Psychology 101- General

wilhelm wundt

-founded structuralism

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

which of the following statements is true of hue

It is determined by the wavelength of visible light.

sex chromosomes

The 23rd pair of chromosomes in humans that determine the sex (or gender) of the individual. Women are XX and Men are XY.

law of effect

Thorndike's view that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out

In the context of perceptual organization, which of the following statements is true?

When figure-ground relationships are ambiguous, or capable of being interpreted in various ways, our perceptions tend to be unstable and shift back and forth.

narcolepsy

a "sleep attack" in which a person falls asleep suddenly and irresistibly

flooding

a behavioral fear-reduction technique based on principles of classical conditioning; fear-evoking stimuli (CSs) are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses (CRs) are extinguished

spinal chord

a column of nerves within the spine that transmit messages to and from the brain

opiates

a group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system

refractory period

a phase following firing during which a neuron is less sensitive to messages from other neurons and will not fire

secondary reinforcer

a stimulus that gains reinforcement value through association with established reinforcers

hippocampus

a structure in the limbic system that pays an important role in the formation of new memories

hallucinogenics

a substance that causes hallucinations

decibels

a unit expressing the loudness of a sound

stroboscopic motion

a visual illusion in which the perception of motion is generated by the presentation of a series of stationary images in rapid succession

barbiturate

an addictive depressant used to relieve anxiety or induce sleep

electromyograph

an instrument that measures muscle tension

unconditioned response

an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

conditioned reinforcer

another term for a secondary reinforcer

working memory

another term for short-term memory

thalamus

area at the top of the brainstem; directs sensory messages to the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

operant behavior

behavior that operates on, or manipulates, the environment

endocrine system

body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones

what similarity did wilhelm wundt share with aristotle

both saw the mind as a natural even that could be studied scientifically, like light and heat

nerves

bundle of axons from many neurons

case study

carefully drawn biography that may be obtained through interviews, questionnaires, and psychological tests

glial cells

cells that remove dead neurons and waste from nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, form myelin, and play a role in neural transmissions

Photoreceptors

cells that respond to light

epigenetics

changing of genes by environment

which of the following statements is true about different types of psychologists

clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior

Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.

cognitive

social cognitive theory

cognitive factors in the explanation and prediction of behavior

_____ is the tendency to perceive an object as being the same hue even though lighting conditions change its appearance.

color consistency

Peter went out cycling one morning. He was not wearing a helmet. He fell off a ridge and fell into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected that it was a blood clot. Which of the following did the doctor use to obtain a three-dimensional image of Peter's brain for further investigation?

computerized axial tomography

A__________reveals deformities in shape and structure that are connected with blood clots, tumors, and other health problems.

computerized axial tomography scan

independent variable

condition in study that is manipulated so effects may be observed

In the context of classical conditioning, a learned reaction to a learned stimulus is known as a(n)__________

conditioned response

Cynthia had an intense fear of cats. Her psychologist repeatedly paired her love for classical music with the gradual exposure of Cynthia to a cat until her fear for cats was cured. In this scenario, Cynthia's fear was cured using _____.

counterconditioning

__________is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.

critical thinking

introspection

deliberately looking into ones own cognitive process to examine thoughts and emotions

____ are stron, slow brain waves usally emitted during stage 4 sleep

delta waves

dna

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.

nonconscious

descriptive of bodily processes, such as the growing of hair, of which we are not aware

complementary

descriptive of colors of the spectrum that when combined produce white or nearly white light

The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.

determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory

school psychology

devoted to counseling children in elementary and secondary schools who have academic or emotional problems

Nearsightedness can result when the eyeball is elongated such that the images of:

distant objects are focused in front of the retina

stimulant

drug that increases activity in the central nervous system, including heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure

psychoactive substances

drugs that have psychological effects such as stimulation or distortion of perceptions

narcotics

drugs used to relieve pain and induce sleep; the term is usually reserved for opiates

psuchoanalysis

emphasizes importance of unconscious motives and conflicts as determinants of human behavior

gestalt psychology

emphasizes tendency to organize perceptions into wholes and integrate separate stimuli into meaningful patterns

long term potentiation

enhanced efficiency in synaptic transmission that follows brief, rapid stimulation

