PSYCH312 Final Exam
A researcher is interested in the average extraversion level of librarians. In reality, the sample consists of 50 introverts who score extremely low on the extraversion scale and one extremely extraverted actor (who is researching how to play a librarian for an upcoming film). Which of the following measures of central tendency will be problematic in this context? Why? a. The mean; It is distorted by the presence of outliers b. The median; It is distorted by the presence of outliers c. The mean; This sample has a restricted range d. The median; This sample has a restricted range
a. The mean; It is distorted by the presence of outliers
What does the p value represent? a. The probability of the observed results being obtained by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is true. b. The probability of the observed results being obtained by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is false. c. The correlation between the independent and dependent variable d. The correlation between the independent variable and the confound
a. The probability of the observed results being obtained by chance, assuming the null hypothesis is true.
What is the definition of a Type I error in research? a. The researcher rejected the null hypothesis when in reality it was true. b. The researcher rejected the null hypothesis when in reality it was false. c. The researcher retained the null hypothesis when in reality it was true. d. The researcher retained the null hypothesis when in reality it was false.
a. The researcher rejected the null hypothesis when in reality it was true.
In any study, the Null Hypothesis is that _____; and the Alternative Hypothesis is that ____. a. The results occurred by chance alone; The results reflect a "real" relationship b. The results reflect a "real" relationship ; The results occurred by chance alone c. A type 1 error occurred; A type 2 error occurred d. A type 2 error occurred; A type 1 error occurred
a. The results occurred by chance alone; The results reflect a "real" relationship
The direction of a correlation is indicated by _____, and the strength of a correlation is indicated by _____. a. Whether r is positive or negative; How far r is from zero b. How far r is from zero; Whether r is positive or negative c. Whether r is positive; Whether r is negative d. How far r is from 1; How far r is from -1
a. Whether r is positive or negative; How far r is from zero
Which of the following is impossible? a. a valid test is unreliable b. a reliable test is valid c. an invalid test is unreliable d. an unreliable test is invalid
a. a valid test is unreliable
Treatment variance a. can not be distinguished from confound variance b. threatens the internal validity of an experiment c. is the same as secondary variance d. should be eliminated
a. can not be distinguished from confound variance
A measure that correlates with other measures as it should has a. convergent validity b. discriminant validity c. interitem reliability d. concurrent validity
a. convergent validity
Measuring a construct with several different kinds of measures is called a. converging operations b. scaling c. strong inference d. reliability
a. converging operations
What is the term for the procedure used when the researcher compares the top 25% of participants to the bottom 25% of participants (e.g., when the independent variable is GPA and the dependent variable is attendance days)? a. extreme groups procedure b. median split procedure c. extreme variance procedure d. modal split procedure
a. extreme groups procedure
According to APA style, page numbers should appear a. in the upper right corner of the page b. at the top center of the page c. in the lower right corner of the page d. at the bottom center of the page
a. in the upper right corner of the page
The degree to which a researcher draws accurate conclusions about the effects of an independent variable refers to a study's a. internal validity b. generalizability c. reliability d. external validity
a. internal validity
When citing sources in the body of a research report, according to APA style, only include the ___. a. last name of the author(s) and the year of publication. b. first and last names of the authors. c. journal name and year of publication. d. last name of the author(s) and the journal name.
a. last name of the author(s) and the year of publication.
On a scatterplot, a correlation coefficient of +1.00 appears as a a. line that slopes upward to the right b. horizontal line c. random array of points d. line that slopes downward to the right
a. line that slopes upward to the right
Risk that is no greater than that ordinarily encountered in daily life is called _______ risk. a. minimal b. exempted c. nominal d. mundane
a. minimal
When graphed, interactions appear as _________ lines. a. nonparallel b. curved c. two d. parallel
a. nonparallel
A Latin Square design is used to control for a. order effects b. experimenter expectancies c. randomization d. demand characteristics
a. order effects
The correlation between people's height and weight is a. positive b. negative c. zero d. multiple
a. positive
One drawback of measuring the dependent variable both before and after the independent variable is manipulated is a. pretest sensitization b. carryover effects c. Type II error d. null findings
a. pretest sensitization
When one's data are on an ordinal scale of measurement, a ________ correlation should be used. a. rank-order b. point biserial c. Pearson ordinal d. phi
a. rank-order
In SPSS (in the "data view" window), for an independent groups design, each participant is represented as a __________ of data and each variable is represented as a ____________ of data. a. row/column b. column/row c. row/row d. column/column
a. row/column
Which of the following is not a hypothetical construct? a. smiling b. personality c. fear d. intelligence
a. smiling
Researchers should guard against ________________________ desirability bias in responses, for example by ensuring anonymity in responses. a. social b. acquiescent c. empirical d. reflective
a. social
The standard deviation for a group is equivalent to the a. square root of the variance for that group b. squared variance for that group c. mean for that group d. range of scores for that group
a. square root of the variance for that group
To insure that she obtained a sufficiently large number of minority respondents in a study of racial attitudes, a researcher divided the people in her population into four racial groups. She then drew a random sample from each of these groups. What kind of sample is this? a. stratified random sample b. simple random sample c. quota sample d. convenience sample
a. stratified random sample
The effect of the independent variable is reflected in the a. sum of squares between-groups b. mean square within-groups c. degrees of freedom d. grand mean
a. sum of squares between-groups
A power analysis is often used to determine a. the number of participants needed for a study b. the likelihood of making a Type I error c. the strength of the independent variable d. whether to reject the null hypothesis
a. the number of participants needed for a study
Why are researchers reluctant to conduct a median-split procedure to assign participants to groups? a. valuable information is lost b. the independent variable cannot be manipulated c. interactions can not be tested d. systematic variance increases
a. valuable information is lost
The general purpose of statistics was discussed in the text and in lecture. Statistical analyses are used to describe and account for the observed __________ in behavioral data. a. variability b. spurious correlations c. influence of scientific misconduct d. attrition
a. variability
Which of the following is an equation for linear regression with one predictor variable? a. y = .55 + .44x b. y = .55 + .44x1 + .66x2 c. y = .55 d. y = .55 + .44
a. y = .55 + .44x
