Psychology 1000C Midterm

One thing that both meditation and hypnosis have in common is that a. both require a narrow focus of attention. b. not everyone can meditate and not everyone can be hypnotized. c. both induce alpha-wave brain activity. d. both involve the use of a mantra.

a. both require a narrow focus of attention.

In Parkinson's disease, the cells that produce the neurotransmitter ________ die off. a. dopamine b. norepinephrine c. serotonin d. GABA

a. dopamine

When thinking about describing sound stimuli, ________ is related to the perception of a sound's pitch. a. frequency b. accommodation c. amplitude d. timbre

a. frequency

The process of ________ , which may be used to teach complex behaviors, involves reinforcing successful approximations of a desired response or target behavior. a. shaping b. vicarious modeling c. discrimination d. generalization

a. shaping

In a schedule of ________ reinforcement, each and every instance of the specified operant response is followed by the associated reinforcement. a. interval-based b. continuous c. ratio-based d. absolute

b. continuous

The researcher whose seminal "Bobo doll" research formed the basis of observational learning theory was ________ . a. B.F. Skinner b. Albert Bandura c. Edward Tolman d. Wolfgang Köhler

b. Albert Bandura

________ deafness is usually caused by damage to the middle ear, which can include a puncture of the eardrum or the three tiny bones of that area may lose their ability to vibrate properly. a. Nerve b. Conduction c. Cochlear d. Tympanic

b. Conduction

Tilly has been having very unusual motor symptoms as of late. She gets unexpected tremors, sometimes gets very stiff and rigid, and occasionally has difficulty walking across a room. Her physician tells her that she has an illness that involves the death of dopamine-producing cells in her brain. Which disease has Tilly developed? a. Huntington's chorea b. Parkinson's disease c. Crohn's disease d. Broca's aphasia

b. Parkinson's disease

The gonads are responsible for the secretion of many different hormones. Which of the following is not one of them? a. Testosterone b. Thyroxin c. Estrogen d. Progesterone

b. Thyroxin

Elnora's doctor suspects she has a brain tumor. The tests the doctor is most likely to order to make a diagnosis is a. lesioning. b. a CT scan. c. an EEG. d. a PET scan.

b. a CT scan.

The structure of the eye that determines how much light will be allowed to enter is the ________ . It is the colored part of the eye that is most often brown or blue. a. retina b. iris c. pupil d. sclera

b. iris

Students in Professor Metcalf's class know that he has a reputation for giving unannounced pop quizzes at random times in the semester. Because they never know how long will pass before another quiz will come, they are being operantly conditioned on a ________ schedule. a. variable-ratio b. fixed-interval c. variable-interval d. fixed-ratio

c. variable-interval

While walking through a department store, you are approached by an eager young salesperson. "Care to try our new cologne, Attraction? It is infused with real human pheromones so it is guaranteed to increase sexual interest from other people!" Given this sales pitch, with which of the following should you respond? a. "Actually, the question of whether pheromones truly affect the sexual interest of human beings is an unclear issue." b. "Research has definitively refuted the idea that pheromones have any effect on human begins. What are you trying to sell me here?" c. "Research to date has found that women, and women only, seem to be affected in a sexual manner by pheromones, so wrap up a bottle for me!" d. "Given the overwhelming research support for the influence of pheromones on the sexual behavior of humans, I will definitely buy a bottle!"

a. "Actually, the question of whether pheromones truly affect the sexual interest of human beings is an unclear issue."

Now that Dawn and Jake's two-year-old son appears to be left-handed, friends and relatives have been giving them a lot of advice and comments. Much of it, however, is wrong. Which of the following bits of information is true? a. "He probably became left-handed in the womb." b. "It's usually girls who are left-handed." c. "It will do no harm, and a lot of good, to force him to become right-handed." d. "Handedness has no genetic basis."

a. "He probably became left-handed in the womb."

Scientists estimate that the human genome is composed of approximately ________ genes. a. 20,000 to 25,000 b. 50,000 to 60,000 c. 1,000 to 5,000 d. 100,000 to 125,000

a. 20,000 to 25,000

On the average, most people need how many hours of sleep? a. 7-9 b. 10 or more c. at least 9 d. 4-6

a. 7-9

It would be easiest to extinguish a behavior that was rewarded on the basis of which of the following schedules? a. A continuous reinforcement schedule b. A variable-ratio schedule c. A variable-interval schedule d. A partial reinforcement schedule

a. A continuous reinforcement schedule

If lightning and thunder always occur at exactly the same time, why is it that you always see the lightning before you hear the thunder? a. Because light travels significantly faster than sound. b. Because the absolute threshold for light is higher than the absolute threshold for sound. c. Because the difference threshold for light is higher than the difference threshold for sound. d. Because the lightning occurs closer to the ground so it has less distance to travel.

a. Because light travels significantly faster than sound.

Why is it that binocular depth cues require the use of both eyes to help the brain determine the distance of a visual stimulus? a. Because your eyes each receive different visual images of the world around you. b. Because the position of the nose - between the eyes - causes contralateral distortion of visual images. c. Because eyeglasses help to correct the distorted images we get about the distance of objects in our surroundings. d. Because the multiple corneal layers cause different types of reflection and refraction of visual input.

a. Because your eyes each receive different visual images of the world around you.

How can the concept of shaping behavior be practically applied by parents? a. By reinforcing increasingly closer approximations to the desired responses, parents can teach their children the desired behavior. b. Parents can teach their children desired behavior through careful explanation of the desired responses. c. By modeling desired behavior, parents can teach their children the desired behavior. d. Parents can teach their children desired responses by punishing undesired behaviors.

a. By reinforcing increasingly closer approximations to the desired responses, parents can teach their children the desired behavior.

Which of the following diseases can result from alcohol abuse? a. Cirrhosis of the liver b. Epilepsy c. Parkinson's disease d. Hepatitis

a. Cirrhosis of the liver

When the magician tricked Rita into believing that he was able to see the contents of her sealed purse, he was demonstrating which extrasensory ability? a. Clairvoyance b. Telepathy c. Psychokinesis d. Precognition

a. Clairvoyance

Cathy's physician wants to send her for a test that will produce a three-dimensional image of her brain so that he can see if there are any abnormalities that are causing some recent symptoms. This will be accomplished by combining the images from a series of narrow x-rays. Which of the following tests should her doctor order? a. Computed tomography (CAT scan) b. MRI c. PET scan d. fMRI

a. Computed tomography (CAT scan)

Tracy always puts a newspaper on the floor before feeding her dog. Lately, she has noticed that her dog begins to drool as soon as she reaches for the newspaper. She correctly assumes that classical conditioning has taken place. What is the conditioned response? a. Drooling to the sight of the newspaper b. Drooling to the smell and taste of the dog food c. The dog food d. The newspaper

a. Drooling to the sight of the newspaper

Baby June's parents are worried that she suffers from sleep apnea, as they often hear her snoring and sometimes hear her stop breathing in her sleep. Her pediatrician decides that she will prescribe a "sleep study," during which the electrical activity in June's brain will be monitored for an entire night of sleep. Which type of test will be a part of the study that the pediatrician orders? a. EEG b. EMG c. CAT scan d. MRI

a. EEG

Perry did not feel the bullet that grazed his knee until he was back in the jeep with his fellow soldiers. The pain suppression was probably due to the release of which substance(s) at the site of the injury? a. Endorphins b. Ossicles c. Transducers d. Pheromones

a. Endorphins

Dr. Gray believes that males are predisposed to seek multiple sex partners to ensure their genes will survive in future generations, and females are predisposed to seek a single male partner to ensure the well-being of their offspring. Dr. Gray is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. Evolutionary b. Behavioral c. Humanistic d. Sociocultural

a. Evolutionary

Ever since Ramona's parents divorced, Ramona has been living with her mother and spending alternate weekends at her father's house. Ramona's father is rewarded with her presence on what type of reinforcement schedule? a. Fixed-interval b. Fixed-ratio c. Variable-ratio d. Variable-interval

a. Fixed-interval

Dr. Ellerby is designing a twin study to determine the genetic contribution to the trait of creativity. She plans on comparing the concordance rates for fraternal and identical twins. What is one drawback to such a study? a. Identical twins live in a more similar environment than do fraternal twins. b. It's difficult to find twins to participate in studies. c. Twins only share 50% of their genetic makeup. d. It's hard to generalize from twins to the general population.

a. Identical twins live in a more similar environment than do fraternal twins.

What would be the reason why a pair of observers should be employed when using naturalistic observation as opposed to a single observer? a. It helps to reduce the impact of a single observer's own biases. b. It satisfies the requirement that the naturalistic observation be held in a "double-blind" format. c. It allows for the sharing of opinions regarding what was observed. d. Multiple observers allows a correlational study such as this to be used for the purpose of drawing cause-and-effect conclusions.

a. It helps to reduce the impact of a single observer's own biases.

Sam, who is blind, is using an exercise machine in the gym. At any moment, he is aware of where his arms and legs are because of which of his senses? a. Kinesthesia b. Vestibular c. Vision d. Hearing

a. Kinesthesia

Even with your eyes closed, you can correctly point to different parts of your body. That ability is due to which of the following senses? a. Kinesthesis b. Vestibular c. Olfaction d. Gustation

a. Kinesthesis

Marjorie suffers from a rather disturbing problem. She regularly has extremely frightening dreams that usually involve her being attacked or tortured. She wakes up from these dreams several times a week, and often has difficulty falling back to sleep. She has been very sleepy during the day, and her boss has noticed that her work is suffering. Which of the following would be a likely diagnosis for Marjorie's problem? a. Nightmare disorder b. Sleep apnea c. Narcolepsy d. Sleep terror disorder

a. Nightmare disorder

Dr. Alexinova has recently conducted a single-blind medical efficacy study, and has published her results in a noted peer-reviewed journal. Which of the following groups of people would be kept unaware of which participants where in the control and experimental groups in the study? a. Only the research participants. b. The journal's manuscript reviewers. c. The readers of the journal. d. The research participants and the researcher.

a. Only the research participants

What is the name for all members of a defined group? a. Population b. Relationship c. Participants d. Sample

a. Population

In her vivid dream, Celine is the princess who rules over a kingdom of tiny men who are wearing purple baseball uniforms. Celine is probably in what stage of sleep? a. REM b. Stage 4 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 2

a. REM

Sleep spindles occur in the EEG of a person in which stage of sleep? a. Stage 2 b. Stage 4 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 1

a. Stage 2

Which of the following pairs of sleep stages would involve no brain activity that would be marked by the presence of delta waves? a. Stages 1 and 2 of sleep. b. Stages 3 and 4 of sleep. c. Stage 4 and REM sleep. d. Stages 2 and 3 of sleep.

a. Stages 1 and 2 of sleep.

At age 2, Jeanine, the daughter of alcoholic parents, was adopted by a couple who never drank alcohol. At age 22, Jeanine became an alcoholic. Based on the above, which of the following is most likely to be a valid conclusion: a. The alcoholism might have been inherited. b. If alcoholism is in the genotype, it will eventually show up in the phenotype. c. The adoption contributed to the alcoholism. d. Alcoholism is more influenced by nurture than by nature.

a. The alcoholism might have been inherited.

