticular formation. e. limbic system.
a
What are the molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and mimic that neurotransmitter's effects called? a. agonists b. antagonists c. endorphins d. endocrines e. action potentials
a
Which cognitive neuroscience term reflects the idea that "much of our everyday thinking, feeling, and acting operates outside our conscious awareness"? a. dual processing b. cerebral cortex c. reticular formation d. interneurons e. limbic system
a
Which neural center in the limbic system plays a central role in emotions such as aggression and fear? a. amygdala b. thalamus c. cerebellum d. medulla e. dendrite
a
Why is it incorrect to say that 50 percent heritability of intelligence means that the cause of your intelligence is 50 percent genetic and 50 percent environmental? a. because heritability accounts for variations among people, not in specific individuals b. because nurture controls intelligence levels, not nature c. because unrelated individuals share common genes d. because genes are the basis for our behavior, environment has no impact e. because heritability increases as environments change
a
A person whose hand had been amputated actually felt sensations on his nonexistent fingers when his face was stroked. This best illustrates the consequences of a. tomography. b. brain plasticity. c. lateralization. d. hemispherectomy. e. aphasia.
b
According to opinion polls, how do scientists and nonscientists react differently to the idea of evolution? a. Scientists are mostly (66%) agreed that evolution is a valid theory, and most nonscientists believe evolution describes the natural world well. b. There is widespread consensus among scientists that evolution is scientific fact, but half of U.S. adults do not believe in evolution. c. Most "hard" scientists, like physicists and chemists, think that evolutionary theory is unnecessarily complex, and most nonscientists agree. d. Scientists and most nonscientists agree that evolutionary theory describes animal development well, but not human development. e. Belief in evolutionary theory is split along religious lines among scientists and nonscientists.
b
Adoptive parents are most likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children. a. adult height b. political attitudes c. adult weight d. extraversion e. personality
b
After a car swerves in front of you on the highway, you notice that your heart is still racing, even though you know you are no longer in danger. Why do the physical symptoms of fear linger even after we cognitively realize the danger has passed? a. Dopamine controls fear, and this chemical takes a certain amount of time to break down in your system. b. Endocrine messages tend to outlast the effects of neural messages. c. Excitatory neurotransmitters travel faster than inhibitory neurotransmitters. d. The parasympathetic nervous system is less effective than the sympathetic nervous system. e. The adrenal glands tend to act more quickly than the rest of the endocrine system.
b
Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the deterioration of neurons that produce a. dopamine. b. acetylcholine. c. epinephrine. d. endorphins. e. glutamate.
b
An African butterfly that is green in the summer turns brown in the fall thanks to a temperature-controlled genetic switch. This best illustrates that genes are a. DNA. b. self-regulating. c. chromosomes. d. protein molecules. e. evolving.
b
An evolutionary psychologist would be likely to suggest that human preferences for sweet-tasting foods a. have hindered human reproduction. b. are genetically predisposed. c. correlate to climate conditions. d. vary widely across cultures. e. are not passed genetically to children.
b
An undersupply of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter known as ________ is linked to seizures. a. glutamate b. GABA c. serotonin d. ACh e. dopamine
b
Depending on environmental conditions, specific genes can be either a. nature or nurture. b. active or inactive. c. identical or fraternal. d. chromosomes or genomes. e. sperm or eggs.
b
Dmitry Belyaev and Lyudmila Trut successfully domesticated wild foxes by means of a. heritability. b. selective mating. c. gene splicing. d. hormone injections. e. training.
b
Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that a. more people are biologically predisposed to fear guns than to fear snakes. b. children are more likely to be valued by their biological fathers than by their stepfathers. c. people are the most romantically attracted to those who are the most genetically dissimilar to themselves. d. genetic predispositions have little effect on our social relationships. e. environmental influences are more deterministic than genetic influences.
