Psych Unit Two Test

Which of the following is one of the three processes of memory? a.) Pegword b.) Literacy c.) Retrieval d.) Schema

c

The two primary reasons why short-term memories fade are ______ and ________. a.) Intrusion;Obstruction b.) Decay;Interference c.) Reversal;Proaction d.) Substitution; migration

B

Which of the following describes the term "schema" a.) The process of keeping information in memory b.) The process of getting information into our memory banks c.) A learning aid, strategy, or device that enhances recall d.) An organized knowledge structure or mental model that we have stored in memory

D

Experimental evidence shows that the most effective way to teach reading is for learners to be made aware of correspondences between sounds and printed letters. This method is called _______________. a.) Phonetic Decomposition b.) Speed Reading c.) Word Recognition d.) Lexical Distribution

a

One of the difficulties that animals such as bonobos or chimpanzees have when learning language is mastering _________. a.) Prepositions b.) Syntax c.) Punctuation d.) Analogies

b

A memory that is actually false but "feels real" and can be triggered by, example, looking at a list of associated words. is called a(n)____________. a.) Paradoxical Memory b.) Representative Heuristic c.) Active Reconstruction d.) Memory Illusion

d

A popular learning method that suggests students can figure out important principles on their own by trying out experimental materials is called ____________. a.) Trial and Error b.) The learning style hypothesis c.) Experiential Learning d.) Discovery Learning

d

According to the principles of latent learning, there is a crucial distinction to be made between _______________. a.) Competence and performance b.) Classical and Operant Conditioning c.) Nature and nurture d.) Sleep-assisted learning and traditional instruction.

a

Although some educational psychologists have claimed to boost learning by matching different instructional methods to different types of students, they theory of ________________ has yet to be proven because tests have lacked reliability. a.) Learning styles b.) Accelerated Learning c.) Discovery Learning d.) Sleep-assisted Learning

a

Another term for operant conditioning is _____________ conditioning. a.) Instrumental b.) Observational c.) Classical d.) Inherent

a

Bridgette feeds her cat canned food every night. The ritual is always the same: Bridgette takes out the electric can opener, whirs the can around the blade to open it, scoops the food into a bowl, and presents it to Zorro. Brifgette has noticed, however, that Zorro will run into the kitchen in eager anticipation as soon as she hears the sound of the cabinet door open and hears the whir of the can opener in motion. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the sound of the can opener is the ____________. a.) CS b.) UCS c.) UCR d.) CR

a

Our emory for how to do things is called ______________. a.) Procedural memory b.) explicit Memory c.) Semantic Memory d.) Mnemonic Memory

a

Spectators often marvel at shows that feature animals doing amazing stunts and complicated maneuvers. Animal trainers use ___________ to accomplish this, by reinforcing behaviors that are progressively closer to the target behavior until the target behavior is achieved. a.) Shaping b.) Intervals c.) Fading d.) Scheduling

a

That frustrating feeling of knowing you know something but cannot put it out of your brain at the moment you want it is known as the TOT phenomenon, because ________ a.) TOT stands for "tip of the tongue" b.) TOT stands for Too old to Think c.) It primarily happens to very young children or "tots" d.) It was identified by the research team of Tattinger, Osprey, and Thomas

a

The connections among neurons gradually strengthen over time, and do so by means of repetitive stimulation. This process is known as ______________. a.) Long-term potentiation b.) Lateral Processing c.) Elaborative rehearsal d.) Connection Synchrony

a

The model of the mind that takes into account the human ability to mentally simulate experiences is called the _________ model. a.) Embodiment b.) Simulations c.) Imaginative d.) Cognitive

a

When a conditioned response appears to be extinct, it can sometimes come back, but will often be weaker than it was originally. This return of the of the CR is called _______________. a.) Spontaneous Recovery b.) Acquisition c.) Stimulus Generalization d.) Stimulus Generation

a

When an outcome happens that make you think "I knew it all along," be careful that you are not giving in to ________________. a.) Hindsight bias b.) The representativeness Heuristic c.) The availability Heuristic d.) Base Rate Analysis

a

When we are not sure where a memory really came from ("Did it actually happen? Or was it all a dream?") we can use cues such as how vivid and detailed the memory is to determine the answer. This process is called ____________. a.) Source monitoring b.) Cryptomnesia c.) Considered Recollection d.) Initial Recollection

a

When we need to make an important decision, and careful consider all the angles and options, we are using ____________ thinking. a.) System 2 b.) System 1 c.) System A d.) System B