Barbara was putting in her contact lenses and she did realize that there was a small fleck of dirt on the surface of one of her eyes. This caused a scratch, or an 'abrasion', to this very delicate layer of eye tissue. She had to wear an eye patch for several days while this scratch healed. Which part of Barbara's eye was affected? a. The cornea b. The lens c. The presbyopia d. The retina

a. The cornea

Which of the following, located in the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex, is responsible for controlling voluntary movements in specific parts of the body? a. The motor cortex b. The corpus callosum c. The somatosensory cortex d. The association area

a. The motor cortex

Which of the following statements is the least accurate regarding ethnic diversity in the field of professional psychology? a. There is one Native American psychologist for every 30,000 Native Americans in the United States. b. The professional ranks of psychology have actually become far less diverse in recent years. c. In recent years people of color have become widely present in the profession of psychology, particularly at the doctoral level. d. Minority representation at the doctoral level of psychology is about one-tenth of what it is in general society.

a. There is one Native American psychologist for every 30,000 Native Americans in the United States.

Why is it that detoxification usually requires a hospital stay? a. To ensure that medical monitoring is available during the process. b. Because insurance companies will only pay for detoxification treatment that occurs in a hospital. c. Because follow-up counseling when the detoxification has been completed must take place in a hospital setting. d. Because most people who go through detoxification also have other very serious medical problems that require attention.

a. To ensure that medical monitoring is available during the process.

Amy has recently been prescribed a medication that would be categorized as a barbiturate. There are many reasons why her physician may suggest that she take these pills. Which of the following would not be one of them? a. To reduce the frequency of asthma attacks. b. To control epileptic seizures. c. To block pain during surgery. d. To regulate high blood pressure.

a. To reduce the frequency of asthma attacks.

A slot machine is set to pay out on a pre-determined pattern of numbers of inputted quarters. Which type of reinforcement schedule is that? a. Variable-ratio b. Fixed-interval c. Variable-interval d. Fixed-ratio

a. Variable-ratio

Have you ever heard the song, "One of these things is not like the other!" Well, even if you haven't, which of the following does not belong with the others? a. alcohol b. cocaine c. nicotine d. amphetamines

a. alcohol

The primary function of ________ is to lock into receptor sites so that messages carried by neurotransmitters cannot be communicated to another neuron. a. antagonists b. neuromodulators c. enzymes d. agonists

a. antagonists

Steven was having a lucid dream. Consequently, he was a. aware that he was dreaming. b. influenced by it. c. able to remember it. d. frightened by it.

a. aware that he was dreaming.

The ________ , a cluster of nerve cells in the forebrain, is involved in controlling movement and coordination. a. basal ganglia b. reticular activating system c. corpus callosum d. reticular formation

a. basal ganglia

Expanding our knowledge of psychological phenomena is to ________ research as solving real world practical problems is to ________ research. a. basic; applied b. correlational; experimental c. experimental; correlational d. applied; basic

a. basic; applied

The two major divisions of the human nervous system are the: a. central and peripheral nervous systems. b. spinal and somatic nervous systems. c. sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. d. somatic and autonomic nervous systems.

a. central and peripheral nervous systems.

When he first arrives on campus, Brutus takes a tour of his new college so that he can become familiar with the location of the library, classroom buildings, dormitories, and other important buildings. Later, when he is thinking about how he will get to his first class, he visualizes the path from his dorm room to the appropriate classroom. In this activity, Brutus is making use of a(n) ________ . a. cognitive map b. vicarious model c. positive reinforcer d. conditioned stimulus

a. cognitive map

The early school of psychology called structuralism: a. embraced the idea that introspection was a way to understand one's own conscious experiences. b. emphasized focusing on organized patterns or "wholes" instead of individual parts of a stimulus. c. emerged largely as a reaction to the fundamental flaws that existed in the previously developed perspective called functionalism. d. proposed the idea that the human personality has a 3-level structure composed of the id, ego, and superego.

a. embraced the idea that introspection was a way to understand one's own conscious experiences.

Whenever his mother asks him to do a chore, Joe cheerfully tackles the job, but after a short while he starts to complain about how much homework he was assigned that day. Invariably, his mother tells him to forget the chore and just do his homework. Joe's behavior demonstrates a. escape learning. b. learned helplessness. c. extinction. d. avoidance learning.

a. escape learning.

Dr. Judd wants to test the effects of three treatments on migraine headaches. The treatments are hypnosis, thermal biofeedback, and muscle-relaxation. He also wants to see if just believing that a treatment is helpful might actually explain its benefit. To do that, he needs to: a. give the different treatments to three separate groups of participants and give a fourth group a placebo. b. let each participant experience every one of the treatments. c. confide in the participants that the benefit of the treatments is unproven. d. inform the participants of the research that backs each of the treatments.

a. give the different treatments to three separate groups of participants and give a fourth group a placebo.

Rachel dreamed that she went camping with her cat and during the night, she and her cat were attacked by wild animals. Dr. Albers interpreted the dream as indicating that Rachel has unconscious fears about sex. The story of the dream that Rachel related is the ________ content, and Dr. Albers's interpretation would be the ________ content. a. manifest; latent b. latent; manifest c. indirect; direct d. direct; indirect

a. manifest; latent

When a cell membrane is at its resting potential, the inside of the cell is a. more negative than its outside. b. not charged at all. c. more positive than its outside. d. equal in charge to its outside.

a. more negative than its outside.

One of the oldest debates in all of psychology is the ________ debate, which asks whether one's behavior is governed genetics or environment and culture. The best resolution of this debate is that both are important factors in an individual's development. a. nature-nurture b. continuity-discontinuity c. life span versus stage d. single factor versus multiple factors

a. nature-nurture

The suprachiasmatic nucleus responds to electrical impulses that originate in the receptors that are located a. on the retinas of the eyes b. within the skin. c. in the nasal passages. d. on the basilar membrane.

a. on the retinas of the eyes

Primary reinforcers differ from secondary reinforcers in that a. only secondary reinforcers are learned. b. primary reinforcers can be applied at any time; secondary reinforcers require certain conditions. c. primary reinforcers work on all organisms; secondary reinforcers can only be applied to humans. d. only primary reinforcers are rewarding.

a. only secondary reinforcers are learned.

Jeanine was terrified when she saw a rat run through her kitchen while she was eating lunch. When she realized that it was really a hamster that belonged to her son's playmate, she calmed down and resumed her meal. The part of the autonomic nervous system that allowed her body to relax and digest lunch was the ________ . a. parasympathetic nervous system. b. sympathetic nervous system. c. the central nervous system. d. the somatic nervous system.

a. parasympathetic nervous system

Professor Krup read Professor Burt's research and found the results amazingly unbelievable. In fact, when Professor Krup and five other faculty in his psychology department made independent attempts to follow Professor Burt's procedures, none of them was able to achieve the same results reported by Professor Burt. In technical terms, this means that Professor Krup and his colleagues were not able to ________ Professor Burt's research. a. replicate b. repeat c. hypothesize d. operationalize

a. replicate

The reinforcement of responses that are successively closer to a target behavior is called a. shaping. b. second-order conditioning. c. vicarious conditioning. d. habituation.

a. shaping.

A neuron becomes depolarized when: a. sodium ions enter its cell membrane. b. sodium ions exit its cell membrane. c. chloride ions enter its cell membrane. d. potassium ions exit its cell membrane.

a. sodium ions enter its cell membrane.

The "trance state" view of hypnosis suggests that being hypnotized is an altered state of awareness characterized by a heightened state of ________. a. suggestibility b. dissociation c. distractibility d. focus

a. suggestibility

Dr. Matthews is conducting an experiment that looks at driving technique versus fuel efficiency. She instructs one group of participants to set their cruise control for 55 miles per hour and to "cruise" around the highway for one hour. She instructs her other group of participants to drive as quickly as possible (within the boundaries of the law) around the highway for the same amount of time. When all of the driving is done, she measures how much gas was used and how far each car went. In this experiment the independent variable is: a. the manner in which each participant drives. b. the type of fuel that was used. c. the type of cars that were driven. d. the number of miles each car got per gallon of fuel.

a. the manner in which each participant drives.

In a study on the effects of reward on intrinsic motivation, some children were rewarded with stickers for drawing pictures, whereas others were not. The independent variable in the study was: a. the reward b. the number of pictures drawn by the rewarded group. c. the quality of the pictures drawn by the rewarded group. d. intrinsic motivation.

a. the reward.

Supertasters experience tastes more intensely than other people because a. they have a greater than average number of taste buds. b. their brains process taste information more strongly than average. c. they have senses of smell that are more sensitive than average. d. they have taste buds that have greater than average sensitivity.

a. they have a greater than average number of taste buds.

When Miss O'Neil receives the essays that her fifth grade students turned in, she was able to decipher the handwriting of each student even though they had very different styles of script. Which type of processing allows her to understand these very different types of writing? a. top-down processing b. gestalt processing c. bottom-up processing d. algorithmic processing

a. top-down processing

Helena is taken to the ophthalmologist's office when she is six years old for her very first eye exam. The physician determines that she has normal vision, both in terms of acuity and color vision. For that reason Helena would be considered a a. trichromat b. tetrachromat c. omnichromat d. monochromat

a. trichromat

Upon his return from outer space, the astronaut experienced vestibular problems. He had trouble a. walking naturally. b. seeing clearly. c. hearing applause. d. sensing that it was cold outside.

a. walking naturally.

Melanie's friends guessed that Melanie had taken amphetamines because she a. was breathing fast. b. was acting groggy. c. was sleeping more. d. had a ravenous appetite.

a. was breathing fast.

According to the opponent-process theory of color vision, the afterimage one would expect to see after staring at a field of blue for an extended period would be perceived as ________ . a. yellow b. green c. purple d. red

a. yellow

At their annual convention, four psychologists of different persuasions were seated together at dinner. When their waitress, Alice, came over, she was teary-eyed from slicing onions in the kitchen. As soon as she left with the orders, all four ventured guesses as to why she had been crying. What did humanistic psychologist most likely say? a. "She probably does not even know why she is so miserable, but it must be a deeply repressed unfulfilled wish that is keeping her so." b. "She probably perceives that this is a 'dead end' job that is keeping her from realizing her full potential." c. "She probably was either punished by someone in the kitchen, or she was denied some expected reward." d. "Women her age are usually concerned that their biological clock is ticking. She's probably been thinking that she may not have any children to pass her genes to."

b. "She probably perceives that this is a 'dead end' job that is keeping her from realizing her full potential."