b
If primed with the flashed word foot, the ________ will be especially quick to recognize the word heel. If primed with foot, cry, and glass, the ________ will be especially quick to recognize the word cut. a. right hemisphere; left hemisphere b. left hemisphere; right hemisphere c. cerebellum; brainstem d. left hemisphere; left hemisphere e. sensory cortex; speech cortex
b
Molecules that are similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor sites on a dendrite and block that neurotransmitter's effects are called what? a. agonists b. antagonists c. endorphins d. endocrines e. action potentials
b
Neural networks refer to a. the branching extensions of a neuron. b. interconnected clusters of neurons in the central nervous system. c. neural cables containing many axons. d. junctions between sending and receiving neurons. e. neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
b
Olds and Milner located reward centers in the brain structure known as the a. sensory cortex. b. hypothalamus. c. cerebellum. d. medulla. e. amygdala.
b
Our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following? a. More neurotransmitters are released when the lips are touched. b. A larger area of the sensory cortex is associated with our lips. c. The dendrites connected to the lips are especially sensitive. d. The medulla routes impulses from the lips directly to our brainstem. e. Our lips are directly connected to the sensory cortex, but our knees are not.
b
Physical exercise and exposure to stimulating environments are most likely to promote a. phrenology. b. neurogenesis. c. hemispherectomy. d. reward deficiency syndrome. e. plasticity.
b
Professor Archibald suggests that men are more likely than women to initiate recreational sex because this has historically served to be a more successful reproductive strategy for men than for women. The professor's suggestion best illustrates a(n) ________ theory. a. social learning b. evolutionary c. behaviorist d. Freudian e. cognitive
b
Research suggests that young men prefer older women, mid-twenties men prefer women their own age, and older men prefer younger women. Based on this finding, evolutionary psychologists suggest that men a. view sex as being more relational. b. are attracted to women with peak fertility. c. prefer mates who are interested in long-term relationships. d. have a higher threshold for perceiving warm responses as sexual. e. are less concerned with sending their genes into the future.
b
Researchers found that women rated men higher as potential long-term mates when they spent more time looking at baby pictures. This finding suggests that a. women are drawn to youthful, healthy appearing men. b. women prefer men who express interest in caring for joint offspring. c. men approach sex as being more relational. d. women have a lower threshold for perceiving warm responses as sexual. e. men are less attracted to women who are likely to reproduce.
b
Teaching a patient to regain the use of an impaired limb by limiting his or her use of the good limb is called a. functioning magnetic resonance imaging. b. constraint-induced therapy. c. neural prosthetics. d. phrenology. e. cognitive neuroscience.
b
The best way to detect enlarged fluid-filled brain regions in some patients who have schizophrenia is to use a(n) a. EEG. b. MRI. c. PET scan. d. brain lesion. e. X-ray.
b
The knee-jerk reflex is controlled by interneurons in the a. action potential. b. spinal cord. c. resting potential. d. endocrine system. e. neurotransmitters.
b
The localization of a function such as speech production to the right or left side of the brain is called a. neurogenesis. b. lateralization. c. hemispherectomy. d. plasticity. e. reticular formation.
b
The longest part of a motor neuron is likely to be the a. dendrite. b. axon. c. cell body. d. synapse. e. neurotransmitter
b
The minimum level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse is called the a. reflex. b. threshold. c. synapse. d. action potential. e. refractory period.
b
The parietal lobes are to ________ as the occipital lobes are to ________. a. hearing; speaking b. sensing touch; seeing c. sensing pleasure; sensing pain d. tasting; smelling e. speaking; seeing
b
The selective permeability of a neural membrane creates a(n) a. myelin sheath. b. resting potential. c. neural network. d. reuptake. e. dendrite.
b
When Mr. Valdez thought his 1-year-old daughter had fallen down the stairs, his heartbeat accelerated, his blood pressure rose, and he began to perspire heavily. Mr. Valdez's state of arousal was activated by his ________ nervous system. a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. somatic d. sensorimotor e. central
b
When the release of ACh is blocked, the result is a. depression. b. muscular paralysis. c. aggression. d. schizophrenia. e. euphoria.
b
Which brain area is primarily involved with reading aloud? a. sensory cortex b. angular gyrus c. association areas d. reticular formation e. hypothalamus
b
A brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the a. synapse. b. agonist. c. action potential. d. myelin sheath. e. refractory period.