a

Which explanation of how children learn language posits that language learning results from the ability to perceive, learn, and recognize patterns? a.) General Cognitive processing b.) Generatively c.) Language acquisition device d.) Social Pragmatics

a

Which of the following reinforcement schedules typically yields the highest rate of responding from an organism? a.) Variable Ratio b.) Fixed Interval c.) Variable Interval d.) Fixed Ratio

a

Which term means a certain window of time in which a particular ability, such as language, must be learned in order for it to be learned at all? a.) Critical Period b.) Learning Window c.) Essential Span d.) Cognitive Opportunity

a

Which term refers to a situation in which an organism responds more strongly to a stimulus over time? a.) Sensitization b.) Habituation c.) Aplysia d.) Conductivity

a

Which term refers to the classical conditioning phenomenon in which a new CR "writes over" and existing CR? a.) Extinction b.) Spontaneous Recovery c.) Inhibition d.) Renewal Effect

a

Without even noticing that you are doing it, what memory technique do you use to remember larger quantities of information, even though you short-term memory capacity only holds about nine bites of information? a.) Chunking b.) elaborative rehearsal c.) depth processing d.) The magic number technique

a

Because _______ activity seems to play a central role in empathy, some psychologists speculate that defects in this area may be associated with infantile autism. a.) Conditioning b.) Mirror Neuron c.) Brain Stem d.) Chromosome

b

Alastair has used classical conditioning to train his dog to salivate every time Ingo whistles a c#. After the for has mastered this association, Alastair then pairs a flashing light with the sound of a whistled c#, and fins that over time, his dog now salivates to the flashing light. Which principles of classical conditioning is at work here? a.) Extinction b.) Higher-order- conditioning c.) Stimulus Discrimination d.) Reinforcement

b

Controlled studies of speed show that after a person is reading more than 400 words per minute. a.) Comprehension improves slightly b.) Comprehension is cut in half c.) Comprehension improves dramatically d.) Further speed gains are impossible

b

George Sterling's partial report method studies from the 1960's demonstrated that when a display of 12 letters was viewed, participants retained all of the letters in __________ but not all of them could be transferred to short-term memory. a.) Explicit memory b.) Sensory Memory c.) Semantic Memory d.) Episodic Memory

b

Helle is trying to hang up a picture in her dorm room. She has the framed picture, she has the nail, but she does not have a hammer. She puts the projects aside until her roommate comes in and suggests that helle use her clog shoe to hammer in the nail. Which of the following would explain why helle did not think of this solution immediately? a.) Mental Set b.) Functional Fixedness c.) Algorithmic Thinking d.) Salience of Surface Similarities

b

In a study on decision making, Timothy Wilson and his colleagues gave female college students a choice of five art posters to take home but gave them different directions about how to make their choice. Which group of students was happier with their poster choice after a few weeks had passed? a.) The students who consulted with a friend before deciding. b.) The students who "went with their gut" and took the posters they liked without thinking it over. c.) The students who already knew which poster they liked before the study began d.) The students who carefully listed the pros and cons of each poster before deciding.

b

Pavlov discovered that if he repeatedly paired a neutral stimulus, such as the sound of a metronome, with a stimulus that provided an automatic response, eventually the neutral stimulus alone would produce. a.) Unconditioned response b.) Conditioned Response c.) Unconditioned stimulus d.) Conditioned stimulus

b

Sometimes when we are trying to solve a problem, we get stuck by looking at the problem in only one way. This phenomenon is known as _______________. a.) Salience b.) Mental Set c.) Specious reasoning d.) Algorithm

b

Unintentional plagiarism has been attributed to __________, which occurs when someone says they forgot having been exposed to the plagiarized material earlier and though they had created it themselves. a.) Monitoring Failure b.) Cryptomnesia c.) Misinformation effect d.) Suggested Memory

b

What is the genera profession of memory loss for patients with Alzheimer's disease? a.) Memory loss in random, haphazard, and unpredictable b.) Memory for recent events fades first with distance memories usually being the last to go c.) Short-term memory disappears within a month of diagnosis d.) Older memories are more easily corrupted, whereas recent memories remain intact

b

When people rely on mental shortcuts to reach a conclusion or make a decision, they often fail to take into account how common a behavior or characteristic is in general. This kind of information is called the ___________ by the psychological scientists. a.) Ground Level b.) Base Rate c.) Prototype d.) Schematome

b

Which of the following is true about people who speak a dialect that is different from the dominant dialect of a language? a.) They do not try to speak toe language properly because they are not smart enough b.) They are using consistent syntactic rules in their speech c.) They are trying to speak the language properly but do not know how d.) They are making random error in grammar and syntax