Shariece is going to participate in a study that will involve gathering information about various relatives. Specific traits and/or disorders in those relatives will be identified, and the level of relationship Shariece shares with each relative will be closely examined. What kind of study is Shariece going to work with? a. A longitudinal study b. A familial association study c. An adoptee study d. A twin study

b. A familial association study

The quarterback of a professional football team has an unusual pattern of behaviors that he insists on carrying out before the beginning of every game. He kneels down, kisses the turf in the end zone, pulls some grass out of the ground, and tosses it into his own helmet. This is something he has done ever since college when he did this combination of actions before having the best game of his career. According to ________ , such superstitious behaviors can be the result of a coincidental pairing of a response and reinforcement. a. C.H. Honzik b. B.F. Skinner c. E.L. Thorndike d. Rosalie Rayner

b. B.F. Skinner

Many people believe that money is the most powerful reward that there is, but they may be surprised to learn that money is an example of a secondary, and not a primary, reinforcer. Why is money not considered a primary reinforcer? a. Because the relative value of money decreases as people obtain more of it. b. Because money is not naturally reinforcing, but rather it gets its value by being associated with primary reinforcers. c. Because money can only be earned after a behavior has occurred ,while primary reinforcers must be presented before a behavior occurs. d. Because the reinforcing properties of money are resistant to extinction, while primary reinforcers are defined by their rapid rate of extinction.

b. Because money is not naturally reinforcing, but rather it gets its value by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Why is it that responses on a variable-ratio schedule of partial reinforcement would be more resistant to extinction than responses on a fixed-ratio schedule? a. Because the variable-ratio schedule provide reinforcement after an uncertain number of responses, while a fixed-ratio schedule provides a reinforcer after every responses occurs. b. Because on a variable-ratio schedule reinforcement is less predictable, and this will lead to greater perseveration of responses. c. Because a variable-ratio schedule determines the reinforcement based on the number of responses while the fixed-ratio schedule determines the reinforcement based on the amount of time that has passed. d. Because a variable-ratio schedule determines the reinforcement based on the amount of time that has passed while the fixed-ratio schedule determines the reinforcement based on the number of responses.

b. Because on a variable-ratio schedule reinforcement is less predictable, and this will lead to greater perseveration of responses.

Why would lesioning as a method of studying brain functioning not be advisable for work with human participants? a. Because the human brain has such high abilities of plasticity that such lesions would rapidly self-heal. b. Because the process involves intentional destruction of a specific part of the brain. c. Because such small areas of damage would not be likely to have any impact on the advanced brain of a human being. d. Because it tends to be a very painful procedure that most people cannot tolerate.

b. Because the process involves intentional destruction of a specific part of the brain.

Why is it that men tend to have deeper voices than women? a. Because men have larger interior areas of the chest, which produces a greater area for sound waves to become more complex and, by extension, lower sounding. b. Because women have shorter vocal cords and produce sound waves of higher frequencies. c. Because the vocal cords of men are located lower in their throats and thus the sound waves they produce are slowed down as they have farther to travel . d. Because estrogen has been shown to affect the rate at which vocal cords vibrate, producing a higher and thinner sound.

b. Because women have shorter vocal cords and produce sound waves of higher frequencies.

Jack has decided that he wants to learn to control some of the processes of his body that would normally be considered autonomic - processes like his heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure. Which of the following will he undergo to get such control? a. In vivo flooding b. Biofeedback training c. Hatha yoga d. Mindfulness meditation

b. Biofeedback training

Miss Randolph, Ms. Owens and Mrs. Penn all teach in the same elementary school. Miss Randolph rewards her students with silver stars for good performance. Ms. Owens rewards her students with compliments when they perform well. Mrs. Penn rewards her students with pretzels. Which one(s), if any, of the teachers use(s) secondary reinforcement? a. None of the three b. Both Miss Randolph and Ms. Owens c. Only Miss Randolph d. Every one of them

b. Both Miss Randolph and Ms. Owens

Theodore does not like to take out the garbage. His parents, on the other hand, want him to take out the garbage every day. In order to get him to do so, they begin giving him five dollars after he has taken out the garbage three times. After a while, this schedule of reinforcement has Theodore taking the garbage out every day. Which type of schedule is it? a. Fixed-interval b. Fixed-ratio c. Variable-interval d. Variable-ratio

b. Fixed-ratio

Of the following areas of study in psychology, which would be considered an "emerging area?" a. Personality psychology b. Forensic psychology c. Educational psychology d. Industrial/Organizational psychology

b. Forensic Psychology

_____ psychologists rejected the notion that unconscious processes and environmental influences determine our behavior. Rather, they emphasized the importance of conscious choice in understanding behaviors. a. Behavioral b. Humanistic c. Sociocultural d. Physiological

b. Humanistic

Which of the following is not a true statement with regard to hypnosis? a. Exactly what is happening during a hypnotic trance has not been agreed-upon by experts. b. Hypnosis is a state of consciousness that is analogous to sleep. c. Hypnosis most commonly involves a narrowing of focus to the voice of the hypnotist. d. Some experts believe that a person who is hypnotized is just acting out a role that they think is expected of them.

b. Hypnosis is a state of consciousness that is analogous to sleep.

What do you call the process of mentally working through a problem until the sudden realization of a solution occurs? a. Latent learning b. Insight learning c. Instrumental learning d. Vicarious learning

b. Insight learning

At the health food restaurant, four friends ordered a broccoli pizza. Which one of them was most likely to say that his pizza tasted bitter? a. Lila, who has a bad cold b. Luke, who has an unusually dense network of taste buds c. Lionel, who is a "taster" d. Lynn, who is a "nontaster"

b. Luke, who has an unusually dense network of taste buds

At the giant toy store, four small children are throwing temper tantrums because their parents will not agree to buy them everything that they want. Which parent is most likely to extinguish the undesirable behavior? a. Sean's father, who says, "As soon as you quiet down, I'll buy you that toy." b. Mallory's mother, who says, "We'll discuss this when you calm down and speak in a nice voice." c. Howie's mother, who says, "We'll get it next time. I didn't bring enough money today." d. Eddie's father, who says, "Only bad boys scream like that. Stop it!"

b. Mallory's mother, who says, "We'll discuss this when you calm down and speak in a nice voice."

Which of the following hormones is secreted by the pineal gland? a. Insulin b. Melatonin c. Adrenaline d. Oxytocin

b. Melatonin

Which of the following statements regarding observational learning is false? a. Childhood exposure to media violence is linked to greater aggressiveness in adulthood. b. Modeling effects, including those that include violence, are generally stronger when the model receives negative reinforcement for performing the behavior. c. Research finds that exposure to violence in media contributes to violent and aggressive behaviors in children and adolescents. d. Modeling effects, including those that include violence, are generally stronger when the model is similar to the learner.

b. Modeling effects, including those that include violence, are generally stronger when the model receives negative reinforcement for performing the behavior.

What is the primary difference between neurotransmitters and hormones? a. Hormones can only stimulate actions, while neurotransmitters can either stimulate or depress functions. b. Neurotransmitters are found only in the nervous system, while hormones travel through the bloodstream to their destinations. c. Neurotransmitters can only stimulate actions, while hormones can either stimulate or depress functions. d. Hormones are found only in the nervous system, while neurotransmitters travel through the bloodstream to their destinations.

b. Neurotransmitters are found only in the nervous system, while hormones travel through the bloodstream to their destinations.

Maggie has been pregnant for the last 9 ½ months, and is very ready to give birth. The pregnancy has been difficult, and she really wants to hold her baby. Based on your knowledge of the human endocrine system, which hormone will be crucial in stimulating the uterine contractions associated with childbirth, as well as causing Maggie's body to release milk when it is time for the baby to nurse? a. Progesterone b. Oxytocin c. Estrogen d. Progestin

b. Oxytocin

Which of the following is a binocular cue for distance based on the slight differences in the visual impressions formed by both eyes? a. Linear perspective b. Retinal disparity c. Convergence d. Constancy

b. Retinal disparity

Alvin has decided to pursue his doctorate in the branch of psychology that explores the impact of different social groups and the impact of their ethnic backgrounds on behaviors. He is particularly interested in this area because he knows that one-half of the United States population is predicted to be compromised ethnic minorities by the year 2050. Which sort of program should Alvin apply to? a. Psychodynamic psychology b. Sociocultural psychology c. Ethnographic psychology d. Cognitive psychology

b. Sociocultural psychology

The term "autonomic" nervous system is not entirely accurate to describe what this system does. Why is that? a. Because this system is dependent on the functions of the afferent and efferent neural pathways to do its job properly. b. Some functions of the autonomic nervous system can be voluntarily controlled. c. Because this system controls more than the motor functions of the human body that are indicated by the prefix "auto" in the name of the system. d. Because the reflexes that are controlled by this system are actually under a person's volitional control.

b. Some functions of the autonomic nervous system can be voluntarily controlled.

Keisha hooks Kaylon up to an EEG. When the EEG shows delta waves, Keisha correctly concludes that Kaylon must be in a. REM stage of sleep. b. Stage 3 or 4 of sleep. c. Stage 2 or 3 of sleep. d. Stage 1 or 2 of sleep

b. Stage 3 or 4 of sleep.

Sheldon is having an ongoing problem with insomnia. In his particular case, he has difficulty falling asleep at night. On some occasions he can lay in bed for 3 or 4 hours in a row without getting a wink of sleep! As a trained expert in sleep disorders, which of the following would not be among your list of recommendations to help Sheldon overcome his sleep problem? a. Adopt a regular sleep schedule b. Stay in bed even if it takes a while to sleep c. Practice rational 'self talk' d. Avoid tossing and turning

b. Stay in bed even if it takes a while to sleep

During puberty, males' voices typically deepen. Which hormone has been linked to this deepening of the voice? a. Oxytocin b. Testosterone c. Melatonin d. Progesterone

b. Testosterone

The brain's "biological clock," which keeps track of the body's circadian rhythm, is located in which structure? a. The cerebellum. b. The hypothalamus. c. The locus coeruleus. d. The hippocampus.

b. The hypothalamus.

Why did the injury suffered by railroad worker Phineas Gage result in significant changes in his personality? a. When he was thrown from the train he suffered a skull fracture, and shards of his skull pierced the parietal lobe of his cerebral cortex. b. The rod that went through his brain damaged his prefrontal cortex and other connections between the frontal lobes and other parts of the brain. c. The explosion that occurred sent a rush of superheated air up his nose, through his sinuses, and cause irreparable burns to his brainstem. d. When he was hit by the train, the hypothalamus was dislodged from its normal position, and this caused a virtual shutting down of Gage's endocrine system.

b. The rod that went through his brain damaged his prefrontal cortex and other connections between the frontal lobes and other parts of the brain.

How do social-cognitive behaviorists depart from B.F. Skinner's behaviorism? a. Their approach is more radical than his was. b. Their approach includes mental processes, as well as behavior. c. They no longer consider behavior to be primarily the result of learning. d. They no longer deny that thoughts exist.

b. Their approach includes mental processes, as well as behavior.

Which of the following 19th-century psychologists compared human consciousness to water flowing continuously down a river? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. G. Stanley Hall d. Edward Titchener

b. William James

Right before she came down with a stomach virus, Margaret ate a pepperoni pizza. The queasy feeling in her stomach became associated with her lunch. Ever since then, Margaret has gotten nauseous just thinking about pepperoni. Margaret's response to pepperoni is an example of a. reconditioning. b. a conditioned taste aversion. c. observational learning. d. aversive conditioning.

b. a conditioned taste aversion.

