Psyche Exam 2

. _______ is the retention of memory for some period of time.

Ans: storage Expln: When you store something, you keep it (or retain it) for a certain period of time. In the study of memory, the term storage involves keeping or retaining information for a certain period of time.

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

. _____________ memory is constantly updated.

Episodic

Calling the mechanic to find out if your car is fixed yet

Fixed interval

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed interval

Looking at your watch or phone to check the time during a lecture until the end of the lecture

Fixed interval

Getting a paycheck every other week

Fixed interval (FI)

A salesperson who gets paid on commission

Fixed ratio

A worker receives $5.00 for every 100 envelopes stuffed and sealed.

Fixed ratio

Frequent flyer programs where you get rewards after flying a certain amount of miles.

Fixed ratio

. ________ amplitudes are associated with ________ sounds.

Higher; Louder

What is described by the concept of perception?

How sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

Latent

In a normal-sighted individual, the ________ will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ________.

Lens; Fovea

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

Maintain balance and body posture

Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ________ rehearsal.

Maintenance

____________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the information from storage.

Memory

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

Motivation

An Li turns her report in to her teacher on the day it is due because papers get marked down a letter grade for every day they are late. Is An Li's turning her paper in on time the result of positive or negative reinforcement?

Negative reinforcement Correct. An Li turns in her report on time to remove the possibility of a negative consequence.

Arnie's father nags him to wash his car. Arnie hates being nagged, so he washes the car so his father will stop nagging. Is Arnie's car washing behavior the result of positive or negative reinforcement?

Negative reinforcement: Yes! Arnie engages in a behavior that reduces the occurrence of an unpleasant stimulus and is thus

A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?

No, because there is a great possibility of a "false positive" identification.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?

Optic Chiasm

Trey learns that talking in a funny voice gets him a lot of attention from his classmates, so now he talks that way often. Is Trey talking in a funny voice more often the result of positive or negative reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement Correct! A pleasurable stimulus was added to Trey's environment when he talked in a funny voice.

Allen is a server at a restaurant and always tries to smile and be pleasant because that seems to lead to bigger tips. Is Allen's behavior of smiling and being pleasant the result of positive or negative

Positive reinforcement Correct! Larger tips are the result of Allen smiling and being pleasant.

What allows Nancy to run without watching her feet and hit a baseball without focusing on the bat?

Proprioception

A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you, followed by a tone. You attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?

Sensory Memory

The best place to take your psychology exam to ensure good retrieval of psychology concepts is in ________.

The psychology classroom

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Neuropathic pain is pain from damage to neurons of either the brain or central nervous system."

The word "brain" should be changed to the word "peripheral."

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

Tranduction

A person refrains from drug use for fear of random drug testing at their work.

Variable interval

Pop quizzes

Variable interval

Spending a nice evening watching for shooting stars

Variable interval

Playing slot machines at casinos

Variable ratio

Playing the Mega Millions lottery.

Variable ratio

Signaling with your thumb while hitchhiking

Variable ratio

Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?

a photograph

People with Alzheimer's disease typically have a memory problem known as ________.

anterograde amnesia

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling in response to Grace whistling is a(n) ________.

conditioned response

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called ______.

flashbulb memories

Which of the following is an example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

learning

The Internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy for the organization of

long-term memory

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using..

negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Short-term memories appear to be localized in the ________.

prefrontal lobes

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

punishment

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

. ________ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

Binocular

Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory?

Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on―a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says "I'm not hungry."

Bottom-Up

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

Cones

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in _________.

sensory memory and short-term memory

The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated items is known as the ______.

serial position effect

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

spontaneous recovery

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

stimulus generalization

Which of these individuals would be the most typical person involved in a case in which memories of past childhood abuse are recalled later in life?

thirty-year-old Charlotte, who sought therapy for anxiety, depression, and recent weight gain with a therapist who uses hypnosis