Psychology 1- Chapter 5- Sensation and Perception

_______- frequency sound waves are perceived as high- pitched sounds, while _____- frequency soundwaves are perceived as low- pitched sounds.

High; low

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to information outside of their awareness

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

Optic

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli; therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt

several studies have suggested that non- Black participants identify weapons faster and are more likely to identify non- weapons as weapons when the image of the weapon is paired with the image of a Black person. What does this imply about perception?

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes

which of the following is false about sensation?

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ______.

Weber's Law

suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of

a subliminal message

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaption

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is this spot?

afterimage

what term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after the removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman names Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what songs just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrated the role that ______ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness

what kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "how nive. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious. He responds with a smile and an extended hand.

bottom- up

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness.

congenital

Ronaldo was born without the ability to experience pain, though he can perceive temperature differences and changes in pressure. What is his condition called?

congenital analgesia

the amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave, as measured from the highest point on the wave ______ to the lowest point on the wave ______.

crest; trough

which of the following statements about deaf culture is false?

deaf individuals believe children should receive cochlear implants as soon as possible after birth

Hertz is a measure of ________.

frequency

what is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

what was the original focus of Swets' (1964) signal detection theory?

improving the sensitivity of air traffic controllers to plane blips

The ________ is also known as the anvil.

incus

how does cochlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

it receives incoming sound information and directly stimulated the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain

at the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field ( which comes from both eyes is sent to the _____ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ____ side of the brain.

left; right

in a normal- sighted individual, the _____ will focus images perfectly on the small indentation in the back of the eye known as the _______.

lens; fovea

within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with _______.

longer wavelengths

longer wavelengths will have _______ frequencies and shorter wavelengths will have ______ frequencies

lower; higher

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception.

motivation

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

night blindness

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels.

nociception

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?

optic chiasm

________ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ________ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

_______ is a chemical message sent by another individual.

pheromone

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

Catherine is at a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ________ theory.

signal detection

Congenital deafness refers to deafness ________.

since birth

which of the following exemplifies olfaction?

smelling cookies in the oven

What is vertigo?

spinning sensation

which of the following was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martinez- Gomez Hudson?

the ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross- culturally

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? " Neuropathic pin is from damage to the neurons of either the brain or central nervous system."

the word "brain should be changed to the word " peripheral"

what should be changed to make the following sentence true? " Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain."

the word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory"

individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have shorter life span due to _________.

their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

what has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury ( 2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

what kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on- a raisin-jalapeno quiche. Esther's body responds first: Esther eyes the content of the skillet, and smells the mix of raisins, jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, she says " I'm not hungry."

top- down

which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensation and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

top- down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transduction

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

vestibular

read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not?

we group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters and we perceive words because there are spaces between each word.