23. Observational research asks... a. Participants to answer questions about how they generally behave b. Neutral observers to answer questions about how a person behaves in one specific situation c. Informants (e.g., parents, friends, teachers) to answer questions about how the participant generally behaves d. Neutral observers to answer questions about how a person generally behaves
b. Neutral observers to answer questions about how a person behaves in one specific situation
Which of the following is the "noise" used to calculate the t value in a t-test? a. The degree to which two interval variables are correlated with one another b. Random variation in the dependent measure within each condition c. The overall variation between three or more conditions on the dependent measure d. The difference between the two conditions on the dependent measure
b. Random variation in the dependent measure within each condition
If you are trying to find exactly what happened in the study from beginning to end, what part of an APA style report would you look at? a. The Results section b. The Procedures sub-section in the Method section c. The Introduction d. The Measures sub-section in the Method section
b. The Procedures sub-section in the Method section
15. What is the control condition in this study? a. Psychological stress b. The group who listened to ocean sounds c. Eating d. The group who gave a speech
b. The group who listened to ocean sounds
What is the major purpose of the informed consent process? a. To alleviate any stress the participants may have felt as part of the study b. To protect against coercion c. To make sure participants are never lied to as part of a psychological study d. To make sure participants are fully educated as to the study's hypothesis and all aspects of why it is being conducted
b. To protect against coercion
When are the results of a t-test significant? a. When the p value > .05 b. When the p value < .05 c. When the t value < 1 d. Then the t value > 1
b. When the p value < .05
In standard multiple regression a. the variables are standardized before analysis b. all predictor variables are entered at the same time c. only standardized measures are used d. the regression coefficients are all 1.00
b. all predictor variables are entered at the same time
Analyses such as ANOVA and MANOVA are used to a. analyze correlational designs only b. analyze data from both experimental and nonexperimental designs c. analyze data from true experiments only d. avoid having to analyze differences between group means
b. analyze data from both experimental and nonexperimental designs
A researcher who analyzes data pulled from existing records is probably conducting a. an interview b. archival research c. diary research d. physiological research
b. archival research
A researcher obtained a correlation of +.45 between Variable A and Variable B. What is the best interpretation of this correlation? a. A and B are unrelated b. as scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase c. scores on A can be perfectly predicted from scores on B d. as scores on A decrease, scores on B tend to increase
b. as scores on A increase, scores on B tend to increase
(EXTRA CREDIT) An fMRI basically measures ________ in the brain, which correlates with activity. a. the movement of a radioactive tracer b. blood flow c. electrical activity from a single neuron, from a probe inserted d. electrical activity from many neurons, from an electrode on the scalp
b. blood flow
The median-split procedure is used to a. manipulate independent variables b. classify participants into groups on a participant variable c. randomly assign participants to levels of an independent variable d. interpret main effects
b. classify participants into groups on a participant variable
One-tailed is to two-tailed as a. alpha is to beta b. directional is to nondirectional c. randomized is to matched d. posttest only is to pretest-posttest
b. directional is to nondirectional
An index of the strength of the relationship between variables is often called the______ (Hint: an example is Cohen's d). a. meta-effect b. effect size c. systematic variance d. proportion of yield
b. effect size
Variance in participants' scores that is not due to the independent variable is either _________ variance or __________ variance. a. treatment; error b. error; confound c. error; primary d. confound; systematic
b. error; confound
A between-within factorial design a. has only one independent variable b. has features of a randomized groups and repeated measures design c. is an expericorr factorial design d. is a cross-over design
b. has features of a randomized groups and repeated measures design
A multiple regression analysis in which predictor variables are entered into the equation in an order predetermined by the researcher is called a _____________ regression analysis. a. stepwise b. hierarchical c. partial d. standard
b. hierarchical
Factor is sometimes used as a synonym for a. condition b. independent variable c. dependent variable d. interaction
b. independent variable
4. Cronbach's alpha coefficient is a common measure used to report _________ a. face validity b. inter-item reliability c. discriminant validity d. construct validity
b. inter-item reliability
Why is the following question not a good one to use in an interview or on a questionnaire: "How close do you feel to your mother and father?" a. conditional information follows the key idea of the question b. it is double-barreled c. the response format is inappropriate d. it is not valid
b. it is double-barreled
Pretend we calculate our obtained t value from this data to be 1.48. We look up the critical t value in a table and see that for our degrees of freedom and alpha level (.05 for a two-tailed test), the critical value of t is 2.447. Can we conclude that men and women differ in their ratings of fear of dentists? a. yes, because 2.447 is larger than 1.48 b. no, because 1.48 is less than 2.447 c. yes, because 1.48 is larger than .05 d. no, because 2.447 is larger than .05
b. no, because 1.48 is less than 2.447
A(n) _____________________________________ definition defines a concept by specifying precisely how the concept is measured or manipulated in a particular study. a. strategic b. operational c. meta-analytic d. formative
b. operational
Designs in which the dependent variable is measured both before and after the independent variable is manipulated are a. randomized groups designs b. pretest-posttest designs c. matched-subjects designs d. temporal designs
b. pretest-posttest designs
If statistical analyses show that the difference between condition means is larger than would be expected on the basis of error variance alone, a researcher will a. accept the null hypothesis b. reject the null hypothesis c. fail to reject the null hypothesis d. reject the experimental hypothesis
b. reject the null hypothesis
A researcher who asks people to answer questions on questionnaires is using a (an) _________ measure. a. observational b. self-report c. ratio d. affective
b. self-report
38. The definition for the ________________ is the total variability in a set of data. It is calculated by subtracting the mean from each score, squaring the differences, and then summing them. a. standard deviation b. total sum of squares c. population mean d. total range
b. total sum of squares
In a 3 × 4 factorial design, _____ main effect(s) can be examined. a. one b. two c. seven d. twelve
b. two
If you are doing a t-test in SPSS and Levene's test shows p < .05 but the variances are: 20 for group 1 and 15 for group 2, then ______________ a. you can NOT assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the variances are not equivalent. b. you can assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the variances are equivalent, or close enough. c. you can assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the group means are far enough apart. d. you can NOT assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the group means are too close together.
b. you can assume you meet the assumptions of the t-test: the variances are equivalent, or close enough.