b

Which of the following terms refers to the grammatical rules that govern how we put words together into meaningful groups? a.) Language b.) Syntax c.) Morpheme d.) Phoneme

b

Which phenomenon may explain why marketers are not always successful in establishing a connection for their target audience between a particular product and the celebrity who is endorsing it? a.) Acquisition Error b.) Latent Inhibition c.) Extinction d.) Spontaneous Recovery

b

Which type of bird has shown promise in developing spoken language? a.) Ruddy ground dove b.) African Grey Parrot c.) Ross's Goose d.) Magellanic Oystercatchers

b

Wolfgang Kohler's studies with chimpanzees demonstrated the animals were using insight to solve a problem. Unfortunately, flaws in the study's design mean that we cannot rule out the possibilities that the chimps were learning by trial and error or by __________. a.) Analytical Learning Style b.) Observational Learning c.) Latent Learning d.) Instinctive Drift

b

Zhenya remember that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota. Alina remembers that she lived in St. Paul when she was 12 years old. Zhenya is demonstrating ___________ memory, whereas Alina is demonstrating _________ m emory. a.) semantic;procedural b.) semantic;episodic c.) procedural; semantic d.) episodic; semantic

b

Although it is presented as the most common kind of memory loss in the popular media, with depictions of someone losing all memory of his or her past __________ is not actually the most common kind of amnesia. a.) retrograde amnesia b.) Infantile Amnesia c.) Generalized Amnesia d.) Anterograde

c

As we become accustomed to a particular place, we develop a representation in our minds of how that physical space is organized. This is known as developing a _____________. a.) Spatial Understanding b.) Place-based observation representation c.) Cognitive map d.) Spatial Learning Style

c

Dee Dee has to remember 4 times that he needs at the corner market, so he visualized the path he will take to get there. He imagines a bar of soap hanging from a large tree, envisions a roll of paper towels next to a stoplight, sees" a packet of gum on the newspaper rack, and imagines that fire hydrant spurting out soda. Which memory strategy is Dee Dee relying on? a.) pegword technique b.) means-end analysis c.) Method of Loci d.) Keyword techniques

c

Humans have developed strategies that keep our decisions- making to a manageable minimum by relying on more "fast and Frugal" thinking. This kind of frugality is more generally known as __________. a.) Mental Savings b.) Fiscal Conservatism c.) Cognitive Economy d.) Judicious Completeness

c

Language is a system that allows us to create an infinite number of meaningful combinations of words and to communicate new ideas. This is because language is _______________. a.) Nativist b.) Pragmatic c.) Generative d.) Sequential

c

Many scientific breakthroughs have come by way of __________, which involves recognizing similarities between two unrelated subjects. This type of problem-solving allows us to look at things in a new way. a.) Heuristics b.) Framing c.) Analogies d.) Algorithms

c

Marjoe had trained his dog that whenever it saw a photo of the cat next door, it would receive a treat. Through multiple paintings of the photo alone was presented. Marjoe then extinguished the salivation behavior by presenting the photo withholding the treat. He was surprised to find that, a week after, when he happened to hold up the photo of the cat, his started to salivate. What is going on here? a.) Stimulus Discrimination b.) Regenerative responding c.) Spontaneous Recovery d.) Stimulus Generalization

c

One reason preparedness might lead to phobias is that we develop ___________ between fear-provoking stimuli and negative consequences. a.) Predisposition awareness b.) Irrational Responses c.) Illusory Correlations d.) Latent Inhibitions

c

Over time, children develop greater knowledge of their own memory abilities and limitations. The term used to describe this is ____________. a.) Learning b.) Habituation c.) Meta-memory d.) Comprehension

c

Praise, Money, good grades, compliments, and applause are all examples of _____________. a.) Fixed interval reinforcement b.) Primitive reinforcers. c.) Secondary Reinforcers d.) Primary Reinforcers.