The state of awareness in which we experience some change in our normal level of focus or attention is called ________ . a. waking consciousness b. altered consciousness c. daydreaming d. focused awareness

b. altered consciousness

Lucinda has been a bodybuilder since her middle adolescent years. Now in her twenties, she has an opportunity to compete for her country's Olympic team in this sport. She wants to get an edge on her competition, so she has decided to take a chance and begin using ________ steroids. She knows that the risks include an increase in aggressive and belligerent behavior, but she wants the benefit of an increase in muscle mass. a. metabolic b. anabolic c. anaerobic d. aerobic

b. anabolic

The key element of classical conditioning is a. consequences. b. association. c. experience. d. modeling.

b. association.

Little Brittany followed the white pigeon as it waddled its way down the sidewalk. Whenever it passed under a tree, its feathers sent Brittany's eyes a darker image. Brittany, however, only perceived the same bright white pigeon. That was due to a. accommodation. b. brightness constancy. c. stroboscopic movement. d. texture gradient.

b. brightness constancy.

Which of the following would be the best example of an automatic process? a. learning a new language b. brushing your teeth c. putting together a new jungle gym in your backyard d. finding your psychology classroom on the first day of the semester

b. brushing your teeth

The term ________ comes from the Latin words meaning "about" and "day." a. hypnagogic b. circadian c. nocturnal d. diurnal

b. circadian

Rob was determined to get a random sample of the students in the university for his psychology survey assignment. He succeeded when he: a. put an ad in the school paper requesting volunteers and polled the first 100 students who answered the ad. b. copied the names of all the students on slips of paper, putting them in a bag, and drawing out 100 slips. Then he called up those students. c. stopped people on their way into the cafeteria and polled the first 100 who agreed to be surveyed. d. polled ten of his friends and then asked each one of them to poll nine of his or her friends.

b. copied the names of all the students on slips of paper, putting them in a bag, and drawing out 100 slips. Then he called up those students.

Larry experienced punishment followed by negative reinforcement when a. the gym teacher that he didn't like was absent, but a mean substitute came to take his place. b. he bit into a spicy red pepper in his Kung Pao chicken; then, soothing his palate with water relieved the burning sensation. c. he lost his wallet but found a $20 bill lying on the sidewalk. d. his dentist gave him a painful injection, and he still felt great pain when the tooth was extracted.

b. he bit into a spicy red pepper in his Kung Pao chicken; then, soothing his palate with water relieved the burning sensation.

When a person struggles with a problem and fails to find the solution, they may suddenly have a moment of inspiration - an "a-ha!" moment - when the correct answer suddenly presents itself. This is an example of ________ learning. a. vicarious b. insight c. latent d. observational

b. insight

The structure that gives the eye its color and also controls the amount of light entering the eye is the a. pupil. b. iris. c. lens. d. cornea.

b. iris.

The smallest amount of change in stimulation that a person can reliably detect is called a(n): a. minimal sensory field. b. just-noticeable difference. c. absolute threshold. d. Weber's change.

b. just-noticeable difference.

In the emerging field of ________ , researchers probe brain wave patterns to measure the brain's response to advertisements and other brand-related stimuli. a. subliminal advertising b. neuromarketing c. physiological propaganda d. industrial/organizational psychology

b. neuromarketing

Modern psychology traces its roots back to: a. religion b. philosophy c. medicine d. psychiatry

b. philosophy

Heather sees her Aunt Jean at a family reunion. Heather, who is fourteen, has grown six inches taller since the last time she saw her aunt. Jean remarks on how much Heather has grown. Having taken an Introduction to Psychology class, she attributes Heather's growth to activity in her a. thyroid gland. b. pituitary gland. c. pineal gland. d. adrenal glands.

b. pituitary gland.

In Pavlov's experiment, the unconditioned response was the a. sound of the tone. b. salivation to the food. c. salivation to the sound of the tone. d. food.

b. salivation to the food.

Less than five minutes after George put on his wristwatch, he no longer sensed its touch on his skin. That's because of a. perceptual set. b. sensory adaptation. c. accommodation. d. kinesthesia.

b. sensory adaptation.

Genotype is to phenotype as: a. observable traits is to set of instructions. b. set of instructions is to observable traits. c. mutated genetic blueprint is to normal genetic blueprint. d. normal genetic blueprint is to mutated genetic blueprint.

b. set of instructions is to observable traits.

Beth wants to condition her younger brother to blink when she plays a note on her flute. In order to produce the strongest conditioned response she should a. deliver the puff to the eye, and after her brother blinks, play the note on the flute. b. start by playing the note, and while she is playing it, deliver a puff of air to the eye. c. start by delivering the puff to the eye and while she is delivering it, play the note on the flute. d. play the note, put the flute down, and deliver a puff of air to the eye.

b. start by playing the note, and while she is playing it, deliver a puff of air to the eye.

As a method of investigating brain functioning, electrical ________ involves passing a mild current through particular parts of the brain and observing the effects. a. innervation b. stimulation c. potentiation d. actuation

b. stimulation

Edward Thorndike was the first to describe a. insight learning. b. the Law of Effect. c. latent learning. d. classical conditioning.

b. the Law of Effect.

At dinner, Priscilla told everyone the crazy dream she had the night before, where a big black swan chased her out of the park. She asked everyone seated around the table to try to interpret what the dream meant. When it was Rodney's turn, he said: "Dreams don't mean anything. They're just random bits of nonsense produced by a brain at rest." Rodney's assertion is in line with a. neodissociation theory. b. the activation-synthesis hypothesis. c. Freud's view of dreams. d. the role-playing model.

b. the activation-synthesis hypothesis.

Shawna was shown a series of 9 dots. They were spaced so that three dots were close together, followed by a larger space, then three dots close together, followed by a larger space, then the last three dots were placed close together. Shawna is most likely to perceive ________ due to the principle of ________ . a. all 9 dots as representing a unified form; proximity b. three sets of 3 dots each; proximity c. all 9 dots as representing a unified form; continuity d. the dots as being in motion; connectedness

b. three sets of 3 dots each; proximity

Dr. McNally was doing a study that involved the use of a mild electric shock. The results of his study might have been affected by the placebo effect when, in order to calm of some of the nervous participants, his research assistant: a. let them see how he administers the same level of shock to himself without pain. b. told them falsely that small amounts of electricity are actually relaxing. c. taught them to use a muscle-relaxation technique. d. gave them mild tranquilizers.

b. told them falsely that small amounts of electricity are actually relaxing.

Penny is sitting in a comfortable position in her apartment. Her legs are crossed, her eyes are closed, she is breathing rhythmically, and is making a "humming" sound. She is clearly engaged in a session of ________ meditation. a. hypnotic b. transcendental c. Hatha d. mindfulness

b. transcendental

Aretha, who had her corpus callosum severed, volunteered for a split-brain research study. Dr. Wang blindfolded her, placed a cell phone in her left hand, and asked: "Can you tell me what you are holding and can you show me how it is used?" As he expected, Aretha was a. able to tell him what she was holding and able to show him how it is used. b. unable to tell him what she was holding but able to show him how it is used. c. able to tell him what she was holding but unable to show him how it is used. d. unable to tell him what she was holding and unable to show him how it is used.

b. unable to tell him what she was holding but able to show him how it is used.

In a study examining the effects of pet ownership on boys' and girls' stress levels, researcher first measured the stress levels of a group of fourth-graders. Then he distributed pet hamsters to half the children to take home and then, two months later, he compared the stress levels of those who were given hamsters with those who were not. In this study, the independent variable is: a. the children's age. b. whether or not they received a hamster. c. the children's gender. d. the stress levels of all the children in the group.

b. whether or not they received a hamster.

The left hemisphere is dominant in about ________ of right-handed individuals and ________ of left-handed individuals. a. 50; 50 b. 75; 10 c. 95; 70 d. 15; 90

c. 95; 70

Which of the following characteristics is identified as a desirable characteristic in a hypnotic subject? a. A good sense of humor b. High self-esteem c. A good imagination d. A good memory

c. A good imagination

When the patient came in with excruciating pain, the doctor administered what type of psychoactive drug? a. A stimulant b. A depressant c. An opioid d. A hallucinogen

c. An opioid

Why would it be accurate to say that a neuron is not capable of firing as many times in a row as it wants to? a. Because the synapse between two neurons gets larger every time an action potential is generated, until it can no longer send its electrical charge over that gap. b. Because 98% of the neurons in the human body only fire once in a given day. c. Because after every action potential a neuron goes through a brief refractory period during which time it is incapable of firing. d. Because the job of neurons is to avoid firing more than necessary. The "resting" state is what a neuron naturally seeks.

c. Because after every action potential a neuron goes through a brief refractory period during which time it is incapable of firing.

Why is a twin study particularly useful at identifying the role of genetic factors in behaviors? a. Because such studies allow for the elimination of any environmental impact on the behaviors of the twins in question. b. Because identical twins tend to have very close interpersonal relationships, and this enhances a researcher's ability to conduct similar evaluations of both twins. c. Because higher concordance rates among monozygotic twins suggests that their identical genetic code is operating in the same way. d. Because these studies allow a researcher to tease out the difference between one twin's similarity with their biological parents and the other twin's similarity with their adopted parents.

c. Because higher concordance rates among monozygotic twins suggests that their identical genetic code is operating in the same way.

Why should one not think of a person as being "left-brained" or "right-brained?" a. Because the idea of hemispheric specialization has been grossly over-exaggerated; in fact, both hemispheres control virtually identical functions. b. Because all higher "human" functions are controlled by the right cerebral hemisphere, thus making the concept of a "left-brained" person non-existent. Only animals can be left-brained. c. Because while some functions are controlled more by one hemisphere or the other, the brain operates as a whole system. d. Because we only use about 10% of our brains, and virtually none of that involves functioning in only one hemisphere.

c. Because while some functions are controlled more by one hemisphere or the other, the brain operates as a whole system.

Suzette is writing her Master's thesis on the topic of a part of the brain that is essential to the production of speech. The area she has studied is located in the left frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex. Which of the following is the topic of her thesis? a. Sperry's area b. Gazzaniga's area c. Broca's area d. Wernicke's area

c. Broca's area

The left hemisphere would be superior to the right for which of the following tasks? a. Identifying a suspect from a mug shot b. Positioning oneself under a fly ball in order to catch it. c. Calling 911 to report a police emergency d. Recognizing the face of a familiar person.

c. Calling 911 to report a police emergency

While riding the double-decker tour bus, Mrs. Owens marveled at how the street vendors at the side of the road seemed to go very slowly past her visual field, whereas the distant buildings on the other side of the park appeared to be moving past very fast. Mrs. Owens experienced which of the following motion cues? a. Stroboscopic movement b. Psychokinesis c. Changing size d. Retinal disparity

c. Changing size

________ deafness is generally the result of damage to the middle ear. a. Nerve b. Frequency c. Conduction d. Amplitude

c. Conduction

Which of the following would be the most accurate statement about consciousness? a. We are able to save time while multitasking with no decrease in quality of performance. b. Multitasking is unrelated to developments in technology. c. Drifting consciousness often leads to daydreaming. d. The only way to obtain an altered state of consciousness is through the use of drugs.

c. Drifting consciousness often leads to daydreaming.