c
A failure to recognize that one's arm or leg is part of one's self is most likely to be associated with damage to the a. amygdala. b. hypothalamus. c. right hemisphere. d. sympathetic nervous system. e. left hemisphere.
c
A football quarterback can simultaneously make calculations of receiver distances, player movements, and gravitational forces. This best illustrates the activity of multiple a. endocrine glands. b. endorphin agonists. c. neural networks. d. endorphin antagonists. e. thresholds.
c
A researcher who assesses the heritability of intelligence is most likely a(n) a. humanist. b. evolutionary psychologist. c. behavior geneticist. d. social psychologist. e. behaviorist.
c
An area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements is called the a. angular gyrus. b. hypothalamus. c. motor cortex. d. reticular formation. e. frontal association area.
c
Assessing the relative effects of nature and nurture on individual differences in personality would be of most direct interest to a. evolutionary psychologists. b. humanistic psychologists. c. behavior geneticists. d. Freudian psychologists. e. psychometricians.
c
By simply thinking about a move, which activates their brain cells, people may be able to move a robotic arm. This best illustrates a. neurogenesis. b. constraint-induced therapy. c. neural prosthetics. d. magnetic resonance imaging. e. hemispheric specialization.
c
For you to be able to run, ________ must relay messages from your central nervous system to your leg muscles. a. interneurons b. agonists c. motor neurons d. sensory neurons e. the autonomic nervous system
c
Heritability refers to the extent to which a. unrelated individuals share common genes. b. genetic mutations can be transmitted to one's offspring. c. trait differences among individuals are attributable to genetic variations. d. adult personality is determined by infant personality. e. nurture controls a trait rather than nature.
c
How do evolutionary psychologists explain why pregnant women from cultures across the world tend to avoid bitter, strongly flavored foods? a. Most cultures educate women about the dangers of certain foods on a developing fetus. b. Women and men have genetic differences in taste preferences. c. Bitter tastes can be an indication of foods toxic toward a developing baby, so this preference developed through natural selection. d. Pregnant women tend to associate with one another and they acquire similar food preferences through social conformity. e. Historical preferences toward or against certain tastes tend to change as cultures change.
c
Increasing excitatory signals above the threshold for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that a neuron's reaction is a. inhibited by the myelin sheath. b. delayed by the refractory period. c. an all-or-none response. d. dependent on neurotransmitter molecules. e. primarily electrical rather than chemical.
c
Mamie is terrified of spiders. She tells her best friend, "Everybody in my family is afraid of spiders, so it must be genetic. " Using the biopsychosocial approach to understanding her behavior, Mamie should a. reduce her experiences with spiders to her immediate sensations and feelings. b. focus on possible unconscious motivations for her fears. c. examine additional psychological and social-cultural influences on fear. d. examine how fear is adaptive and has contributed to her ancestors' survival. e. explore how her perceptions affect her fear of spiders.
c
Migraine headaches are most closely linked with an a. oversupply of GABA. b. undersupply of serotonin. c. oversupply of glutamate. d. undersupply of acetylcholine. e. oversupply of norepinepherine.
c
Molecular behavior geneticists seek links between __________ and specific disorders. a. chromosomes b. proteins c. genes d. environment e. behavior
c
Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles located on knoblike terminals at the end of the a. dendrites. b. cell body. c. axon. d. myelin sheath. e. synapse.
c
One function of the glial cells is to a. control heartbeat and breathing. b. mimic the effects of neurotransmitters. c. provide nutrients to interneurons. d. stimulate the production of hormones. e. control the muscle movements involved in speech.
c
Opiate drugs occupy the same receptor sites as a. acetylcholine. b. serotonin. c. endorphins. d. dopamine. e. epinephrine.
c
Recent brain research contradicts previously held beliefs, indicating that new neurons are actually formed in the brain. What is this process called? a. plasticity b. reuptake c. neurogenesis d. reticular formation e. myelin cells
c
Research into dual processing provides partial evidence for levels of consciousness similar to the levels first described by which psychologist? a. B. F. Skinner b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Sigmund Freud d. Mary Calkins e. Edward Titchener
c
Sir Charles Sherrington observed that impulses took more time to travel a neural pathway than he might have anticipated. His observation provided evidence for the existence of a. endorphins. b. hormones. c. synaptic gaps. d. interneurons. e. neural networks.