A researcher hypothesizes that babies will fall to sleep more quickly if they can hear the sound of a recorded heartbeat. The null hypothesis for this study is that a. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep more quickly than those who don't hear a heartbeat b. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep more slowly than those who don't hear a heartbeat c. babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep just as quickly as those who don't hear a heartbeat d. babies who hear a heartbeat will not fall asleep
babies who hear a heartbeat will fall asleep just as quickly as those who don't hear a heartbeat
Research that is conducted to enhance our understanding of behavior without regard for the immediate application of this knowledge is a. descriptive research b. applied research c. basic research d. empirical research
basic research
If the df (degrees of freedom) for this test are n1 + n2 -2, then df = a. 8 b. 10 c . 6 d 14
c . 6
What is the possible range of values for R2 in regression analyses? a. -2.0 to 2.0 b. -1.0 to 1.0 c. 0 to 1.0 d. - 0.50 to 0.50
c. 0 to 1.0
Imagine you come up with the following equation for predicting y from x: y = 2 + 2x. If you test a new person and that person scores a "5" on the x variable, what is the predicted score on the criterion variable? a. 3/2 b. 7 c. 12 d. There is not enough information to answer this.
c. 12
Sampling error consists of the difference between the effect found in ____. It is lower when the researcher ___. a. A sample versus the entire population; Studies a more variable population b. One demographic group (e.g., Caucasians) versus another (e.g., African-Americans); Samples a larger percentage of the population c. A sample versus the entire population; Samples a larger percentage of the population d. One demographic group (e.g., Caucasians) versus another (e.g., African-Americans); Studies a more variable population
c. A sample versus the entire population; Samples a larger percentage of the population
What can researchers do to increase statistical power? a. Collect a bigger sample b. Have good measures in order to get a big effect size c. Both a and b d. Set the alpha level lower (e.g., alpha (p) = .01)
c. Both a and b
Dr. Schmeier believes that people high in extraversion will spend more time talking during a group conversation. 20 participants come to the lab, fill out an extraversion questionnaire, and then participate in a 5-person, 20-minute discussion. The amount of time each participant spends talking is recorded by observers. Dr. Schmeier finds that extraversion is correlated with time spent talking, r = .23, p = .06. Based on the results of this study, Dr. Schmeier _____ reject the null hypothesis because the probability that these results occurred by chance alone is ____. a. Can; Greater than 10% b. Can; Less than 5% c. Cannot; Greater than 5% d. Cannot; Less than 5%
c. Cannot; Greater than 5%
In the Results sections of an APA style manuscript, one should... a. Discuss the implications the study has for the theory being tested b. Discuss what exactly happened in the study in a step-by-step manner c. Discuss the statistical analysis used to analyze the results d. All of the above
c. Discuss the statistical analysis used to analyze the results
11. Laboratory experiments typically ____ representative sampling because ____ a. Use; It is considered a basic requirement of all scientific studies b. Do not use; It is considered a basic requirement for all scientific studies c. Do not use; It is very difficult to recruit people of diverse backgrounds into them d. Use; It is very easy to recruit people of diverse background into them
c. Do not use; It is very difficult to recruit people of diverse backgrounds into them
If you were using an article by Howard, Howard, and Fine (1936), how would you cite it the second time it appeared in the text? a. Howard, Howard, and Fine (1936) b. Howard, Howard, and Fine c. Howard et al. (1936) d. Howard, Howard, Fine, et al. (1936)
c. Howard et al. (1936)
The group that directly oversees research involving human participants at most colleges and universities is the a. American Psychological Association b. Human Welfare Agency c. Institutional Review Board d. Department of Education
c. Institutional Review Board
21. Representative sampling.... a. Is a basic necessity for all scientific studies, and must be used for the study to have any validity b. Is often used when a researcher is first attempting to demonstrate a phenomenon c. Is costly and time-consuming, and thus is often only used when the researcher is interested in applying his or her research to a particular population
c. Is costly and time-consuming, and thus is often only used when the researcher is interested in applying his or her research to a particular population
Which is true of the abstract for a research paper, according to APA style guidelines? a. It should be between 400-800 words long. b. It is the least important section of the paper because most readers skip it. c. It appears at the end of the manuscript, after the References section. d. It should include the research procedures and the major findings.
c. It appears at the end of the manuscript, after the References section.
12. What is wrong with this sentence?: "It was determined by the committee that the report was inconclusive." a. It sounds awkward because it is written in the active voice. b. It sounds awkward because it is written in the positive form. c. It sounds awkward because it is written in the passive voice. d. It sounds awkward because it is written in the negative form.
c. It sounds awkward because it is written in the passive voice.