Perry did not feel the bullet that grazed his knee until he was back in the jeep with his fellow soldiers. The pain suppression was probably due to the release of which substance(s) at the site of the injury? a. Ossicles b. Transducers c. Endorphins d. Pheromones

c. Endorphins

The neodissociation theory, proposed by ________ , posits that hypnosis occurs when one's consciousness is split off into two parts. One of these parts carries out the hypnotist's suggestions and another part, called the hidden observer, monitors everything that happens. a. Sigmund Freud b. Edwin Shneidman c. Ernest Hilgard d. Alfred Adler

c. Ernest Hilgard

Max and Maxine shared space and time in their mother's womb, were born within minutes of each other, and have always felt special because they are fraternal twins. Max likes to think that he and his sister share a genetic bond that is stronger than their non-twin friends, Julie and Christopher. Which of the following would be a correct response to Max's belief? a. Genetically max and Maxine are twice as similar as Julie and Christopher. b. Because Max and Maxine were derived from a single zygote but are not the same sex, it is impossible to know how genetically similar they are. c. Genetically Max and Maxine are as similar as Julie and Christopher. d. Genetically Julie and Christopher are twice as similar as Max and Maxine.

c. Genetically Max and Maxine are as similar as Julie and Christopher.

Marcellus's friends are appalled when they see the accident that he experiences. He is doing tricks on his skateboard when he hits a small stone and goes flying off. They notice how oddly he bends as he collides with a handrail, and when they get to him he reports that he cannot feel or move his legs. Which part of his central nervous system has Marcellus probably damaged? a. His brain b. His sensory neurons c. His spinal cord d. His motor neurons

c. His spinal cord

Of the following statements regarding insight learning, which provides the best explanation for how moments of inspiration may occur? a. Insight tends to come only after one has slept on a problem, so that the brain can consolidate the information it has on the given problem. b. Insight tends to come "out of the blue," and is unaffected by past knowledge or experience. c. Insight may occur by restructuring or reorganizing a problem in the mind until one sees how the various parts of the problem fit together. d. Insight tends to come only after one has discussed the problem with others, so that external advice and input can be gathered.

c. Insight may occur by restructuring or reorganizing a problem in the mind until one sees how the various parts of the problem fit together.

Liana watched the marathon from the finish line. She saw both of her brothers approaching. She could tell that Mitchell was ahead of Arthur because Mitchell's arm obscured some of Arthur's body. Liana was making use of which depth cue? a. Relative clarity b. Linear perspective c. Interposition d. Retinal disparity

c. Interposition

Of the following statements, which is not true about the hindbrain? a. Part of the hindbrain forms the core of the brainstem. b. It is the oldest part of the human brain in evolutionary terms. c. It is responsible for regulation of our emotional states. d. It contains the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum.

c. It is responsible for regulation of our emotional states.

In which theory of hypnosis does a "hidden observer" appear? a. Attribution theory b. Gate-control theory c. Neodissociation theory d. Role-playing model

c. Neodissociation theory

Ashley has been at a large party, called a rave, and has taken several tablets of Ecstasy. Which of the following is not one of the effects that may result from her ingestion of this drug? a. Seizures b. Loss of consciousness c. Nitrogen narcosis d. Death

c. Nitrogen narcosis

Antidepressants work by increasing the levels of which neurotransmitters in the brain? a. Glutamate and Acetylcholine b. Endorphins c. Norepinephrine and Serotonin d. Dopamine and GABA

c. Norepinephrine and Serotonin

How is it that sensory adaptation, or a reduced awareness of an unchanging stimulus, takes place? a. The brain's association areas actually 'disregard' a stimulus when it remains constant over time. b. Other sensory systems override the system that is receiving an unchanging stimulus, so we become less aware of it. c. Our sensory receptors actually become less sensitive to an unchanging stimulus over time. d. Our attention to background noise actually increases over time, so our awareness of an unchanging stimulus becomes less pronounced.

c. Our sensory receptors actually become less sensitive to an unchanging stimulus over time.

What is the term for the way in which our brain processes information received by the sensory organs that helps us make sense of the world? a. Sensation b. Precognition c. Perception d. Accommodation

c. Perception

The nodes of ________ are the tiny gaps that occur in the myelin sheath. At these locations the neural impulse appears to "jump" from node to node as it speeds down the axon. a. Sperry b. Wernicke c. Ranvier d. Gazzaniga

c. Ranvier

According to psychologist ________ , the essential component of classical conditioning is the informational value of a conditioned stimulus as a reliable signal for predicting the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus a. John B. Watson b. Edward Tolman c. Robert Rescorla d. John Garcia

c. Robert Rescorla

Which of the following statements is inaccurate with regard to NREM sleep stages? a. Delta waves occur during Stages 3 and 4 of NREM sleep. b. When awakened from Stage 1 sleep, people often are not even aware that they were asleep. c. Sleep spindles occur exclusively during Stage 3 sleep. d. It is most difficult to wake a person from stage 4 sleep.

c. Sleep spindles occur exclusively during Stage 3 sleep.

Tammy's cat only comes out of hiding when he smells his cat food. Tammy wants to teach her cat to pay attention and come to her whenever she claps her hands. At first, the cat ignores her clapping her hands. But for the following two weeks, she claps her hands just before setting out his cat food. Soon the clapping attracts the cat's attention and she quickly comes out of hiding. What is the neutral stimulus at the beginning of the experiment? a. The cat b. The cat food c. The clapping d. The cat coming out of hiding when he smells his food

c. The clapping

Incoming messages are received in which part(s) of the neuron? a. The soma b. The axon c. The dendrites d. The terminal buttons

c. The dendrites

Which of the following is explained by opponent-process theory, but not by trichromatic theory? a. The fact that any color can be created by varying the brightness of lights b. The pattern of activity of the different cones c. The existence of afterimages d. The different wavelength-sensitivities of cones

c. The existence of afterimages

Jennifer has just had a very upsetting verbal altercation with her supervisor. The two of them are at odds over the best direction for a project, and they both lost their tempers. There was a lot of yelling going back and forth, until Jennifer stormed out of the office and went back to her desk. Now she is sitting taking a few deep breaths, trying to calm herself down. Which part of her nervous system is current the most active? a. The somatic nervous system b. The skeletal nervous system c. The parasympathetic nervous system d. The afferent nervous system

c. The parasympathetic nervous system

Which of the following is the least accurate statement regarding the cause of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)? a. PMS may involve irregularities in the functioning of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain. b. PMS may be caused by differences in a woman's sensitivity to estrogen levels. c. There is scientific evidence that suggests that imbalances of estrogen or progesterone are responsible for PMS. d. PMS may be caused by differences in a woman's sensitivity to progesterone levels.

c. There is scientific evidence that suggests that imbalances of estrogen or progesterone are responsible for PMS.

Which of the following is not a true statement regarding the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex? a. They are considered the executive center of the brain. b. They allow you to plan activities, weight evidence, and carry out coordinated actions. c. They are responsible for decoding visual input that is directed from the thalamus. d. They allow you to solve problems and make decisions.

c. They are responsible for decoding visual input that is directed from the thalamus.

Beth is doing a study on the effects of video games on teens' aggressiveness. She is able to draw a sample from students in a local, multi-ethnic high school. What's the best way for her to make sure that those in the experimental group are not culturally different from those in the control group? a. Use random sampling. b. Carry out separate analyses for each cultural group. c. Use random assignment. d. Only use students belonging to one ethnic group.

c. Use random assignment.

Which of the following is false regarding the existence of paranormal abilities such as ESP, clairvoyance, and telepathy? a. Some of these claims have been explained as random or chance occurrences or mere statistical flukes. b. Much of the research into such abilities have failed to replicate the abilities that others have claimed. c. While most parapsychological abilities have little to no supporting evidence, research has consistently supported the idea that precognition does exist. d. Many of these claims have been revealed to be elaborate hoaxes.

c. While most parapsychological abilities have little to no supporting evidence, research has consistently supported the idea that precognition does exist.

Which of the following individuals focused his studies on the functions of behavior? a. John B. Watson b. Wilhelm Wundt c. William James d. Edward Titchener

c. William James

Jake is in his room playing his favorite music, but he is concerned that it will have it too loud and that it will disturb his parents downstairs. He goes to the top of the stairs and calls down, "is my music too loud?" His parents call up, "No, we can't even hear it!" Technically, his parents are informing Jake that his music has not exceeded their ________ threshold. a. difference b. detection c. absolute d. signal

c. absolute

Hunter goes to a hypnotherapist because the back pain he has been dealing with for months has finally become too much to bear. During the session, the therapist gives Hunter some suggestions that will reduce his experience of back pain. The goal of this session is hypnotic ________ . a. age regression b. suggestion c. analgesia d. amnesia

c. analgesia

Chris became frightened when he saw a large dog attack his little sister. The nervous system that caused his heart rate and breathing to speed up is the: a. central nervous system b. somatic nervous system c. autonomic nervous system d. parasympathetic nervous system

c. autonomic nervous system

Seeing the police car farther down the road, Ron thought it might be a speed trap and slowed down to the legal limit of 65. Ron's behavior clearly demonstrates a. insight learning. b. observational learning. c. avoidance learning. d. escape learning.

c. avoidance learning.

As a Freudian psychoanalyst, Dr. Jenkins will most likely assume that the root of Donna's neurotic behavior is traceable to: a. malfunctions in her nervous system. b. her uniquely disordered thinking patterns. c. childhood experiences whose memory is buried in her unconscious. d. her learning history.

c. childhood experiences whose memory is buried in her unconscious.

People tend to piece together disconnected bits of information as a whole form due to the principle of a. similarity. b. proximity. c. closure. d. continuity.

c. closure.

Dr. Trotsky is teaching his psychology class about learning theories, when a student asks if there is something beyond operant and classical conditioning that helps people understand the world around them. "In fact there is," Dr. Trotsky reports. "Many researchers, including people like Tolman, Honzik, Kohler, and Bandura have formulated alternate theories that together are called ________ learning." a. contemporary b. adaptive c. cognitive d. experiential

c. cognitive

A cue that signals the availability of reinforcement if a response is made is called a(n) a. secondary reinforcer. b. positive reinforcer. c. discriminative stimulus. d. operant reinforcer.

c. discriminative stimulus.

The final step in the scientific method is: a. framing a research question in the form of a hypothesis. b. gathering evidence to test a hypothesis. c. drawing conclusions about a hypothesis. d. developing a research question.

c. drawing conclusions about a hypothesis.

The body's natural pain killers are called a. amphetamines. b. hormones. c. endorphins. d. antagonists.

c. endorphins

Whenever his mother asks him to do a chore, Joe cheerfully tackles the job, but after a short while he starts to complain about how much homework he was assigned that day. Invariably, his mother tells him to forget the chore and just do his homework. Joe's behavior demonstrates a. learned helplessness. b. avoidance learning. c. escape learning. d. extinction.

c. escape learning.

