ANATOMY TEST #2
What is normal range for serum calcium concentrations in the body
8.9-10.1
_______ contains intercalated discs where the cell join together.
Cardiac muscle
Dense regular connective tissue consists of tightly packed
Collagen Fibers
The tissue that binds organs together and provides protection and support for the organ is the ______ tissue.
Connective tissue
Which of the following cells stand guard against toxins, microbes and other pathogens?
Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of ________ tissue.
Epithelial
Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation?
Fever
______is located in the intervertebral discs to absorb shock.
Fibrocartilage
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture?
Hematoma formation → soft callus formation → hard callus formation → bone remodeling
Atrophy refers to
Loss of mass
Which of the following cells is largely responsible for skin color?
Melanocytes
The least common, but most deadly, type of skin cancer is ________.
Melanoma
Nervous tissue that consists predominately of two cell types, neurons and _____
Neuroglia
_________ are specialized in generating and transmitting nerve impulses
Neurons
Forms bone matrix (Forms new bone)
Osteoblast
Select the correct statement.
Osteoblasts deposit the bone matrix in both compact and spongy bone.
Resorption and breakdown of bone matrix (Breaks down bone)
Osteoclast
________ prevents excessive dryness and keeps skin soft and pliable.
Sebum
Rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide through the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs takes place through ________ epithelium.
Simple squamous
If a body temperature increases above normal, what occurs?
Sweating and blood vessels of the dermis dilate
Two vitamins needed for bone growth and why
Vit C- Collagen production, Vit D - Calcium absorption
Perspiration contains which of the following substances?
Water salt and wastes
Describe the effects of exercise on bone
Weight bearing, walking, lifting weights helps maintain and build bone mass
skin graft using skin from other organism
Xenograft
Fossa
a small depression
Fossa is
a small depression
The primary tissue type of the hypodermis is
adipose
Type of tissue in hypodermis
adipose
________ is the connective tissue responsible for the storage of fat.
adipose tissue
Looking at a slide of axillary skin under the microscope, you notice the presence of ________ glands that are absent on slides of the scalp.
apocrine
sweat glands implicated in body odor
apocrine
sweat glands that cause body odor
apocrine
Bedsores ________.
are preventable by eliminating pressure points
What produces goodbumps
arrector pili muscle
The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion:
asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter
Skin graft using own skin
autograft
Of malignant melanoma and basal cell carcinoma, which is most common and which is most fatal
basal cell carcinoma-common, malignant melanoma- fatal
what is hemopoiesis and where does it take place
blood cell formation, red bone marrow
Which of the following is most likely to be released when blood calcium levels are elevated? a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D
calcitonin
Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys, and liver, ________ is important to the deposition of bone
calcitriol
Hormones responsible for increasing the blood concentration of calcium
calcitrol and parathyroid hormones
Two major components of bone tissue
calcium and phosphorus
In general, skin cancers ________.
can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun
Two of the more common skin cancers are ________, which is not as serious, and ________ which is invasive.
carcinoma; melanoma
Travel for blood vessels and nerves
central canal
Another name for earwax is
cerumen
Ear wax
cerumen
Two serious complications of third degree burns
circulatory shock and renal shutdown
simple fracture, doesn't break skin
closed
Two specific components of bone matrix
collagen and calcium phosphate
Which of the following best describes the composition of the dermis?
collagen and fibroblasts
Complete fracture in the distal end of the radius
colle's
A fracture in which the bone is broken into three or more pieces is called a ________ fracture.
comminuted
broken ends of bone shatter in many pieces, more than two
comminuted
Two different types of bone tissue
compact and spongy
parts of bone completely separate from eachother
complete
hyaline cartilage c
covers the end of articulating bones
What is Terminal (Hair)
darker coarse hair, mostly men ex. beards
Type of tissue found in dermis
dense irregular connective tissue
A long bone consists of a ________, a long shaft of bone, which extends between two enlarged terminal portions called the ________.
diaphysis; epiphyses
Used for thermoregulation
eccrine gland
The epidermis is derived from what primary germ layer
ectoderm
The ________ gives rise to the
ectoderm; nervous system and epidermis
The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of
elastic cartilage
Lines medullary cavity
endosteum
Accessory structures such as hair and glands develop from the
epidermis
Skin layer which gives rise to derivatives (nails, hair)
epidermis
The superficial layer of the skin is the
epidermis
An individual has spent too much time sun bathing. Not only is his skin painful to touch, but small blisters have appeared in the affected area. This indicates that he has damaged which layers of his skin?
epidermis and dermis
Three layers of the skin
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
The ________ lacks blood vessels and must be nourished by materials diffusing from blood vessels in the ________.
epidermis; dermis
Where bones grow in length
epiphyseal plate
Two places where hyaline cartilage is found on a growing bone
epiphyseal plate and epiphysis ends
Type of tissue in epidermis
epithelial
The basement membrane is found between ____ and ____
epithelium; connective tissue
What is Lunago (Hair)
fetal hair, seem in premature babies
Scar tissue formation
fibrosis
what external feature is influenced by dermal papillae
finger prints
Skin covering the ________ has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands
fingertips
Skin covering the ________ has sweat glands but no hair follicles or sebaceous glands.
fingertips
A burn that results in erythema and pain would be
first degree
dense irregular c
forms the dermis of the skin
reticular c
forms the stroma in the spleen
Fibrocartilage c
found in intervertebral discs
dense regular c
found in tendons and ligaments
elastic connective tissue c
found in vocal cords and artery walls
Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for
genetic factors
A partial fracture in which one side of the bone bends while the other side is broken
greenstick
incomplete fracture of soft bone, most often children and infancy
greenstick
The root of a hair is located within a ________, an inward tubular extension of the epidermis into the dermis.