c
Split-brain patients have had their ________ surgically cut. a. hippocampus b. limbic system c. corpus callosum d. sensory cortex e. reticular formation
c
The "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem is called the a. limbic system. b. corpus callosum. c. cerebellum. d. reticular formation. e. thalamus.
c
The ability to simultaneously copy different figures with the right and left hand is most characteristic of those whose ________ has been cut. a. angular gyrus b. reticular formation c. corpus callosum d. motor cortex e. sensory cortex
c
The auditory hallucinations experienced by people with schizophrenia are most closely linked with the activation of areas in which brain area? a. motor cortex b. amygdala c. temporal lobes d. hypothalamus e. sensory cortex
c
The axon of a resting neuron has gates that do not allow positive sodium ions to pass through the cell membrane. What is this characteristic called? a. myelin sheath b. threshold c. selective permeability d. action potential e. parasympathetic nervous system
c
The chemical messengers of the endocrine system are called a. neurotransmitters. b. interneurons. c. hormones. d. agonists. e. antagonists.
c
The genome is the complete a. collection of sexual characteristics regulated by the X and Y chromosomes. b. range of traits that contribute to reproductive success. c. set of genetic material in an organism's chromosomes. d. set of interactions between genes and environments. e. collection of genetic and hormonal influences on behavior.
c
The master gland of the endocrine system is the a. thyroid gland. b. adrenal gland. c. pituitary gland. d. pancreas. e. hypothalamus.
c
The peripheral nervous system is to sensory neurons as the central nervous system is to a. motor neurons. b. neurotransmitters. c. interneurons. d. the sympathetic nervous system. e. the parasympathetic nervous system.
c
The reproductive advantage enjoyed by organisms best suited to a particular environment is known as a. self-regulation. b. behavior genetics. c. natural selection. d. heritability. e. nurture.
c
The unique personalities of children evoke predictable responses from their caregivers. This best illustrates the ________ of nature and nurture. a. mutation b. evolution c. interaction d. heritability e. independence
c
Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the neurotransmitter known as a. dopamine. b. epinephrine. c. acetylcholine. d. insulin. e. endorphin.
c
Twin studies suggest that Alzheimer's disease is influenced by a. hormones. b. nurture. c. heredity. d. natural selection. e. environment.
c
When people discuss the "nature vs. nurture" controversy, Nature refers to ________ and Nurture refers to ________. a. genes; heredity b. chromosomes; genetics c. biology; environment d. DNA; hormones e. thinking; behavior
c
Which of the following best describes how the brain processes and controls language? a. Speech is such an important function of the brain that the right temporal lobe is devoted to it. b. Speech is primarily controlled in the occipital lobes, although association areas in the parietal lobes are also involved. c. Subfunctions of speech (such as producing speech, reading aloud, and understanding speech) are processed by different parts of the brain. d. Men and women process speech in different parts of the brain, determined primarily by genetics and early environmental conditions. e. The brainstem processes the basic parts of speech and communicates with the frontal lobe's motor cortex.
c
Which of the following describes evidence for the brain's dual-processing ability? a. The right occipital lobe perceives stimuli from our left visual field. b. The corpus callosum allows impulses to travel between the two hemispheres. c. The brainstem keeps our heart beating while the cerebral cortex maintains awareness of the outside world. d. The amygdala shares responsibility for some basic emotions with the hypothalamus and endocrine system. e. The cerebral cortex is divided into two sets of lobes on each hemisphere.
c
Which of the following fictional research findings is the best evidence against the idea that "biology is destiny"? a. Early humans gradually developed aversions to bitter-tasting foods because many poisons were bitter. b. Babies are born with the ability to turn away from frightening stimuli. c. Cognitive therapy can help people change unwanted personality traits. d. Testosterone levels are associated with incarceration rates. e. Women have larger and more active brain structures than men.