The formula for the correlation coefficient, as we know it today, was devised by a. Gibson b. Scarr c. Pearson d. Galton
c. Pearson
Based on this study, we can make which of the following causal conclusions? a. Eating less causes psychological stress b. Some unmeasured third variable causes people to become psychologically stressed and to eat less c. Psychological stress causes people to eat less d. We cannot make any causal conclusion on the basis of this study
c. Psychological stress causes people to eat less
20. The external validity of a study is high when the researcher uses a... a. Convenience sample which consists of the easiest people to study b. Representative sample which consists of the easiest people for the researcher to study c. Representative sample which reflects the demographics of the larger population d. Convenience sample which reflects the demographics of the larger population
c. Representative sample which reflects the demographics of the larger population
Dr. Puterschmidt next runs a Tukey's HSD post-hoc test, and finds that the sad mood condition shows significantly lower optimism judgments than the neutral and happy mood conditions, but the neutral and happy mood conditions are not significantly different from each other. Based on these results, what can she conclude? a. Happy moods increase optimism, but sad moods do not decrease optimism b. Happy moods increase optimism, and sad moods decrease optimism c. Sad moods decrease optimism, but happy moods do not increase optimism d. Mood has some effect on optimism, but we can't yet say what the nature of that effect is
c. Sad moods decrease optimism, but happy moods do not increase optimism
19. The external validity of a study is defined as... a. The ability to make cause-effect conclusions based on a study. b. The ability to make correlational conclusions based on a study. c. The ability to generalize conclusions from studying a smaller sample of people to a larger population the researcher wants to explain. d. The ability to generalize conclusions from studying a larger population to a smaller sample of people the researcher wants to explain.
c. The ability to generalize conclusions from studying a smaller sample of people to a larger population the researcher wants to explain.
Why do researchers not conduct several t-tests to analyze experiments that have more than two conditions? a. the means will be invalid b. the sample size is too small c. Type I error is inflated d. the power of the analysis is low
c. Type I error is inflated
Which form(s) of multiple regression involve(s) multiple "steps" for addition of predictor variables to the regression equation? a. stepwise only b. hierarchical only c. both stepwise and hierarchical d. both stepwise and standard
c. both stepwise and hierarchical
Researchers generally want two administrations of the same test to a. correlate at least .05 b. correlate at least .50 c. correlate at least .70 d. correlate 1.00
c. correlate at least .70
According to APA style, which section would this piece of text go in?: "The results of the present study give partial support to her findings. No significant differences between the sexes were noted for Reserve, Solitude, and Anonymity. However, significant differences were found for Intimacy. Part of the discrepancy in findings between the two studies is undoubtedly due to the fact that different scales were involved." a. method b. results c. discussion d. either the method or the results
c. discussion
In APA style, the "limitations" of the study are reported in the ________________________________ section and "future directions for research" are reported in the _________________________________ section. a. method/discussion b. method/method c. discussion/discussion d. results/discussion
c. discussion/discussion
A researcher wants to know how people with low versus high self-esteem react to receiving success versus failure feedback on a laboratory task. What kind of design will she use? a. randomized groups b. multi-level c. expericorr d. between-within
c. expericorr
48. A major criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is that it can explain virtually any behavior after it has occurred. That is, the theory is not ________________________ a. parsimonious b. post-hoc c. falsifiable d. developmental
c. falsifiable
Which of the following is an advantage of repeated measures over randomized groups designs? a. order effects are possible b. the experimental groups are likely to be more random c. fewer participants are needed d. fewer experimental conditions are used
c. fewer participants are needed
How many interactions are tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 design? a. two b. three c. four d. eight
c. four
A factorial design a. has more than one dependent variable b. allows the researcher to test only for main effects c. has more than one independent variable d. is a type of one-way design
c. has more than one independent variable
Two common uses for _____________________ multiple regression are eliminating confounding variables and testing mediational analyses. a. stepwise b. standard c. hierarchical d. nonlinear
c. hierarchical
The "experimenter's dilemma" refers to the trade-off between a. experimental and correlational research b. between-subjects and within-subjects designs c. internal and external validity d. treatment and error variance
c. internal and external validity
What kind of reliability would be relevant in a study in which two observers recorded children's aggressive behaviors on the playground? a. interpersonal b. convergent c. interrater d. Cronbach's
c. interrater
The paired t-test a. is used for randomized groups designs b. is less powerful than the randomized t-test c. is used to analyze within-subjects designs d. requires that two t-tests be conducted
c. is used to analyze within-subjects designs
Reaction time is a measure of a. duration b. task completion time c. latency d. reliability
c. latency
The suggested statistical analysis for a study with two or more continuous X variables and one continuous Y variable is a. Pearson correlation b. t-test c. multiple regression d. factorial ANOVA
c. multiple regression
Differential attrition threatens internal validity because a. the independent variable is biased b. reliability of the measures is lowered c. participants differ between the experimental groups d. pretest sensitization is more likely
c. participants differ between the experimental groups
If random assignment was used, a. participants in the sample were randomly selected from the population. b. participants were randomly assigned to the levels of the dependent variable. c. participants were randomly assigned to the levels of the independent variable. d. both a and c
c. participants were randomly assigned to the levels of the independent variable.
An explanation that is developed after obtaining a particular result is called a. inductive b. deductive c. post hoc d. a priori
c. post hoc
The goal of most psychology research is to test hypotheses regarding how certain psychological variables relate to one another, not to describe how a population behaves. Therefore, a. cluster samples provide the most accurate estimations in psychology b. convenience samples should be avoided in psychological research c. probability samples are rare in psychology d. nonresponse is not a problem in psychology
c. probability samples are rare in psychology
The field that is devoted to the study of psychological measurement is called a. statistics b. evaluation c. psychometrics d. phrenology
c. psychometrics
When researchers are interested in studying the effects of a variable that they can not control, they use_____ designs. a. experimental b. pseudoscientific c. quasi-experimental d. descriptive
c. quasi-experimental
Which of the following can artificially deflate (reduce) the magnitude of a correlation coefficient? a. having a large number of participants b. on-line outliers (ones that line up with the direction of the correlation) c. restricted range of scores d. high reliability of the measures
c. restricted range of scores
Null findings are results of a study that a. disconfirms the researcher's hypothesis b. confirms a common sense hypothesis c. reveals no relationships among the variables being studied d. is dismissed as invalid by the scientific community
c. reveals no relationships among the variables being studied
A ________________ is defined as a graphical representation of participants' scores on two variables; the values of one variable are plotted on the x-axis and those of the other variable are plotted on the y-axis. a. bar graph b. pie chart c. scatter plot d. frequency histogram
c. scatter plot
A partial correlation is a. based on only a portion of a sample b. generally larger than the Pearson correlation c. the correlation between two variables with the influence of other variables removed d. a correlation with error variance removed
c. the correlation between two variables with the influence of other variables removed
An abstract for an APA style research report does NOT contain ___ a. a statement of the result or results b. the prediction or hypothesis c. the exact wording of instructions given to the participants d. a brief statement or statements about the method
c. the exact wording of instructions given to the participants
What do you learn when you calculate the squared multiple correlation coefficient? a. the slope of the line that best fits the data in the scatter plot. b. the percentage of variance in the DV (y) that can be accounted for by the regression constant. c. the percentage of variance in the DV (y) that can be accounted for by the set of predictor variables. d. the simple (bivariate) correlation between the DV (y) and the predictor that explains the most unique variance.
