ANATOMY TEST #2

What is normal range for serum calcium concentrations in the body

8.9-10.1

_______ contains intercalated discs where the cell join together.

Cardiac muscle

Dense regular connective tissue consists of tightly packed

Collagen Fibers

The tissue that binds organs together and provides protection and support for the organ is the ______ tissue.

Connective tissue

Which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes and other pathogens?

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of ________ tissue.

Epithelial

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?

Fever

______is located in the intervertebral discs to absorb shock.

Fibrocartilage

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?

Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling

Atrophy refers to

Loss of mass

Which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color?

Melanocytes

The least common, but most deadly, type of skin cancer is ________.

Melanoma

Nervous tissue that consists predominately of two cell types, neurons and _____

Neuroglia

_________ are specialized in generating and transmitting nerve impulses

Neurons

Forms bone matrix (Forms new bone)

Osteoblast

Select the correct statement.

Osteoblasts deposit the bone matrix in both compact and spongy bone.

Resorption and breakdown of bone matrix (Breaks down bone)

Osteoclast

________ prevents excessive dryness and keeps skin soft and pliable.

Sebum

Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through ________ epithelium.

Simple squamous

If a body temperature increases above normal, what occurs?

Sweating and blood vessels of the dermis dilate

Two vitamins needed for bone growth and why

Vit C- Collagen production, Vit D - Calcium absorption

Perspiration contains which of the following substances?

Water salt and wastes

Describe the effects of exercise on bone

Weight bearing, walking, lifting weights helps maintain and build bone mass

skin graft using skin from other organism

Xenograft

Fossa

a small depression

Fossa is

a small depression

The primary tissue type of the hypodermis is

adipose

Type of tissue in hypodermis

adipose

________ is the connective tissue responsible for the storage of fat.

adipose tissue

Looking at a slide of axillary skin under the microscope, you notice the presence of ________ glands that are absent on slides of the scalp.

apocrine

sweat glands implicated in body odor

apocrine

sweat glands that cause body odor

apocrine

Bedsores ________.

are preventable by eliminating pressure points

What produces goodbumps

arrector pili muscle

The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion:

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter

Skin graft using own skin

autograft

Of malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma, which is most common and which is most fatal

basal cell carcinoma-common, malignant melanoma- fatal

what is hemopoiesis and where does it take place

blood cell formation, red bone marrow

Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated? a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D

calcitonin

Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, ________ is important to the deposition of bone

calcitriol

Hormones responsible for increasing the blood concentration of calcium

calcitrol and parathyroid hormones

Two major components of bone tissue

calcium and phosphorus

In general, skin cancers ________.

can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun

Two of the more common skin cancers are ________, which is not as serious, and ________ which is invasive.

carcinoma; melanoma

Travel for blood vessels and nerves

central canal

Another name for earwax is

cerumen

Ear wax

cerumen

Two serious complications of third degree burns

circulatory shock and renal shutdown

simple fracture, doesn't break skin

closed

Two specific components of bone matrix

collagen and calcium phosphate

Which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis?

collagen and fibroblasts

Complete fracture in the distal end of the radius

colle's

A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a ________ fracture.

comminuted

broken ends of bone shatter in many pieces, more than two

comminuted

Two different types of bone tissue

compact and spongy

parts of bone completely separate from eachother

complete

hyaline cartilage c

covers the end of articulating bones

What is Terminal (Hair)

darker coarse hair, mostly men ex. beards

Type of tissue found in dermis

dense irregular connective tissue

A long bone consists of a ________, a long shaft of bone, which extends between two enlarged terminal portions called the ________.

diaphysis; epiphyses

Used for thermoregulation

eccrine gland

The epidermis is derived from what primary germ layer

ectoderm

The ________ gives rise to the

ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis

The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of

elastic cartilage

Lines medullary cavity

endosteum

Accessory structures such as hair and glands develop from the

epidermis

Skin layer which gives rise to derivatives (nails, hair)

epidermis

The superficial layer of the skin is the

epidermis

An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin?

epidermis and dermis

Three layers of the skin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

The ________ lacks blood vessels and must be nourished by materials diffusing from blood vessels in the ________.

epidermis; dermis

Where bones grow in length

epiphyseal plate

Two places where hyaline cartilage is found on a growing bone

epiphyseal plate and epiphysis ends

Type of tissue in epidermis

epithelial

The basement membrane is found between ____ and ____

epithelium; connective tissue

What is Lunago (Hair)

fetal hair, seem in premature babies

Scar tissue formation

fibrosis

what external feature is influenced by dermal papillae

finger prints

Skin covering the ________ has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands

fingertips

Skin covering the ________ has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands.

fingertips

A burn that results in erythema and pain would be

first degree

dense irregular c

forms the dermis of the skin

reticular c

forms the stroma in the spleen

Fibrocartilage c

found in intervertebral discs

dense regular c

found in tendons and ligaments

elastic connective tissue c

found in vocal cords and artery walls

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for

genetic factors

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone bends while the other side is broken

greenstick

incomplete fracture of soft bone, most often children and infancy

greenstick

The root of a hair is located within a ________, an inward tubular extension of the epidermis into the dermis.