Ever since she broke up her engagement, two months ago, Ellie has been having trouble falling asleep. Her brother, Ted, correctly advised her to a. exercise shortly before going to bed. b. relax with a book in bed before attempting to fall asleep. c. go to sleep and get up at the same time every day. d. stay in bed even if she does not feel tired and even if she's been vainly trying to fall asleep for a while.

c. go to sleep and get up at the same time every day.

When Matthew and his family first moved to the house near the expressway, the hum of the traffic kept him awake at night and ruined his concentration during the day when he tried to study. After a couple of months, however, he got so used to the noise that he no longer attended to it. Matthew had undergone a. accommodation. b. perceptual constancy. c. habituation. d. conduction deafness.

c. habituation.

Beverly is wide awake and alert. Consequently, when the doctor takes an EEG reading, he sees brain waves that are ________ in frequency and ________ in amplitude. a. low; high b. high; high c. high; low d. low; low

c. high; low

Researchers are interested in determining how the ______ variable is responsible for the occurrence of the ______ variable. a. dependent; independent b. reliable; valid c. independent; dependent d. valid; reliable

c. independent; dependent

Which of the following is NOT a key factor in strengthening conditioned responses? a. frequency of pairings. b. intensity of the unconditioned stimulus. c. intensity of the conditioned stimulus. d. timing.

c. intensity of the conditioned stimulus.

The ossicles are located in the ________ ear. a. outer b. cochlear c. middle d. inner

c. middle

3-year old Mariah is snuggling with her father in bed at nap time. She looks at his face, and he smiles at her. She immediately smiles and begins giggling. He then sticks out his tongue, and she repeats the action. He nods his head and she delights in imitating him. Which of the following would be most active in these instances of imitation? a. the amygdala b. the cerebellum c. mirror neurons d. the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex

c. mirror neurons

Carrie wants to conduct a study on the socialization patterns among institutionalized schizophrenic patients. She would like to avoid interfering with the patients' lives as much as possible. Which of the following methods should she choose? a. case study b. survey c. naturalistic observation d. experiment

c. naturalistic observation

Wilhelm Wundt is famous for: a. founding the Gestalt school of psychology. b. founding the functionalism movement. c. opening the first psychology laboratory. d. being the first behaviorist.

c. opening the first psychology laboratory.

Maia is diagnosed with an unusual brain problem, and her doctors cannot tell her exactly what the cause is. Her primary symptom is an inability to experience the sensation of temperature differences. "We know that the problem lies somewhere in the ________ lobe of your cerebral cortex," Dr. Mackilway tells her, "but we haven't identified the exact cause yet." a. occipital b. frontal c. parietal d. temporal

c. parietal

After suffering a stroke, Jan was unable to speak. Now, after one year of intensive therapy, her speech has returned to almost normal. This is an example of the brain's: a. postsynaptic potential b. refractory period c. plasticity d. lateralization

c. plasticity

The ability of the brain to adapt and reorganize itself after major trauma or injury is called ________ . a. specialization b. malleability c. plasticity d. pruning

c. plasticity

Grover wants to pursue a career that focuses on the study of how physical sources of stimulation, such as light, sound, or odor, relates to our experience of these stimuli in the form of sensations. He should probably pursue an academic program focused on a. Gestalt psychology b. biopsychology c. psychophysics. d. neurophysics

c. psychophysics.

One thing that both amphetamines and cocaine have in common is that both a. are classified as opioids. b. stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. c. raise dopamine levels. d. are non-addictive.

c. raise dopamine levels.

Pavlov found that after a salivation response to a tone was extinguished, it took only one or two tries to reestablish it. This describes the process of a. latent learning b. instrumental learning. c. reconditioning. d. stimulus generalization.

c. reconditioning.

Dr. Del Ray found a correlation of .93 between how close to the front students sit and midterm grades. Accordingly, he might have correctly concluded that: a. sitting up front motivates students to work harder. b. better students prefer to sit up front. c. seating position can be used to predict midterm grades. d. slackers prefer to sit in the back.

c. seating position can be used to predict midterm grades.

When a new parent wakes up from a sound sleep to the sound of her infant crying, but sleeps right through a nasty and loud thunderstorm, they are demonstrating the effectiveness of ________ attention. a. bottled b. factoral c. selective d. tiered

c. selective

When Suzanne first climbed into her new SUV, the "new car" smell of the leather was overpowering. By the time she got it home, however, she barely smelled it any more because she had experienced a. accommodation. b. olfaction. c. sensory adaptation. d. sensitization.

c. sensory adaptation.

After he is diagnosed with depression. Monte does some research and learns that the medication he has been prescribed are designed to increase the availability of two neurotransmitters in his brain. They are ________ and ________ . a. epinephrine; norepinephrine b. dopamine; acetylcholine c. serotonin; norepinephrine d. serotonin; epinephrine

c. serotonin; norepinephrine

When the space ship blasted into space, the astronauts gazed down at the earth. The higher they went, the smaller the earth's retinal image became. Yet, they did not perceive that it was shrinking because of a. interposition. b. stroboscopic movement. c. size constancy. d. relative motion.

c. size constancy.

Dolores took a stimulant when she a. drank a beer. b. ingested an LSD-laced sugar cube. c. smoked a cigarette. d. swallowed cough medicine with codeine.

c. smoked a cigarette.

Of the following, which is not one of the basic taste sensations that have been identified to date? a. bitter b. sour c. spicy d. salty

c. spicy

Methadone is a a. naturally occurring stimulant that curbs cocaine withdrawal symptoms. b. synthetic stimulant that curbs cocaine withdrawal symptoms. c. synthetic opioid that curbs heroin withdrawal symptoms. d. naturally occurring opioid that curbs heroin withdrawal symptoms.

c. synthetic opioid that curbs heroin withdrawal symptoms.

Dr. Yates is studying a rare brain disorder that only affects people's ability to remember faces. After years of searching, he's been able to enlist a total of five individuals with the disorder. He's planning on studying them in depth. The research method that he'll probably use is: a. the survey. b. the experiment. c. the case study. d. naturalistic observation

c. the case study

A participant in an experiment is given a treatment that contains nothing beneficial but she improves, nevertheless, because she believes that the treatment will help her. This above scenario is best characterized as which of the following? a. double-blind study b. random assignment c. the placebo effect d. volunteer bias

c. the placebo effect

When Dr. Strathmore looks into the ear of his patient, Jolene, she asks him what he can see. To have a little fun with her, he says, "I can see your ossicles bright and clear!" When she looks at him strangely he laughs out loud and says, "I'm just kidding. I can only see as far as your eardrum." Jolene didn't really understand the joke, because she does not know that the ossicles are actually a. the three canals of the inner ear that help regulate one's balance and equilibrium. b. the tiny hairs that are located on the basilar membrane. c. the three tiny bones located in the middle ears. d. the membranes that translate vibrations from the middle to the inner ear.

c. the three tiny bones located in the middle ears.

Carol used praise effectively when she told her daughter, a. "I love the way you studied hard for your spelling test. Maybe next time you could do even better than a B+." b. "You're the best daughter any mother could ask for." c. "I'm so proud of you for being chosen to star in the class play." d. "It was nice of you to try to help me carry that heavy grocery bag."

d. "It was nice of you to try to help me carry that heavy grocery bag."

Professor Stubbins is presenting information to her class regarding the division of functions that occurs between the right and left cerebral hemispheres. Which of the following would be the best title for today's presentation in her class? a. "Endocrinergic Control - Not Just a Left-Brain Function" b. "Thank Goodness for Plasticity!" c. "Your Peripheral Nervous System and You." d. "Lateralization - what is it?"

d. "Lateralization - what is it?"

Which of the following research questions would probably be of greatest interest to a physiological psychologist? a. "Is negative reinforcement more effective than positive punishment in changing a person's inappropriate behaviors?" b. "If people in poverty are given additional educational resources, will it enhance their likelihood of ascending into a better socioeconomic bracket?" c. "Do heterosexual men and women choose partners based on their likelihood of successfully reproducing, or based on other factors?" d. "To what extent does the amygdala communicate with the cerebellum when a human being is startled?"

d. "To what extent does the amygdala communicate with the cerebellum when a human being is startled?"

Just for fun (and because you have nothing else to do) you pull up a direction-giving website on your computer (e.g., Mapquest, Google Maps). You enter "Outside of my head" as the Starting Location, and "Hearing a sound" as the Destination. If the website is able to map the path to the final experience of a sound, which of the following would be the final step in the list of directions? a. "You have reached the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex." b. "You have reached the parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex." c. "You have reached the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex." d. "You have reached the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex."

d. "You have reached the temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex."

There are many different correlational coefficients that one might find if research is conducted properly. Which of the following would not be one of them? a. +0.89 b. +0.24 c. -0.61 d. +1.15

d. +1.15

The value of Weber's constant for weight is .02. If an object weighs 100 lbs., what is its just-noticeable-difference (JND)? a. 20 lbs. b. .5 lbs. c. 5 lbs. d. 2 lbs.

d. 2 lbs.

Kezia is having the electrical activity in her brain measured by having electrodes attached to her scalp. Which of the following procedures is being performed on Kezia? a. A PET scan b. An MRI c. An fMRI d. An EEG

d. An EEG

Size constancy can account for which of the following? a. Patty realized that the monkeys' cage was closer than the elephants' cage because the retinal images of the monkeys and elephants were the same size. b. In the "haunted house" Jim knew that they were going to collide with the ghost in the old car because the size of its retinal image expanded to fill up his retina. c. Louis perceived the discs that were being juggled as perfectly round even though their retinal images were ovals of various sizes. d. As Cyndi looked at her sister from the ferris wheel, her retinal image alternated between normal and small. Cyndi, however, did not perceive her as anything other than her usual height.

d. As Cyndi looked at her sister from the ferris wheel, her retinal image alternated between normal and small. Cyndi, however, did not perceive her as anything other than her usual height.

Why is it that it is more difficult to understand what someone else is saying in a crowded party than it is in a soft room? a. Because the experience of synesthesia causes you to experience a temporary decrease in your auditory absolute threshold. b. Because sensory adaptation takes place when there is a great amount of background noise, and this causes a "muting" of any other stimulus that exists in contrast to that stimulation. c. Because cross-wiring of one's auditory and visual systems create a form of interference that can cause a disruption in sensory reception. d. Because signal-detection theory notes that the threshold for detecting a sound depends not only on the intensity of that sound but also on the level of background "noise" in the environment.

d. Because signal-detection theory notes that the threshold for detecting a sound depends not only on the intensity of that sound but also on the level of background "noise" in the environment.