c

Psychologists measure people's memory abilities by assessing three capacities: _____________ a.) retrieval, recall, and relearning b.) recall, retrieval, and reconstruction c.) Recall, recognition, and relearning d.) relearning, receptivity, and retrieval

c

Reggie likes to eat chicken fingers dipped in honey mustard sauce. One night, just after eating at Chester's Chicken Shack, he becomes painfully ill with stomach cramps and nausea due to the flu virus that has been percolating his body the past few days. When his friends incite him back to Chester's in a month, Reggie swiftly declines. What principle of classical Conditioning is at work in Reggie's Reaction? a.) Stimulus Identification b.) Stimulus Discrimination c.) Conditioned taste Aversion d.) Learned taste Discrimination

c

Schemas Refer to concepts in our memories about a.) The probability of an event based on its superficial similarity to a prototype b.) The likelihood that something will happen based on the ease with which it comes into out minds c.) How certain actions, objects, and ideas relate to each other d.) How common a characteristic or behavior is in the general population

c

There are various techniques available to help people improve their ability to recall material. For example, when you remember something new by connecting it mentally to something you already know you are using ___________. a.) Distributed study b.) Levels of processing c.) Elaborative rehearsal d.) A mnemonic device

c

When we have encountered a stimulus before, e are able to identify it more quickly and easily. The term for this subtype of implicit memory is ___________. a.) sensitization b.) habituation c.)priming d.) conditioning

c

Which of the following statements is true? a.) IT is easier to implant a false memory from the recent past than a false memory from the distant past b.) Recovering repressed memories is like rewinding a video recording of one's life events. c.) It is easier to implant a false memory that is plausible than one that is implausible d.) It is nearly impossible to implant a false memory in a person, unless the person is high in suggestibility.

c

Although using ____________ can sometimes lead to mistakes, they provide us with a frame of reference for interpreting new situation. a.) Disambiguation tables b.) Storage menus c.) Interpretive Expectations d.) Schemas

d

Early reports of the success of sleep-assisted learning fail to consider an important rival hypothesis: namely, that the recordings might have ______________. a.) Been inaccurate to begin with b.) Covered Material previously known to the subjects c.) Disturbed the subjects with the EEG equipment d.) Awakened the Subjects.

d

In Elizabeth Loftus's "lost in the mall" study, approximately what percentage of people distinctly remembered being lost in a shopping mall after being told that this had happened to them, even though it did not really happen? a.) 10 Percent b.) 32 Percent c.) 67 Percent d.) 25 Percent

d

In a phenomenon called ______________, deaf children of hearing parents often develop their own sign language even without sign language instruction. a.) Direct Signage b.) Emotional Signing c.) Primary Signing d.) Homesign

d

Most classically conditioned reactions require repeated pairings of the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus in order to develop a relationship in the mind of the subject. Which of the following is an example of a situation in which only one pairing is necessary. a.) Negative Reinforcement b.) Sleep-assisted Learning c.) Punishment d.) Conditioned taste aversion

d

Negative Reinforcement ___________ the rate behavior, whereas punishment ____________ the rate of behavior. a.) decreases increases b.) decreases; maintains c.) maintains; increases d.) Increases; decreases

d

One time, children develop greater knowledge of their own memory abilities and limitations. The term used to describe this is______________. a.) Habituation b.) Comprehension c.) Learning d.) Meta-memory

d

The idea that we are predisposed by evolution to fear some stimuli more than others, even when we have had no bad experiences with those stimuli in real life, is referred to as ____________. a.) Innate Phobia b.) Survival Phobias c.) Instinctive Drift d.) Preparedness

d

The sounds of a language are called ____________ whereas the smallest units of meaningful speech are called _____________. a.) Morphemes; phonemes b.) Semantics; Syntax c.) Syntax; Semantics d.) Phonemes; morphemes

d

When we make a decision, we are _______________. a.) Leaping to a conclusion b.) Making the only possible choice c.) Considering every possible option d.) Selecting from a set of alternatives.

d

Which of the following is trie of the early stages in the way children learn language? a.) Comprehension succeeds production. b.) Production precedes Comprehension c.) Production supersedes comprehension d.) Comprehension Precedes Production.

d

Which of the following refers to a theory that argues that characteristics of language shape out thoughts, but does not go so far as say that language actually defines out thing? a.) Linguistic Determinism b.) Language acquisition theory c.) Linguistic literalism d.) Linguistic Relativity

d

Which principles asserts that rewards will be more likely to promote repeated responses to a stimulus? a.) Classical Conditioning b.) S-O-R psychology c.) Instinctive Drift d.) Law of Effect

d

ZAK, BOL, GID,YAF, and other nonsense syllables wee used in some of the earliest studies of memory, conducted by ____________. a.) Herman von Helmholtz b.) Arnold Swanson c.) Martin Barre d.) Hemann Ebbinghaus

d

____________ allows you to remember auditory stimuli for up to 5 o 10 seconds. a.) Eidetic Memory b.) Iconic Memory c.) Recovered Memory d.) Echoic Memory

d