hair follicle
Melanocyte (function)
hair, skin color, protects from damaging UV
Friction Ridges (function)
help create grasp (Fingerprints)
epidermal dendritic cell (Function)
helps activate immune system
When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release?
histamine
Skin graft using donor skin
homograft
In the process of endochondral ossification, ________ is (are) replaced by bone
hyaline cartilage
In the process of endochondral ossification, ________ is (are) replaced by bone.
hyaline cartilage
The hardness of bone comes from ________, whereas ________ provide(s) some degree of flexibility.
hydroxyapatite and other minerals; proteins
bone cracks and bends but doesn't completely break
incomplete
After a skin injury, the body initiates a wound-healing response. The first step of this response is the formation of a blood clot to stop bleeding. Which of the following would be the next response?
increased production of connective tissue
which matrix component is most abundant
inorganic
The skin, its derivatives and specialized receptors are part of what system
integumentary
Most skull bones are formed by ________ ossification, but other bones are formed by ________ ossification.
intramembranous; endochondral
Increased bilirubin levels cause a skin discoloration called ________.
jaundice
yellow color due to a liver disease/ disorder
jaundice
Protein found in the keratinocytes cell is
keratin
Waterproofing protein found in the epidermal cells is
keratin
Waterproofing protein in skin
keratin
Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?
keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
Skin cells that serve an immune function
langerhans
What type of hair is present prenatally and usually replaced by birth?
lanugo
simple squamous e
lines blood vessels
simple columnar ciliated e
lines fallopian tubes
simple cuboidal e
lines kidney tubules
stratified squamous nonkeratinized e
lines the cheeks and esophagus
simple columnar non-ciliated e
lines the small intestine
pseudostratified columnar ciliated e
lines the trachea
stratified transitional e
lines urinary bladder
Most likely to metastasize
malignant melanoma
Touch receptors
meissner's corpuscle
Exposure to sunlight stimulates the production of
melanin and vitamin D
What three pigments determine skin color
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
The dermis is derived from what primary germ layer
mesoderm
An increase in blood flow to the skin may cause what change in appearance?
more pink or red coloring
The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called ________.
mucous membrane
The tissue that contracts to provide force is the ________ tissue
muscle
When calcium levels are too high or too low, which body system is primarily affected?
nervous system
(Compound) bone breaks skin near fracture
open
Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called ________.
open
Surgically setting (rejoining) bones is a process known as
open reduction
Cells capable of building bone tissue are ________.
osteoblasts
The most common bone disease is ________.
osteoporosis
Blood Ca2+ deficiency stimulates ________ secretion, which leads to ________.
parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
Except for regions covered by articular cartilages, the ________ covers the surface of bones.
periosteum
protects bone, assist in repair
periosteum
Fracture near the ankle (End of tib/fib) caused by rotation
pott's
Sebaceous gland (Function)
produce sebum (moistens hair, waterproofs skin, softens skin, inhibits bacteria growth)
Ceruminous gland (function)
produces cerumen
Keratinocyte (function)
produces keratin (helps water proof and protect skin/underlying cells)
Skeletal system functions in all of the following except
production of vitamins.
Keratin is a ________ that is secreted by cells of the epidermis to waterproof the skin and protects against abrasion.
protein
The ________ layer is composed of dense irregular connective tissue whose strength and toughness results from abundant ________ fibers.
reticular; collagen
Glands secreting an oily liquid into hair follicles are ________ glands.
sebaceous
A burn that results in blister formation would be
second degree
Burn characterized by swelling, blisters and pain
second degree
Bone that forms in a tendon (+ Example)
sesamoid bones (Knee cap)
Most kidney tubules are made of ________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.
simple cuboidal
The integumentary system comprises
skin, glands, hair, and nails.
What is Vellus (Hair)
soft fine hair, mostly women and children
The internal portion of an epiphysis consists of
spongy bone
supports/protects red bone marrow
spongy bone
Skin cancer caused by cells in the stratum spinosum
squamous cell carcinoma
adipose c
stores lipids in the subcutaneous layer
Round in cross section
straight hair
The mouth, esophagus and vagina are lined with nonkeratinized ___________ epithelium
stratified squamous
tissue in the epidermis
stratified squamous
What type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin?
stratified squamous and epithelium
New cells of the epidermis are continuously formed in the
stratum basale
The layer of the epidermis containing adult stem cells that divide is
stratum basale
The layer of the epidermis containing stem cells is
stratum basale
Scale like dead cells that constantly flake off come from what layer of the epidermis
stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells?
stratum corneum
Five layers of the epidermis in thick skin Superficial to Deep
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
which layer of the epidermis is found only in thick skin
stratum lucidum
Skeletal muscle is described as ______
striated and voluntary
elastic cartilage c
surrounds the external ear.
The appendicular skeleton includes
the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle.
A burn that results in tissue damage down to the subcutaneous layer or muscle tissue is known as
third degree
All of the following play a role in calcium homeostasis except a. thyroxine b. calcitonin c. parathyroid hormone d. vitamin D
thyroxine
Found in the urinary bladder, __________ epithelium resembles __________ epithelium, but the apical cells are rounded, not flattened.
transitional; stratified squamous
Complete or partial loss of melanocytes from patches of skin resulting in white spots
vitiligo