hair follicle

Melanocyte (function)

hair, skin color, protects from damaging UV

Friction Ridges (function)

help create grasp (Fingerprints)

epidermal dendritic cell (Function)

helps activate immune system

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?

histamine

Skin graft using donor skin

homograft

In the process of endochondral ossification, ________ is (are) replaced by bone

hyaline cartilage

In the process of endochondral ossification, ________ is (are) replaced by bone.

hyaline cartilage

The hardness of bone comes from ________, whereas ________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.

hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins

bone cracks and bends but doesn't completely break

incomplete

After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?

increased production of connective tissue

which matrix component is most abundant

inorganic

The skin, its derivatives and specialized receptors are part of what system

integumentary

Most skull bones are formed by ________ ossification, but other bones are formed by ________ ossification.

intramembranous; endochondral

Increased bilirubin levels cause a skin discoloration called ________.

jaundice

yellow color due to a liver disease/ disorder

jaundice

Protein found in the keratinocytes cell is

keratin

Waterproofing protein found in the epidermal cells is

keratin

Waterproofing protein in skin

keratin

Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?

keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

Skin cells that serve an immune function

langerhans

What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth?

lanugo

simple squamous e

lines blood vessels

simple columnar ciliated e

lines fallopian tubes

simple cuboidal e

lines kidney tubules

stratified squamous nonkeratinized e

lines the cheeks and esophagus

simple columnar non-ciliated e

lines the small intestine

pseudostratified columnar ciliated e

lines the trachea

stratified transitional e

lines urinary bladder

Most likely to metastasize

malignant melanoma

Touch receptors

meissner's corpuscle

Exposure to sunlight stimulates the production of

melanin and vitamin D

What three pigments determine skin color

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

The dermis is derived from what primary germ layer

mesoderm

An increase in blood flow to the skin may cause what change in appearance?

more pink or red coloring

The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called ________.

mucous membrane

The tissue that contracts to provide force is the ________ tissue

muscle

When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected?

nervous system

(Compound) bone breaks skin near fracture

open

Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called ________.

open

Surgically setting (rejoining) bones is a process known as

open reduction

Cells capable of building bone tissue are ________.

osteoblasts

The most common bone disease is ________.

osteoporosis

Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates ________ secretion, which leads to ________.

parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity

Except for regions covered by articular cartilages, the ________ covers the surface of bones.

periosteum

protects bone, assist in repair

periosteum

Fracture near the ankle (End of tib/fib) caused by rotation

pott's

Sebaceous gland (Function)

produce sebum (moistens hair, waterproofs skin, softens skin, inhibits bacteria growth)

Ceruminous gland (function)

produces cerumen

Keratinocyte (function)

produces keratin (helps water proof and protect skin/underlying cells)

Skeletal system functions in all of the following except

production of vitamins.

Keratin is a ________ that is secreted by cells of the epidermis to waterproof the skin and protects against abrasion.

protein

The ________ layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue whose strength and toughness results from abundant ________ fibers.

reticular; collagen

Glands secreting an oily liquid into hair follicles are ________ glands.

sebaceous

A burn that results in blister formation would be

second degree

Burn characterized by swelling, blisters and pain

second degree

Bone that forms in a tendon (+ Example)

sesamoid bones (Knee cap)

Most kidney tubules are made of ________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.

simple cuboidal

The integumentary system comprises

skin, glands, hair, and nails.

What is Vellus (Hair)

soft fine hair, mostly women and children

The internal portion of an epiphysis consists of

spongy bone

supports/protects red bone marrow

spongy bone

Skin cancer caused by cells in the stratum spinosum

squamous cell carcinoma

adipose c

stores lipids in the subcutaneous layer

Round in cross section

straight hair

The mouth, esophagus and vagina are lined with nonkeratinized ___________ epithelium

stratified squamous

tissue in the epidermis

stratified squamous

What type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin?

stratified squamous and epithelium

New cells of the epidermis are continuously formed in the

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis containing adult stem cells that divide is

stratum basale

The layer of the epidermis containing stem cells is

stratum basale

Scale like dead cells that constantly flake off come from what layer of the epidermis

stratum corneum

Which layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells?

stratum corneum

Five layers of the epidermis in thick skin Superficial to Deep

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin

stratum lucidum

Skeletal muscle is described as ______

striated and voluntary

elastic cartilage c

surrounds the external ear.

The appendicular skeleton includes

the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle.

A burn that results in tissue damage down to the subcutaneous layer or muscle tissue is known as

third degree

All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D

thyroxine

Found in the urinary bladder, __________ epithelium resembles __________ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.

transitional; stratified squamous

Complete or partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin resulting in white spots

vitiligo