c
Which region of the brain will a fMRI show as active when a person is looking at a photo? a. temporal lobes b. parietal lobes c. occipital lobes d. frontal lobes e. association areas
c
Which type of psychologist most directly investigates the links between biological activity and our thinking and behaviors? a. behaviorist b. psychotherapist c. biological psychologist d. cognitive psychologist e. psychometrician
c
Who believed that bumps on the skull reveal mental abilities and character traits? a. Sir Charles Sherrington b. Stephen Kasslyn c. Franz Gall d. Candace Pert e. Solomon Snyder
c
A brain lesion refers to ________ of brain tissue. a. electrical stimulation b. X-ray photography c. radioactive bombardment d. destruction e. development
d
A picture of a dog is briefly flashed in the left visual field of a split-brain patient. At the same time a picture of a boy is flashed in the right visual field. In identifying what she saw, the patient would be most likely to a. use her left hand to point to a picture of a dog. b. verbally report that she saw a dog. c. use her left hand to point to a picture of a boy. d. verbally report that she saw a boy. e. communicate that she saw a picture of a boy with a dog.
d
A simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus is called a(n) a. neural network. b. action potential. c. neurotransmitter. d. reflex. e. threshold.
d
A synapse is a(n) a. chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions. b. automatic response to sensory input. c. neural network. d. junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron. e. neural cable containing many axons.
d
After Terry lost a finger in an industrial accident, the area of his sensory cortex devoted to receiving input from that finger gradually became very responsive to sensory input from his adjacent fingers. This best illustrates a. phrenology. b. aphasia. c. hemispherectomy. d. plasticity. e. tomography.
d
After he suffered a stroke, Mr. Santore's physical coordination skills and responsiveness to sensory stimulation quickly returned to normal. Unfortunately, however, he began to experience unusual difficulty figuring out how to find his way to various locations in his neighborhood. It is most likely that Mr. Santore suffered damage to his a. cerebellum. b. thalamus. c. hypothalamus. d. association areas. e. autonomic nervous system.
d
At the age of 22, Mrs. LaBlanc was less than 4 feet tall. Her short stature was probably influenced by the lack of a growth hormone produced by the a. pancreas. b. thyroid. c. adrenal gland. d. pituitary gland. e. myelin.
d
Compared with identical twins, fraternal twins are a. less likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion. b. more likely to be the same sex and more likely to be similar in extraversion. c. more likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion. d. less likely to be the same sex and less likely to be similar in extraversion. e. less likely to be the same sex and equally likely to be similar in extraversion.
d
Compared with women, men are ________ likely to sacrifice to gain sex and ________ likely to perceive warm responses as a sexual come-on. a. less; more b. more; less c. not; less d. more; more e. not; more
d
Consciousness is a. the ability to solve problems, reason, and remember. b. the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information. c. effortless encoding of incidental information into memory. d. our awareness of ourselves and our environment. e. brain waves that indicate we are not reacting to a stimulus.
d
Evolutionary psychologists are most likely to emphasize that human adaptiveness to a variety of different environments has contributed to human a. naturalistic observation. b. genetic mutations. c. behavior correlations. d. reproductive success. e. prenatal development.
d
Evolutionary psychologists have suggested that women prefer monogamy and men promiscuity in ensuring the survival of their genetic material. However, monogamous relationships can also be explained using an evolutionary perspective. This best illustrates which of the following criticisms of evolutionary psychology? a. Evolutionary psychology justifies traditional sexist attitudes. b. Evolutionary psychology undercuts moral responsibility for human behavior. c. Evolutionary psychology is based on a fatal flaw; just because a trait exists it doesn't mean it is adaptive. d. Evolutionary psychology works backward to propose an explanation; thus, any behavior can be explained. e. Evolutionary psychology assumes that human behavior has been stable long enough for it to evolve.
d
Evolutionary psychologists would be most likely to predict that men will marry women who are ________ than they are. a. less wealthy b. less physically attractive c. more sexually experienced d. younger e. more aggressive toward sexual rivals
d
Evolutionary psychology studies the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of a. humanism. b. behaviorism. c. naturalistic observation. d. natural selection. e. genome mapping.