c. the percentage of variance in the DV (y) that can be accounted for by the set of predictor variables.
Anonymity means _________ and confidentiality means _________. a. there is no connection between participant names and the data; the same thing b. participants' data are only used for purposes of research and not divulged to others; the same thing c. there is no connection between participant names and the data; participants' data are only used for purposes of research and not divulged to others d. participants' data are only used for purposes of research and not divulged to others; there is no connection between participant names and the data
c. there is no connection between participant names and the data; participants' data are only used for purposes of research and not divulged to others
A "perfect" experiment maximizes _______ variance and minimizes _______ variance. a. confound; error b. error; treatment c. treatment; error d. error; confound
c. treatment; error
________________ is the slope of the line that best fits the data in the scatter plot. a. R2 b. y c. β1 d. β0
c. β1
3. How does an interval scale of measurement differ from a ratio scale of measurement? a. They don't differ (they are the same) b. The most powerful statistical analyses can be performed on interval (or ordinal) scaled data, but not on ratio scaled data. c. Only the interval scale has a true zero point (there can not be negative values). d. Only the ratio scale has a true zero point (there can not be negative values).
d. Only the ratio scale has a true zero point (there can not be negative values).
If a researcher wishes to demonstrate that the relationship between x (the hypothesized cause) and y (the hypothesized effect) is NOT due to a confound, the researcher could measure x, y, and the confound and use a ______ analysis to demonstrate that _______. a. Correlational; X is related to y after statistically controlling for the confound b. Regression; The confound is related to y after statistically controlling for x c. Correlational; The confound is related to y after statistically controlling for x d. Regression; X is related to y after statistically controlling for the confound
d. Regression; X is related to y after statistically controlling for the confound
If you are looking for prior theories and research which inspired the study, what part of an APA style report would you look at? a. The Procedures sub-section in the Method section b. The Results section c. The Measures sub-section in the Method section d. The Introduction
d. The Introduction
If you are trying to evaluate whether the questionnaires used in a study were valid and reliable, what part of an APA style report would you look at? a. The Participants sub-section in the Method section b. The Results section c. The Introduction d. The Measures sub-section in the Method section
d. The Measures sub-section in the Method section
10. Internal validity is... a. The ability to generalize findings from a sample to the population b. The consistency or dependability of a measure c. The degree to which an instruments measures the construct of interest d. The ability to make causal conclusions on the basis of a study
d. The ability to make causal conclusions on the basis of a study
Based on this study, we can make which of the following causal conclusions? a. Psychological stress causes people to sleep less b. Sleeping less causes psychological stress c. Some unmeasured third variable causes people to become psychologically stressed and to sleep less d. We cannot make any causal conclusion on the basis of this study
d. We cannot make any causal conclusion on the basis of this study
The principle of informed consent requires that participants be told a. everything abut the study b. about the hypotheses of the study, but not about the procedure c. everything about the purpose and procedure of the study, but not about the hypotheses. d. about aspects of the study that might influence their willingness to participate
d. about aspects of the study that might influence their willingness to participate
Which of the following is not a case of scientific misconduct? a. plagiarizing others' work b. fabricating data c. claiming credit for another's work d. all of these are cases of scientific misconduct
d. all of these are cases of scientific misconduct
A measure that does not correlate with measures with which it should not be related has a. convergent validity b. concurrent validity c. interitem reliability d. discriminant validity
d. discriminant validity
If a significant main effect involves an independent variable that has more than two conditions, the main effect is interpreted by a. testing the simple main effects b. running a regression c. conducting a MANOVA d. doing post hoc tests
d. doing post hoc tests
Which of the following is not a characteristic of good scientific writing? a. clarity (e.g., precise wording) b. organization c. conciseness d. exhaustiveness
d. exhaustiveness
The suggested statistical analysis for a study with two or more discrete X variables and one continuous Y variable is a. multivariate ANOVA b. t-test c. one-way ANOVA d. factorial ANOVA
d. factorial ANOVA
2. Journals' reluctance to publish null findings contributes to the ______ problem, which refers to the fact that null findings are rarely published and thus remain locked away in researchers' records. a. secret society b. social desirability c. low-power d. file-drawer
d. file-drawer
1. Wilhelm Wundt a. was the first clinical psychologist b. began the scientific study of children c. was the father of modern statistics d. founded one of the first psychological laboratories
d. founded one of the first psychological laboratories
Of the people who contributed to a research paper, the person listed as first author is generally the one who a. did the greatest amount of work b. provided funding for the project c. got the idea d. made the greatest scientific contribution
d. made the greatest scientific contribution
6. If participants' observed scores equal their true scores, a. the measure has low reliability b. measurement error is high c. reliability is higher than validity d. measurement error is zero
d. measurement error is zero
A(n)________________________________________________ is the term for a statistical procedure used to analyze and integrate the results of many individual studies on a single topic (e.g., on the "weapon focus effect"). This procedure involves looking at the effect sizes for the various published studies, as well as looking at results from "file drawer studies" that were not published. a. delta analysis b. omni-analysis c. supra-analysis d. meta-analysis
