Psych unit 9

Which of the following statements BEST represents contemporary thinking on the nature-nurture issue?

The relationship between genetics and environment is interactive; each influences the other.

Which of these is an example of a cross-sectional study?

The memory of one group of 50-year-olds is measured and compared to a different group of70-year-olds.

critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

According to Piaget, the interpreting of new experiences in terms of our existing schemas is called

assimilation.

The powerful survival impulse that leads infants to seek closeness to their caregivers is called

attachment.

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

authoritarian

Ross believes that personality development is a matter of sudden qualitative changes at various turning points in the life span. His viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of

continuity or stages.

older people have better __ and younger people have better __

crystallized intelligence (facts, words); fluid intelligence (interpreting, abstract)

Habituation refers to the

decreasing responsiveness to a stimulus to which one is repeatedly exposed.

Dr. Spoleto's research examines cognitive changes that occur as people progress from young adulthood to late adulthood. Dr. Spoleto a _____ psychologist.

developmental

Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child

develops through a series of stages.

By providing increasingly difficult words for his second grader to spell, Logan is making use of

scaffolding.

Nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.

temperament; responsive parenting

fetus

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

embryo

the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to

the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.

zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Piaget's stages of moral development

-Occurs from 4 to 7 years of age. -Justice and rules are conceived of as unchangeable -properties of the world, removed from the control of people. -Immanent justice Transition: Transitional period from 7 to 10 years of age -features of both the first and second stages of moral development Autonomous morality: Second stage of moral development in Piaget's theory -Children about 10 years of age and older -Become aware that rules and laws are created by people and that, in judging an action, one should consider the actor's intentions as well as the consequences

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational

sucking reflex

An infant reflex in which the infant starts sucking when his or her lips are stroked.

preconventional morality

Before age 9, children show morality to avoid punishment or gain reward.

conventional morality

By early adolescence, social rules and laws are upheld for their own sake-hold relationships / against the law

What aspect of development did Jean Piaget's theory focus on?

Cognitive

schemas

Concepts or mental frameworks that organize and interpret information.

Temperament refers to what aspect of an infant's development?

Emotional reactivity

integrity vs despair

Erikson's final stage in which those near the end of life look back and evaluate their lives

Trust vs. Mistrust

Erikson's first stage during the first year of life, infants learn to trust when they are cared for in a consistent warm manner - parents responsiveness

identity vs. role confusion

Erikson's stage during which teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Erikson's stage in which a toddler learns to exercise will and to do things independently; failure to do so causes shame and doubt - potty train

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Erikson's stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Erikson's stage of social development in which middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and doing public service

Initiative vs. Guilt

Erikson's third stage in which the child finds independence in planning, playing and other activities - what to wear

Which of the following statements about the impact of aging is true?

Older people become less susceptible to short-term illnesses.

rooting reflex

a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple

Sierra, a 28-year-old heroin addict, is pregnant. Her baby will be born

a heroin addict.

A child's realization that others may have beliefs that the child knows to be false best illustrates the development of

a theory of mind.

After Nadia learned that penguins can't fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This best illustrates the process of

accommodation.

accommodation

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

post conventional morality

adolescence and beyond; actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles

The stability of personality traits is greater among

adults than among children.

Teratogens

agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

Ellie and Ella's parents set clear rules, but also have discussions with their daughters about the types of rules and what the consequences should be for breaking the rules. Their parents are evidently following the

authoritative parenting style.

In formulating his theory of psychosocial development, Erikson would have suggested that authoritarian parents are likely to inhibit young children's

autonomy and initiative.

Harlow observed that most monkeys raised in total isolation

became incapable of mating upon reaching sexual maturity.

Competence vs. Inferiority

children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior - find things they good in

Peyton is 11 years old and knows 10-7=3 and 3+7=10 but finds it difficult to solve a math problem, such as 3x-5, because she cannot understand why there is a letter in the problem. Piaget would most likely place her in the

concrete operational stage.

The _____ is the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month.

embryo

Securely attached people exhibit less

fear of failure.

The combination of physical and cognitive abnormalities in children that result from a pregnant woman's heavy drinking is known as:

fetal alcohol syndrome.

In the United States 30 years ago, men were expected to initiate dates and women to select wedding gifts. This best illustrates aspects of

gender roles.

When she was 45, Sophie decided to go to nursing school because she felt that her corporate job was not fulfilling. Erikson would argue that her career change was an attempt to find a sense of

generativity.

Those who inappropriately attribute children's troubling personality traits to inadequate parental nurture should be reminded of the importance of

genetic predispositions.

Carol is distressed because post-childbirth complications prevented her from being in close physical contact with her child during his first few hours of life. Carol should be told that

human infants do not have well-defined critical periods for the formation of a mother-infant attachment.

Jayden, age 15, is struggling with how his political views fit with those of his peers and his parents as he moves toward developing what Erikson would call his sense of

identity.

The process by which certain birds form attachments during a critical period very early in life is called

imprinting.

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic - egocentrism

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities - stranger anxiety

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events - math equations

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts - moral reasoning

The novelty-preference procedure demonstrated that

infants, like adults, focus on the face rather than the body first when viewing images.

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of

insecure attachment.

According to Erikson, older adults can most effectively cope with the prospect of their own death if they have achieved a sense of

integrity.

Assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

Unlike ducklings, children do not imprint. Their fondness for certain people, however, is fostered by

mere exposure.

Compared with the children of authoritarian parents, the children of authoritative parents are

more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

Compared with authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be

more responsive.

Babies are born with several reflexes for getting food. One of these is to

open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.

According to Piaget, schemas are

people's conceptual frameworks for understanding their experiences.

Kohlberg's stages of moral development

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Boys first begin producing sperm during

puberty.

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

Erik Erikson suggested that a sense of basic trust during infancy results from

responsive parenting.

Jessica acts so differently with her parents than with her girlfriends that she often thinks her personality is completely phony. Erik Erikson would have suggested that Jessica is experiencing

role confusion.

When Joan touched her infant's cheek, he turned his head toward the side that was touched and opened his mouth. Joan was eliciting the

rooting reflex.

Studies indicating that self-esteem ratings fall during the early to mid-teen years find that

self-image rebounds in the late teens and twenties.

Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and ________ changes throughout the human life cycle.

social

Mason retired at age 50 and was called "lucky" by his peers. This is because age 65 is the normal retirement age according to the

social clock.

Erikson's task for a young adult was to achieve a sense of

trust

The _____ is the fertilized egg that after a 2-week period of rapid cell division develops into an embryo.

zygote