d
In 1861, Paul Broca studied a stroke patient he called "Tan." He was called this because as a result of brain damage it was the only word he could pronounce. Based on Broca's early work, which of the following brain regions is involved in speech production? a. angular gyrus b. left temporal lobe c. sensory cortex d. left frontal lobe e. auditory cortex
d
In creating more effective treatments for pain, researchers would use which of the following techniques for identifying regions of the brain that handle pain? a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b. computed tomography (CT ) c. electroencephalogram (EEG) d. functional MRI (fMRI) e. lesion
d
Many genes respond to environmental conditions, reacting to different environmental contexts in different ways. This characteristic of genes is called what? a. chromosomes b. genotype c. heritability d. self-regulation e. evolution
d
People can simultaneously process many aspects of sensory information such as color, shape, and size. This best illustrates the functioning of multiple a. ACh agonists. b. dendrites. c. endorphins. d. neural networks. e. ACh antagonists.
d
Psychoactive drugs interfere with normal neural transmission. Where does this interference take place? a. axon b. cell body c. myelin sheath d. synapse e. hormones
d
Resting potential is to action potential as ________ is to ________. a. adrenal gland; pituitary gland b. sensory neuron; motor neuron c. temporal lobe; occipital lobe d. polarization; depolarization e. dendrite; axon
d
Reuptake refers to the a. movement of neurotransmitter molecules across a synaptic gap. b. release of hormones into the bloodstream. c. inflow of positively charged ions through an axon membrane. d. reabsorption of excess neurotransmitter molecules by a sending neuron. e. the ending of the refractory period.
d
Severing a cat's reticular formation from higher brain regions causes the cat to a. become violently aggressive. b. cower in fear. c. experience convulsive seizures. d. lapse into a coma. e. become sexually preoccupied.
d
Someone trying to figure out an optical illusion is probably experiencing increased brain waves and bloodflow to which brain structure? a. left hemisphere b. thalamus c. reticular formation d. right hemisphere e. medulla
d
Surgical destruction of brain tissue is called a(n) a. endorphin. b. EEG. c. synapse. d. lesion. e. MRI.
d
The body's speedy, electrochemical information system is called the a. circulatory system. b. threshold. c. action potential. d. nervous system. e. endocrine system.
d
The cortical regions that are not directly involved in sensory or motor functions are known as a. interneurons. b. Broca's area. c. frontal lobes. d. association areas. e. parietal lobes.
d
The diversity of human traits is enabled by our shared a. individualism. b. chromosomes. c. natural selection. d. adaptive capacity. e. genome.
d
The information carried in a gene is expressed as a. the genome. b. DNA. c. a chromosome. d. a protein. e. a cell.
d
The part of a neuron that transmits neural messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands is called the a. dendrite. b. synapse. c. association area. d. axon. e. cell body.
d
The process of anticipating that you will be punished for misbehaving takes place within the a. limbic system. b. sensory cortex. c. reticular formation. d. association areas. e. sympathetic nervous system.
d
The sequence of brain regions from the evolutionarily oldest to newest is a. limbic system; brainstem; cerebral cortex. b. brainstem; cerebral cortex; limbic system. c. limbic system; cerebral cortex; brainstem. d. brainstem; limbic system; cerebral cortex. e. cerebral cortex; brainstem; limbic system.
d
The slowdown of neural communication in multiple sclerosis involves a degeneration of the a. thresholds. b. dendrites. c. endocrine gland. d. myelin sheath. e. pituitary gland.
d
The thin surface layer of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebrum is called the a. cerebellum. b. corpus callosum. c. reticular formation. d. cerebral cortex. e. sensory cortex.
d
The tremors of Parkinson's disease result from the death of nerve cells that produce the neurotransmitter a. serotonin. b. ACh. c. GABA. d. dopamine. e. acetylcholine.
d
To demonstrate that brain stimulation can make a rat violently aggressive, a neuroscientist should electrically stimulate the rat's a. reticular formation. b. cerebellum. c. medulla. d. amygdala. e. thalamus.
d
When the "Jim twins," identical twins separated at birth, were reunited 38 years later, surprising similarities were discovered. Although they had married women of the same name, named their sons and dogs the same names, one should be cautious before attributing these similarities to genetic factors because a. most twin studies have not been replicated. b. the Jim twins were raised in completely different environments. c. many fraternal twins show greater psychological differences. d. any two strangers are likely to share coincidental similarities. e. genes influence physical not psychological characteristics.