d. meta-analysis
(EXTRA CREDIT) Observing participants' behavior as it occurs, with no intrusion by the researcher, is called _________ observation. a. participant b. contrived c. uncontaminated d. naturalistic
d. naturalistic
A 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design has ________ condition(s). a. 1 b. 3 c. 7 d. none of the above
d. none of the above
F = MSbg / ________ a. SSbg b. MStotal c. dfbg d. none of the above
d. none of the above
Of the decisions an editor of a psychology journal can make regarding a paper that has been submitted for publication, which is the most common? a. accept the paper as is b. accept the paper contingent upon revisions c. reject the paper, but encourage submission of a revision d. reject the paper
d. reject the paper
The effect of one independent variable at a particular level of another independent variable (e.g., the effect of "challenge level" on a video game for females only) is called a(n) _____________________ main effect. a. complex b. canonical c. interaction d. simple
d. simple
The problem of "retrospective reporting" is a bigger threat when ________ measures are used in a study. a. task completion time b. neuroscientific c. experience sampling methods d. survey self-report
d. survey self-report
A researcher who uses a cost-benefit analysis will decide to conduct a piece of research if a. the study has no potential costs b. it is approved by the institutional review board c. it has potential benefits for science or society d. the expected benefits of the study outweigh its potential costs
d. the expected benefits of the study outweigh its potential costs
A researcher conducts a power analysis and finds power to be .75. This indicates that a. there is a 75% chance of making a Type I error b. 75% of the participants in one condition will score higher than the average participant in the other condition c. the alpha-level is .25 d. the experiment has a 75% chance of detecting the effect of the independent variable
d. the experiment has a 75% chance of detecting the effect of the independent variable
In the regression equation, y = .78 + .67x, .67 is a. the criterion variable b. the correlation c. the regression constant d. the regression coefficient
d. the regression coefficient
Which of the following is not a participant variable? a. self-esteem b. age c. IQ d. these are all participant variables
d. these are all participant variables
In SPSS, there are two "views" used to enter data or and create variables, the data view and the ________ view. a. output b. matrix c. results d. variable
d. variable
Which of the following is NOT a source of error variance? A. Pre-existing differences between people B. Participants' transient states C. Strength of the experimental treatment D. Measurement error
C. Strength of the experimental treatment
In the scatterplot below, what is the value of β0? a. 2.4 b. 3.5 c. 4 d. 4.25
a. 2.4
An experiment with two independent variables, each of which has three levels would be indicated as a _______ design a. 3 × 3 b. 2 × 2 × 2 c. 1 × 2 d. 2 × 3
a. 3 × 3
The mean for men is ____ and the mean for women is _____ a. 5, 3 b. 3, 5 c. 12, 20 d. 4, 4
a. 5, 3
Dr. Bem finds that there is a positive correlation between sensation-seeking and the ability to predict the future. In reality, there is no such correlation. This is... a. A Type 1 error b. A Type 2 error c. The result of low statistical power d. Not an error at all
a. A Type 1 error
Self-Report questions should... a. Ask only one specific question at a time, in language participants can understand b. Make use of technical scientific terms in order to be as precise as possible c. Avoid being overly-specific d. Ask about several different aspects of a person's behavior at the same time, in order to save participant's time
a. Ask only one specific question at a time, in language participants can understand
Spitwad-Presence is a _____; while juggling is a ____. a. Between-subject nominal variable; Interval variable b. Within-subject nominal variable; Interval variable c. Interval variable; Between-subject nominal variable d. Interval variable; Interval variable
a. Between-subject nominal variable; Interval variable
In SPSS, the "crosstabs" command is used as a first step before you can run the command for the inferential statistic ______ (Hint: this was covered in the assigned posted reading (from ch. 5 in Data Analysis with SPSS:...)). a. Chi-square b. Between groups t-test c. Within groups t-test d. Pearson r
a. Chi-square
____________________________________ statistics are numbers that summarize and describe the behavior of participants in a study; the mean and SD are examples. __________________________________ statistics are mathematical analyses that allow researchers to draw conclusions regarding the reliability and generalizability of their data, and examples include t-tests and F-tests. a. Descriptive/Inferential b. Descriptive/Sample c. Inferential/Descriptive d. Inferential/Sample
a. Descriptive/Inferential
In the Discussion section of an APA style manuscript, one should... a. Discuss the implications the study has for the theory being tested b. Discuss what exactly happened in the study in a step-by-step manner c. Discuss the statistical analysis used to analyze the results d. All of the above
a. Discuss the implications the study has for the theory being tested
A t-test is used when a researcher is _____; while a correlational analysis is used when a research is ______. a. Examining differences between 2 groups; Examining the relationship between 2 variables b. Examining the relationship between 2 variables; Examining differences between 2 groups c. Examining differences between 2 groups; Examining differences between 3 or more groups d. Examining the relationship between 2 variables; Examining the relationship between 3 or more variables
a. Examining differences between 2 groups; Examining the relationship between 2 variables
Which is true about writing up your research? a. HARKing is a kind of "post hoc theorizing" and it should be avoided when writing research reports. b. HARKing is a kind of "post hoc theorizing" and it should be done when writing research reports. c. HARKing is a kind of selective reporting of results or "cherry-picking" and it should be avoided when writing research reports. d. HARKing is a kind of selective reporting of results or "cherry-picking" and it should be done when writing research reports.
a. HARKing is a kind of "post hoc theorizing" and it should be avoided when writing research reports.