"Don't Text and Drive!" Perhaps you've seen these public service announcements, as distracted driving has become a very serious public health hazard. Why is doing something like talking on a cell phone while driving such a detriment to our attention? a. Because the conversation that takes place while on a cell phone causes the release of dopamine in the brain, and this chemical reaction slows reaction times. This is particularly dangerous while driving. b. Because there is evidence that the radio waves emitted by cell phones can actually have a sedative effect on the human brain, causing a person to become more drowsy and susceptible to an automobile accident. c. Because there are miniscule muscular changes that occur when holding a cell phone up to your ear while driving, and these can "translate" to slower time getting your foot from the accelerator to the brake pedal in an emergency moment. d. Because the brain can only focus on a limited number of complex tasks at a time, and such distractions limit the brain's ability to focus on driving safely.

d. Because the brain can only focus on a limited number of complex tasks at a time, and such distractions limit the brain's ability to focus on driving safely.

Why is it that spinning around causes you go get dizzy and, in some cases, nauseated? a. Because each ear is located on the opposite side of the head, and thus the brain cannot process the different input that comes from these different locations simultaneously. b. Because the muscles that you use to engage a spin continue contracting even after you have stopped, giving the brain the "tactile illusion" that you are still in motion. c. Because the eyes are located further away from your brain than your vestibular sacs, and even though it is only a matter of a few centimeters this creates a sensory divergence that leads to motion sickness. d. Because the fluid in your semicircular canals continues swirling even after you have stopped moving.

d. Because the fluid in your semicircular canals continues swirling even after you have stopped moving.

Margaret Floy Washburn is famous for which of the following: a. Being the first female president of the APA. b. Developing a new theory of color vision. c. Being the first woman to qualify for a Ph.D. in psychology. d. Being the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology.

d. Being the first woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology.

According to your textbook, how is acupuncture purported to work? a. By stimulating the release of endorphins, which have a global pain-dulling effect. b. By piercing and destroying specific nerves that transmit pain messages. c. Entirely through the placebo effect. d. By releasing the body's natural healing energies.

d. By releasing the body's natural healing energies.

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when the ________ is presented repeatedly without the ________ . a. CS; UR b. CR; US c. CR; UR d. CS; US

d. CS; US

Marita and her boyfriend Jake had been together for a year, when Marita decided to end the relationship. She did it gently over dinner at a local restaurant called Retro. Jake was crushed by the end of the romance, and for the next several years every time he drove by Retro he got a pit in his stomach and a moment of deep sadness. Which kind of learning describes Jake's ongoing reaction? a. Insight learning b. Operant conditioning c. Vicarious modeling d. Classical conditioning

d. Classical conditioning

Why is it that a person who has suffered from an alcohol addiction and has worked on recovering may be just fine in their home but experience intense physical cravings when walking past their local tavern? a. Latent learning explains this phenomenon, as that person may not have initially had the response to the tavern but demonstrates it far later. b. The different scenes of the home and the tavern create a condition of stimulus generalization which leads to different conditioned responses. c. Classical conditioning leads to extinction of the desire to stay sober, and so the tavern will become an unconditioned stimulus. d. Classical conditioning can cause an association between the setting of the drug use and the physical cravings for the drug. This would be an excellent example of stimulus discrimination.

d. Classical conditioning can cause an association between the setting of the drug use and the physical cravings for the drug. This would be an excellent example of stimulus discrimination.

During her stay in the hospital, the doctors gave Rita morphine, an opioid, to relieve her pain. Now that she's back home and off the drug, she finds that every little injury causes excruciating pain. This oversensitivity is most likely due to morphine's effect on which neurotransmitter(s)? a. Dopamine b. GABA c. ACTH d. Endorphins

d. Endorphins

The field of sensation and perception, which is more formally called psychophysics, began with the work of ________ . a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Edward Titchener c. William James d. Gustav Fechner

d. Gustav Fechner

Building on the work of Thomas Young, ________ proposed the trichromatic theory of color vision that suggested the existence of three different types of color receptors - red, green, and blue-violet. a. Ewald Hering b. Max Wertheimer c. Roger Sperry d. Hermann von Helmholtz

d. Hermann von Helmholtz

Pat was adopted when he was an infant. Now that he's twenty-one years old, he's about to meet his identical twin brother for the first time. How will his personality compare with the personalities of his adoptive brother and his twin brother? a. He will probably possess similar traits to both brothers. b. His personality will bear no resemblance to either of his brothers. c. His personality will be more similar to those of his adoptive brother than his biological brother. d. His personality will be more similar to those of his biological brother than his adoptive brother.

d. His personality will be more similar to those of his biological brother than his adoptive brother.

The psychologist John B. Tune conducts research in which he explores how people organize their efforts to pursue goals that give meaning and purpose to their lives? What contemporary perspective in psychology is he most likely to represent? a. Evolutionary b. Behavioral c. Cognitive d. Humanistic

d. Humanistic

The right hemisphere would be superior to the left for which of the following tasks? a. Filling out a burglary report b. Calling 911 to report a police emergency c. Using logic to figure out where a bank robber might have hidden the loot d. Identifying a suspect from a mug shot

d. Identifying a suspect from a mug shot

Louise wants to work in the field of professional psychology and is willing to go to graduate school to earn a Master's degree but does not want to spend the extra years getting a doctorate. "Maybe after I've worked for a few years I'll go back and try to earn a Ph.D.," she tells herself. Which of the following areas of psychology would you advise Louise to pursue? a. Clinical Psychology b. Counseling Psychology c. Psychiatry d. Industrial/Organizational Psychology

d. Industrial/Organizational Psychology

What is the primary purpose of using random assignment when conducting an experiment? a. It eliminates the problem of experimenter bias that can pop up when a researcher has a particular agenda or reason to come up with a given finding. b. It eliminates cohort effects so that correlational coefficients will be an accurate representation of real cause-and-effect relationships. c. It allows for the ability to generalize to the larger population from which the sample of participants is drawn. d. It balances participant groups so that changes in the dependent variable can be assumed to have been caused by changes in the independent variable.

d. It balances participant groups so that changes in the dependent variable can be assumed to have been caused by changes in the independent variable.

How does cocaine work to produce a euphoric rush of pleasure in those who ingest it? a. It reduces the ability of monoamine oxidase enzymes to break down serotonin molecules. b. It increases postsynaptic neural sensitivity to gamma-aminobutyric acid. c. It reduces the activity of glutamate in presynaptic dendritic vesicles. d. It increases the amount of dopamine in synapses by blocking the reuptake of that neurotransmitter.

d. It increases the amount of dopamine in synapses by blocking the reuptake of that neurotransmitter.

Samantha, a bright ten-year-old, was too timid to raise her hand in class or to answer when the teacher asked a question. So her teacher and classmates were quite surprised when she outscored everyone in the entire school in each achievement test at the end of the year. What type of learning did Samantha exhibit? a. Instrumental learning b. Observational learning c. Insight learning d. Latent learning

d. Latent learning

Which person is most likely to work within the legal system? a. Danielle, who is a counseling psychologist. b. Devon, who is a school psychologist. c. Tracy, who is an educational psychologist. d. Marc, who is a forensic psychologist.

d. Marc, who is a forensic psychologist.

The first woman to received a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was ______. She later went on to become the second female president of the American Psychological Association. a. Mary Whiton Calkins b. Christine Ladd Franklin c. Anna Freud d. Margaret Floy Washburn

d. Margaret Floy Washburn

Which of the following would be an appropriate example of a person in a state of focused awareness? a. Ginny, who is working on writing a philosophy paper but checks her email every few minutes for an important message from her boyfriend. b. Becky, who has had two beers and is "feeling good" but is not yet drunk. c. Xavier, who is taking a mid-day nap d. Marlon, who is so intent on the car engine that he is working on that he doesn't even hear the telephone ringing.

d. Marlon, who is so intent on the car engine that he is working on that he doesn't even hear the telephone ringing.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the positron emission tomography (PET) scan? a. PET scans involve recording electrical activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp. b. PET scans involve placing a patient's head in a large, donut-shaped machine that aligns the atoms that spin in the brain. c. PET scans improve on MRIs and involve taking snapshots of the brain in action and are used to study both the function and structure of the brain. d. PET scans involve the injection of a radioactive isotope into the bloodstream of the recipient. This isotope then acts as a tracer.

d. PET scans involve the injection of a radioactive isotope into the bloodstream of the recipient. This isotope then acts as a tracer.

Jessica has a new cat who engages in a very unusual behavior - whenever Jessica makes a tuna sandwich the cat refuses to stop yowling for a taste of the tuna. Until she gets her fishy treat, the cat will yell for hours! Jessica decides to stop this behavior by putting black pepper in some tuna fish before giving it to the cat. She hopes that over time this unpleasant flavor will cause the cat to become repulsed by tuna fish. How many times would you guess that Jessica will have to do this rather mean trick? a. She'll probably need to do it for several months until the cat "takes the hint." b. Probably at least three or four times, as the cat will probably just forget that the one taste was sickening. c. This is really a foolish idea, since animals cannot think on a high enough level to associate a sickening flavor like black pepper with the food that it is in. d. Probably only once, since a conditioned taste aversion can be established after only one pairing of the flavor of a food and an unpleasant stimulus.

d. Probably only once, since a conditioned taste aversion can be established after only one pairing of the flavor of a food and an unpleasant stimulus.

________ is a pattern of compulsive or habitual use of a drug that serves a need, such as lessening anxiety or escaping from stress. a. Drug abuse b. Drug misuse c. Physiological dependence d. Psychological dependence

d. Psychological dependence

"Dreams are the royal road to the unconscious," said a. William James. b. Francis Crick. c. Ernest Hilgard. d. Sigmund Freud.

d. Sigmund Freud.

What is the reason why spinal reflexes would be faster in function than normal reflexes? a. Spinal reflexes only involve very small muscle groups which can function much more rapidly than larger muscle groups. b. Spinal reflexes involve afferent neural pathways, which are much faster than the efferent neural pathways that are used by normal reflexes. c. Spinal reflexes only involve myelinated neurons, while regular reflexes only involve unmyelinated neurons. d. Spinal reflexes do not involve active input from the brain.

d. Spinal reflexes do not involve active input from the brain.

Which of the following is an example of a monocular distance cue? a. Convergence b. Retinal disparity c. Top-Down processing d. Texture gradient

d. Texture gradient

The hormone melatonin is responsible for which of the following: a. That women are more sensitive than men to the effects of alcohol b. That people experience lucid dreams c. That hypnotized subjects do not feel pain d. That people feel sleepy when lights are low

d. That people feel sleepy when lights are low

Why does a normally-seeing person have a tiny blind spot on each eye? a. The blind spot is caused by the splitting of rods and cones into bipolar cells. b. The blind spot is caused by the entry of blood vessels - ocular arteries - to the posterior segment of the eye. c. The blind spot is caused the crossing over of visual information from each eye to the opposite side of the brain at the optic chiasm. d. The blind spot is where there are no photoreceptors in the retina due to the departure of the optic nerve.

d. The blind spot is where there are no photoreceptors in the retina due to the departure of the optic nerve.

Which part of the brain is responsible for facilitating communication between the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex? a. The basal ganglia b. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis c. The locus coeruleus d. The corpus callosum

d. The corpus callosum

Recent research indicated that class attendance is positively correlated with final grades. What does this mean? a. The more someone goes to class, the less likely it is that he or she will get a good grade. b. Going to class causes students to get good grades. c. Going to class causes student to fail courses. d. The more someone goes to class, the more likely it is that he or she will get a good grade.

d. The more someone goes to class, the more likely it is that he or she will get a good grade.