d
When the cat's amygdala is electrically stimulated the cat prepares to attack by hissing and arching its back. Which division of the autonomic nervous system is activated by such stimulation? a. somatic b. parasympathetic c. central d. sympathetic e. sensorimotor
d
Which brain area is primarily involved with controlling speech? a. sensory cortex b. angular gyrus c. association areas d. Broca's area e. hypothalamus
d
Which brain structure receives information from all the senses except smell? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. pons d. thalamus e. medulla.
d
Which endocrine gland regulates body growth? a. parathyroid b. adrenal c. thyroid d. pituitary e. pancreas
d
Which of the following techniques would surgeons use in mapping the areas of the brain responsible for specific activities, such as movement or speech? a. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b. computed tomography (CT ) c. electroencephalogram (EEG) d. positron emission tomography (PET) e. lesion
d
Your friend is taking her first psychology class. She comes to you saying, "I don't understand why we are studying the brain; I thought this was a psychology class." Because of your background in psychology, your best response should be a. "It's been known since Aristotle's time that the brain is the center of intelligence and thought." b. "Phrenologists established the importance of studying the physical brain to understand mental abilities." c. "Science has demonstrated that Plato's belief in the heart as the origin of emotion is correct." d. "Everything psychological is simultaneously biological." e. "Being able to name the parts of the brain helps us understand the basis of behavior."
d
After Kato's serious motorcycle accident, doctors detected damage to his cerebellum. Kato is most likely to have difficulty a. experiencing intense emotions. b. reading printed words. c. understanding what others are saying. d. tasting the flavors of foods. e. playing his guitar.
e
Ellen volunteers during her AP psychology class to try to balance a yardstick on her two fingers. While her eyes are open, she finds the task quite easy. However, when she closes her eyes, she finds the same task almost impossible. Which brain region relies on visual information in coordinating our voluntary movements? a. hypothalamus b. reticular formation c. thalamus d. amygdala e. cerebellum
e
If a genetic predisposition to fear darkness contributes to reproductive success, that trait will likely be passed on to subsequent generations. This best illustrates a. mutation. b. psychopathology. c. behavior genetics. d. environment. e. natural selection.
e
Natural selection acts on a. proteins. b. cells. c. individuals. d. siblings. e. populations
e
Stimulated digestion is to inhibited digestion as the ________ nervous system is to the ________ nervous system. a. somatic; autonomic b. autonomic; somatic c. central; peripheral d. sympathetic; parasympathetic e. parasympathetic; sympathetic
e
The association areas are located in the a. spinal cord. b. brainstem. c. thalamus. d. limbic system. e. cerebral cortex.
e
The most extensive regions of the cerebral cortex, which enable learning and memory, are called the a. reticular formation. b. medulla. c. sensory areas. d. cerebellum. e. association areas.
e
Thinking about sex (in your brain's cerebral cortex) can stimulate a region of the limbic system to secrete hormones. These hormones trigger the pituitary gland to influence hormones released by other glands in the body. Which brain region influences the endocrine system? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. thalamus d. reticular formation e. hypothalamus
e
When Stoyka was a child, a brain disease required the surgical removal of her left cerebral hemisphere. Stoyka is now a successful high school student who lives a normal life. Her success best illustrates the importance of a. aphasia. b. reuptake. c. phrenology. d. tomography. e. plasticity.
e
Which brain structure might be most active when answering the question "What do the following words have in common: plane, butter, insect?" a. amygdala b. reticular formation c. brainstem d. left hemisphere e. right hemisphere
e
Which psychological perspective most directly addresses questions about the relative influences of nature and nurture? a. behavioral perspective b. humanistic perspective c. psychopharmacology d. cognitive perspective e. biopsychosocial perspective
e
Which statement best reflects current psychology's understanding of the relationship between nature and nurture? a. nature versus nurture b. nature or nurture c. nature alone d. nurture alone e. nature via nurture
e
Your life would be most immediately threatened if you suffered destruction of the a. amygdala. b. hippocampus. c. angular gyrus. d. corpus callosum. e. medulla.
e