The main point of the Introduction section is to... a. Indicate what the hypothesis of the study was and why b. Communicate the design of the study, such as what variables were measured and manipulated c. Report the statistical analyses conducted on the data d. Summarize the researchers' conclusions
a. Indicate what the hypothesis of the study was and why
What is a canonical variable? a. It's the composite variable that is the sum of the weighted dependent variables in a MANOVA. b. It's another name for a variable measured on a nominal or categorical scale. c. It's another term for a confounding variable. d. It's the term for an independent variable that has been created by doing a median split procedure.
a. It's the composite variable that is the sum of the weighted dependent variables in a MANOVA.
Dr. Puterschmidt's study is an example of a _____ design because _____. a. One-way design with multiple conditions; Only one independent variable is manipulated b. One-way design with multiple conditions; More than one independent variable is manipulated c. Factorial design; Only one independent variable is manipulated d. Factorial design; More than one independent variable is manipulated
a. One-way design with multiple conditions; Only one independent variable is manipulated
In SPSS, after you run a statistical analysis, the results automatically appear in the _________ window. a. Output b. Syntax c. Data view d. "How much is that doggie in the..." (this is not the correct answer)
a. Output
The suggested statistical analysis for a study with one continuous X variable and one continuous Y variable is a. Pearson correlation b. t-test c. one-way ANOVA d. factorial ANOVA
a. Pearson correlation
Which of the following is true about effect sizes? a. Pearson's r is an effect size, in addition to being an inferential statistic b. The proper place to report effect size is in the method section of an empirical report c. Cohen's d is a commonly reported effect size measure for the chi-square statistic. d. All of the above are true.
a. Pearson's r is an effect size, in addition to being an inferential statistic
12. What is the independent variable in this study? a. Psychological stress b. Eating c. The group who gave a speech d. The group who listened to ocean sounds
a. Psychological stress
9. Dr. Jane Smith (a Caucasian female) wondered whether the sex of an experimenter influenced male participants' responses to the Attitude Toward Women scale. She administered half of the questionnaires, and she asked Dr. Tatsuhiko Toyota (an Asian male) to administer the other half. Dr. Smith found that her respondents had much more liberal attitudes toward women than Dr. Toyota's. She concluded that men "act more liberal to gain approval from women; whereas, they reveal their true 'macho' selves to other men." In this experiment, ____ is a potential confound a. Race b. Gender c. Attitudes toward women d. None of the above
a. Race
5. Which of the following is true of APA style empirical reports? a. Researchers should repeat important but not unimportant information b. Researchers should never repeat any information whatsoever so as to keep it concise c. Repetition is always useful for making sure the reader understands the point d. Research should repeat unimportant but not important information
a. Researchers should repeat important but not unimportant information
If there is a linear relationship between 2 variables, then a ___________________ that shows this relationship can be drawn on the scatter plot. a. Straight line b. Curved line c. Three-dimensional vector d. Four-dimensional vector
a. Straight line
If you are trying to evaluate whether the results of a study will generalize from the sample studied to a larger sample, what part of an APA style report would you look at? a. The Participants sub-section in the Method section b. The Measures sub-section in the Method section c. The Results section d. The Introduction
a. The Participants sub-section in the Method section
Which of the following sentences is not grammatically correct? a. The data was analyzed with a t-test. b. Since the earliest days of psychology, many researchers have discussed the nature of the self. c. When a student is not prepared for a test, he or she is likely to feel anxious. d. As participants entered the lab, they received a packet of questionnaires.
a. The data was analyzed with a t-test.
14. What is the experimental condition in this study? a. The group who gave a speech b. Psychological stress c. Eating d. The group who listened to ocean sounds
a. The group who gave a speech
In the numerator for the t-test, we would subtract _______ from _______. a. The mean for men, the mean for women b. The standard deviation for men, the standard deviation for women c. The variance for men, the variance for women d. The pooled standard deviation, the mean from men
a. The mean for men, the mean for women
9. The results indicate a _____ correlation between stress and sleep. a. Positive b. Negative c. Null d. Curvilinear
b. Negative
In statistics, a. "power" is bad and it tends to be higher as sample size increases. b. "power" is good and it tends to be higher as sample size increases. c. "power" is bad and it tends to be lower as sample size increases. d. "power" is good and it tends to be lower as sample size increases.
b. "power" is good and it tends to be higher as sample size increases.
Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the strongest relationship between two variables? a. +.45 b. -.60 c. .00 d. +.55
b. -.60
A theory is... a. A specific prediction that can be tested in a study b. A set of propositions that explain the relationship between multiple variables c. Just a guess about the relationship between variables d. Not testable
b. A set of propositions that explain the relationship between multiple variables
What is the main thing that's wrong with this text from a results section?: As predicted, obsessive thoughts were lower in the group that received CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) (M =8.00; SD = 2.33) compared to the group that received only medication (M = 14.90; SD = 7.05), Χ2 (66) = 3.40, p = .001, d = .64. a. No effect size is reported. b. A t-test should be reported, rather than a Χ2 test. c. A Pearson r value should be reported, rather than a Χ2 test. d. Nothing (there is nothing wrong in this text from a results section).
b. A t-test should be reported, rather than a Χ2 test.
30. Design #1 is a ___ while Design #2 is a ____. a. Within-subject design; Between-subjects design b. Between-subjects design; Within-subject design c. Factorial design; One-way design with multiple conditions d. One-way design with multiple conditions; Factorial design
b. Between-subjects design; Within-subject design
To prevent Type I errors when you have more than 1 statistical test, you can use a _________ adjustment. a. Expericorr b. Bonferoni c. Type II d. Lumbar
b. Bonferoni
The main point of the Method section of an APA style empirical report is to... a. Indicate what the hypothesis of the study was and why b. Communicate the design of the study, such as what variables were measured and manipulated c. Report the statistical analyses conducted on the data d. Summarize the researchers' conclusions
b. Communicate the design of the study, such as what variables were measured and manipulated
What is the dependent variable in this study? a. Psychological stress b. Eating c. The group who gave a speech d. The group who listened to ocean sounds
b. Eating
The statistical test that tests if two Pearson r correlation coefficients are significantly different from each other is called the a. Pearson honestly significant difference test. b. Fisher's z test. c. Fisher's t-test. d. Multivariate ANOVA.
b. Fisher's z test.