Which major principle of the structural school of thought was the biggest problem for the Gestalt psychologists of Max Wertheimer? a. The idea that the unconscious was generally in control of one's waking actions. b. The concept that we are all "shaped" by the influences of our environment. c. The notion that each human being instinctively strives for self-actualization. d. The notion that mental experience could be understood by breaking it down into its component parts.

d. The notion that mental experience could be understood by breaking it down into its component parts.

The peripheral nervous system is made up of which two parts? a. The autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system b. The central nervous system and the somatic nervous system c. The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system d. The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

d. The somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system

Why is it that dream interpretation, which has been studied for over a century since Freud's original work, may be regarded as an unscientific endeavor? a. People tend to lie to therapists and researchers about the dreams that they experience, particularly when those dreams involve embarrassing or shameful content. b. There are no ways to know exactly what sort of electrical activity is going on in one's brain during sleep stages, so interpretation of the dreams they experience would not be possible. c. Not all individuals dream on a regular basis, so there is no way to come up with a standardized way of interpreting the dreams of all human beings. d. There is no way to objectively verify that any one interpretation of a dream is accurate.

d. There is no way to objectively verify that any one interpretation of a dream is accurate.

There are many legitimate reasons why one might argue that the famous "Little Albert" study conducted by Watson and Rayner was highly unethical. Which of the following is one of them? a. The medications that they used to induce Albert's nausea were not approved by the Food and Drug Administration. b. They published the results, including Albert's identifying information, in local newspapers to publicize their own work. c. They caused Albert more physical pain then would be permitted by current research ethics. d. They made no attempt to undo or extinguish Albert's fears after they were established.

d. They made no attempt to undo or extinguish Albert's fears after they were established.

Which of the following statements about LSD is TRUE: a. Its effects are highly predictable. b. It lowers the heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. c. It is a stimulant. d. Users can have flashbacks in which they experience the perceptual distortions of previous LSD "trips."

d. Users can have flashbacks in which they experience the perceptual distortions of previous LSD "trips."

Steven's mother rewards him with praise and cookies for picking up his toys. Sometimes, she rewards him for picking up only one toy. At other times, she waits until he's put away ten, twenty, or as many as he took out. It all depends on her assessment of his energy level at the time. What type of reinforcement schedule is she using? a. Fixed-interval b. Fixed-ratio c. Variable-interval d. Variable-ratio

d. Variable-ratio

Which psychologist, who did his work at Harvard University and is credited as the founder of functionalism, is generally recognized as the father of American psychology? a. G. Stanley Hall b. Alfred Adler c. Edward Titchener d. William James

d. William James

Javid, a college senior, just took part in a psychological study where he was deceived into believing that he had been chosen by the yearbook committee as "The student most likely to succeed." Will the researcher have to tell Javid that he was being deceived? a. No, such deceptions are not revealed because that would make future participants wary of all psychological studies. b. Yes, as soon as he is done participating. c. No, because positive deceptions do not have to be revealed. d. Yes, but not until the study is completed.

d. Yes, but not until the study is completed.

If one were to describe the dendrites of the neuron as being similar to a radio's antenna, would they be accurate? a. No, the dendrites contain the genetic material of the neuron and are the location of the metabolic processing center for the cell. b. Yes, the dendrites determine how clearly a message is interpreted by the terminal buttons of the neuron. c. No, the receiving part of the neuron is the terminal buttons, and the dendrites are responsible for sending messages to other neurons. d. Yes, the dendrites are responsible for receiving signals, just like an antenna.

d. Yes, the dendrites are responsible for receiving signals, just like an antenna.

Dr. Pavlakos sends out her survey to 1,500 college students. Only 57 return completed surveys to her. Because of the low response, Dr. Pavlakos may not have: a. the placebo effect. b. a random variable. c. a control group. d. a representative sample.

d. a representative sample

The ________ principle means that neurons will fire only when a change in the level of excitation occurs that is sufficient to produce an action potential. a. depolarization b. action potential firing c. hit-or-miss d. all-or-none

d. all-or-none

Chris became frightened when he saw a large dog attack his little sister. The nervous system that caused his heart rate and breathing to speed up is the a. central nervous system. b. parasympathetic nervous system. c. somatic nervous system. d. autonomic nervous system.

d. autonomic nervous system.

David's doctor gave him a new prescription and said: "This one is a dopamine antagonist." Because David had taken introductory psychology, he knew that the drug would a. enhance the activity of dopamine. b. mimic the effects of dopamine. c. prevent dopamine's reuptake. d. block dopamine receptor sites.

d. block dopamine receptor sites.

Michael is in the market for a new car. He leafs through car magazines looking at various ads. One manufacturer always presents his cars next to voluptuous, scantily clad models. Michael has pleasurable sensations when he looks at the women. Soon Michael begins to have the same pleasurable sensations when he sees that particular car on the road. Michael has been classically conditioned by the ads. The car is the a. conditioned response. b. unconditioned response. c. unconditioned stimulus. d. conditioned stimulus.

d. conditioned stimulus.

Ten-year-old Joyce is a shy girl who blushes every time that someone asks her about boys. This week, her Aunt Donna, who likes to tease, is staying with Joyce's family. Every time she sees Joyce, she says, "So, tell me about the boys that you like," and Joyce blushes. Soon, Joyce is blushing merely at the sight of Aunt Donna. In classical conditioning terms, Aunt Donna has become a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. c. conditioned response. d. conditioned stimulus.

d. conditioned stimulus.

Trichromatic theory relates to the function of ________ , whereas opponent-process theory relates to the function of ________ . a. ganglion and bipolar cells; cones b. cones; rods c. rods; ganglion and bipolar cells d. cones; ganglion and bipolar cells

d. cones; ganglion and bipolar cells

The gestalt principle of ________ refers to the tendency to perceive objects as belonging together when they are positioned or moving together. a. similarity b. closure c. continuity d. connectedness

d. connectedness

Amber is in a state of waking consciousness characterized by mental imagery. It is called a. focused awareness. b. unconsciousness. c. divided consciousness. d. daydreaming

d. daydreaming

The sympathetic nervous system: a. is also known as the "rest and digest" mechanism. b. is part of the central nervous system. c. slows some bodily activity and allows for the replenishment of energy. d. draws energy from bodily reserves to meet stressful demands on the body.

d. draws energy from bodily reserves to meet stressful demands on the body.

In his work with dogs, Ivan Pavlov noticed that given enough time without being given any food alongside the bell or tuning fork the animals would stop salivating in response to the bell. This weakening of a conditioned responses is called ________ . a. discrimination b. discontinuation c. disinhibition d. extinction

d. extinction

When Al sustained severe brain damage after a car accident, his doctors needed to look at a detailed picture of his brain. In addition, they wanted to be able to see which parts of the brain were active during different types of mental activities. To accomplish both tasks, they ordered a(n): a. MRI b. PET scan c. EEG d. fMRI

d. fMRI

According to the ________ theory of pain, a mechanism in the spinal cord opens and closes to let pain messages through to the brain or to shut them out. a. Pacinian corpuscular b. opponent-process c. volley d. gate-control

d. gate-control

When the hypnotist wanted Dick to undergo hypnotic analgesia, he told him a. to forget everything that happened under hypnosis. b. to act as if he were 4 years old again. c. to crow like a rooster every time he heard a school bell. d. he would feel nothing while he was pinching himself on the cheek.

d. he would feel nothing while he was pinching himself on the cheek.

Recent studies of texting while driving show a. no effect on risk of accidents, but it slows reaction times of drivers. b. effects depend on the driving skill of the driver. c. increased risk of accidents but no effect on reaction times. d. increased risk of accidents and longer reaction times of drivers.

d. increased risk of accidents and longer reaction times of drivers.

Professor Ross is passing the following objects around the room: a feather, a steel ball, a peach, and a square piece of sandpaper. He asks his students to concentrate on and describe the intensity and clarity of the images and sensations that they receive from handling each object. Professor Ross' students are about to engage in: a. subliminal perception. b. observational learning. c. self-actualization. d. introspection.

d. introspection

At a conference on hypnotism, two psychologists were arguing about whether or not hypnotized subjects cede total control over their behavior. A third psychologist interrupted and said, "In my opinion, you are both right. Although it seems that they do allow the hypnotist to control the behavior, at the same time, there's a part of them that monitors what is happening." His view reflects a. role-playing model. b. the view that hypnosis is an altered state. c. activation-synthesis hypothesis. d. neodissociation theory.

d. neodissociation theory.

When hair cells of the inner ear are damaged, the resulting deafness is called: a. conduction deafness b. frequency deafness c. hair loss deafness d. nerve deafness

d. nerve deafness

According to the ________ theory of pitch perception, the specific tone that we hear depends on the location on the basilar membrane that vibrates the most when sound waves of a particular frequency hit the ear. a. timbre b. volley c. frequency d. place

d. place

The part of the brain that can be considered the "seat of intelligence" or the "executive control center" because it is involved in so many higher mental functions is the a. limbic system. b. medulla c. somatosensory cortex. d. prefrontal cortex.

d. prefrontal cortex.

What early school of psychology explains behavior in terms of underlying forces within the personality that influence behavior even if the person is unaware of them? a. functionalism b. structuralism c. behaviorism d. psychoanalysis

d. psychoanalysis

The psychological perspective that views all behavior and mental processes as resulting from unconscious psychological conflict is the: a. physiological perspective b. humanistic perspective c. evolutionary perspective d. psychodynamic perspective

d. psychodynamic perspective

Jordan was unable to remain alert at the wheel because the six beers that he had at the party reduced the neural activity in his: a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. basal ganglia d. reticular formation

d. reticular formation

Which cells are responsible for detecting stimuli from the outside world? a. glial cells b. dendrites c. motor neurons d. sensory receptors

d. sensory receptors

Hypnosis is derived from the Greek word hypnos, meaning " ________ ." a. mantra b. trance c. under d. sleep

d. sleep

Psychologists refer to changing levels of awareness as a. divided states. b. altered states. c. states of unconsciousness. d. states of consciousness.

d. states of consciousness.

William James viewed consciousness as a a. fixed state. b. collection of disconnected thoughts. c. royal road. d. stream of thoughts.

d. stream of thoughts.

When the movie came to the scene where the star speaks on the phone to the killer, not realizing that he is on a cell phone in the next room, Yolanda's pupils dilated, her heartbeat speeded up, and her mouth felt dry. The part of the nervous system that prepared Yolanda for the stressful scene is the a. central nervous system. b. somatic nervous system. c. parasympathetic nervous system. d. sympathetic nervous system.

d. sympathetic nervous system.

The tiny gap or space between neurons is called a: a. striatum b. receptor c. vesicle d. synapse

d. synapse

At her first rock concert, Joyce's head was overwhelmed with new sensations. The loud music and the cheers of the crowd were processed in which lobes of her cerebral cortex? a. occipital b. parietal c. frontal d. temporal

d. temporal