3. Which is true about IRBs (Institutional Review Boards) in the U.S.? a. Researchers must only obtain IRB approval for research that uses deception. b. For maximum protection of participants' rights, the IRB members must come from a variety of both scientific and nonscientific disciplines. c. IRB approval is not needed for studies that involve adult human participants. Approval is only required for studies that involve participants from "vulnerable groups" such as children or prisoners. d. All of the above.
b. For maximum protection of participants' rights, the IRB members must come from a variety of both scientific and nonscientific disciplines.
If you wanted to test whether meditation (vs. not meditating) affected the two related dependent variables of a) creativity, and b) open-mindedness, and you can just run one analysis, you would use______________ a. ANOVA b. MANOVA c. Pearson's r correlation d. Multiple regression
b. MANOVA
22. A researcher uses a sample of undergraduate psychology students. Because this study used a convenience sample, it... a. Is not valid in any way, shape, or form b. May be valid in other fashions, even if it has low external validity c. Shows high external validity and its results can be freely generalized to any human being d. May not be valid in other fashions, even if it has high external validity
b. May be valid in other fashions, even if it has low external validity
7. In this study, psychological stress was _____________ and sleep was _________________. a. Manipulated/manipulated b. Measured/measured c. Manipulated/measured d. Measured/manipulated
b. Measured/measured
Which is the correct order for some of the major sections of an APA style research report? a. Introduction, References, Method, Results b. Method, Results, Discussion, References c. Abstract, Introduction, References, Results d. Method, Abstract, Results, Discussion
b. Method, Results, Discussion, References
Dr. Puterschmidt runs an ANOVA on her results and finds a significant main effect of mood condition on optimism judgments. Based on this result alone, she can conclude that... a. Happy moods increase optimism, but sad moods do not decrease optimism b. Mood has some effect on optimism, but she can't yet say what the nature of that effect is c. Sad moods decrease optimism, but happy moods do not increase optimism d. Happy moods increase optimism, and sad moods decrease optimism
b. Mood has some effect on optimism, but she can't yet say what the nature of that effect is
A researcher designed an experiment in which four independent variables were manipulated. Which of the following is most likely to describe his design? a. 1 × 4 b. 2 × 4 c. 4 × 4 d. 2 × 2 × 4 × 3
d. 2 × 2 × 4 × 3
What ethical concern(s) arose about Stanley Milgram's experiments on obedience? a. Participants were not warned of the potentially stressful outcomes. b. Stress and psychological harm was not fully alleviated after the study ended c. Pressure was applied to participants to continue (they were not told they could "withdraw") d. All of the above
d. All of the above
4. Which of the following are types of deception? a. Presenting participants with a false purpose of the study b. Using an experimental confederate who poses as another participant or a bystander c. Providing false feedback to participants d. All of the above are types of deception
d. All of the above are types of deception
Which of these can be reported in the "Limitations" subsection of an APA style Discussion section? a. Weaknesses in the study's design. b. Weaknesses in the measures used. c. Limitations in scope ("boundary conditions" for the effect). d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.
1. Which of the following is not part of the method section of a research article? a. Procedure b. Materials c. Participants d. Analyses
d. Analyses
31. The major advantage of Design #1 is _____ while the major advantage of Design #2 is _____. a. Eliminating pre-existing differences; Avoiding order effects b. Generalizability; Controls for confounds c. Controls for confounds; Generalizability d. Avoiding order effects; Eliminating pre-existing differences
d. Avoiding order effects; Eliminating pre-existing differences
If you were citing an article published in 1990 by Borwick, Anderson, and Williams, how would you cite it in the text of a research article? a. Anderson, Borwick, and Williams (1990) b. Borwick, Anderson, & Williams, 1990 c. Anderson, Borwick, & Williams (1990) d. Borwick, Anderson, and Williams (1990)
d. Borwick, Anderson, and Williams (1990)
A t-test can be used when ____ and an ANOVA needs to be used when _____. a. Comparing three or more conditions; Comparing two conditions b. The study used a between-subjects design; The study used a within-subject design c. The study used a within-subject design; The study used a between-subjects design d. Comparing two conditions; Comparing three or more conditions
d. Comparing two conditions; Comparing three or more conditions
In which section of an APA style manuscript would you find this text: "There are several important implications for the results we found. For example, external strategies seem to be more reliable as memory aids, but they may also be more cumbersome and therefore not used as often...." a. Introduction b. Method c. Results d. Discussion
d. Discussion
Which is NOT one of the four goals that a debriefing after a study should achieve? a. Clarify nature of the study b. Remove stress or negative consequence the study may have caused c. Get participants' reactions to study d. Get the participants to sign a legal waiver that states that they give up any right to bring legal action against the university or any of its employees.
d. Get the participants to sign a legal waiver that states that they give up any right to bring legal action against the university or any of its employees.
5. In an experiment, the researcher _____; while in a correlational study, the researcher _____. a. Measures two variables; Manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable b. Cannot make causal conclusion; Can always make causal conclusions c. Uses a correlation coefficient to analyze the results; Uses a t-test to analyze the results d. Manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable; Measures two variables
d. Manipulates one variable to observe its effect on another variable; Measures two variables
While a correlational analysis allows ____, a regression analysis allows _____. a. Multiple predictor variables; Only one predictor variable b. Only one outcome variable; Multiple outcome variables c. Multiple outcome variables; Only one outcome variable d. Only one predictor variable; Multiple predictor variables
d. Only one predictor variable; Multiple predictor variables
bope
nope
nope
nope
Empiricism refers to the practice of relying on to draw conclusions. a. statistics b. experts c. observation d. basic research
observation