According to the biological perspective of psychology,__________interact with inherited factors to determine specific behavior and mental processes.

environmental factors

The perception of objects or events through means other than the recognized sensory organs is termed__________

extrasensory perception

anteretrograde amnesia

failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

myelin

fatty substance that encases/insulates axons, facilitating transmissions of neural impulses

william james

first modern psychology textbook

__________relatives have a genetic overlap of about 50 percent.

first-degree

In the context of reinforcement schedules, commuter trains that arrive at platforms at specific times are on a_______

fixed interval schedule

Asha has a fear of darkness. To extinguish this fear, she is placed in a dark room ensuring that she suffers no harm in the process. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce Asha's fear of the dark?

flooding

_________is a behavior therapy method in which fear-evoking stimuli are presented continuously in the absence of actual harm so that fear responses are extinguished.

flooding

Mindfulness meditation (MM) provides clients with techniques they can use to:

focus on the present

sociocultural perspective

focuses on roles of ethnicity, culture, and socioeconomic status in behavior and mental processes

sigmund freud

founder of psychoanalysis

semantic memory

general knowledge, as opposed to episodic memory

who among the following individuals is likely to need the least amount of sleep?

george, a 90 year old man who lives with his family

__________showed that people tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur.

gestalt psychologists

pituitary gland

gland that secretes growth hormone, prolactin, anti diuretic hormones

Older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia because of a:

greater incidence of poor health and pain

limbic system

group of structures involved in memory, motivation, emotion that form fringe along inner edge of cerebrum

experimental groups

groups whose members obtain treatment

tolerance

habituation to a drug, with the result that increasingly higher doses of the drug are needed t achieve similar effects

cognitive

having to deal with mental processes such as perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought

Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He follows the principle that people are responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik's beliefs best exemplify the _____ perspective.

humanistic-existential

The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.

humanistic-existential

Among lower animals, stimulation of various areas of the__________can trigger instinctual behaviors such as fighting, mating, or nest building.

hypothalamus

monozygotic twins

identical twins

Magnetic Response Imaging (MRI)

imaging technique used uses magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; often used to diagnose lung disorders

repression

in Freud's psychodynamic theory, the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness

generalization

in conditioning, the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned

discrimination

in conditioning, the tendency for an organism to distinguish between a CS and similar stimuli that do not forecast a UCS

displace

in memory theory, to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information

discriminative stimulus

in operant conditioning, a stimulus that indicates that reinforcement is available

unconscious

in psychoanalytic theory, a major portion of the mind, which consists of a hidden mass of instincts, impulses, and memories and is not easily available to conscious awareness, yet plays an important role in behavior

repression

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

preconscious

in psychodynamic theory, descriptive of material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention

context dependent memory

information that is better retrieved in the context in which it was encored and stored or learned

state dependent memory

information that is better retrieved in the physiological or emotional state in which it was encoded and stored, or learned

endorphins

inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain relief

gamma-aminobutyric acid

inhibitory neurotransmitter that may be involved in the anxiety disorders helps calm anxiety

cochlea

inner ear structure containing the central hearing apparatus conains the basilar membrane and the organ of corti

In Gestalt psychology, learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished primarily by _____.

insight

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as________

interferene theory

Wilhelm Wundt used__________to try to discover the basic elements of experience.

introspection

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol?

it dilates blood vessels

Which of the following statements is true of nicotine?

it stimulates the release of nerotransmitters

direct inner awareness

knowledge of one's own thoughts, feelings, and memories without the use of sensory organs

receptor site

location on a dendrite of a receiving neuron tailored to receive a neurotransmitter

encode

modifies information so that it can be placed in memory; encoding is the first stage of information processing

_____ is part of the maturation process that leads to a child's ability to crawl and walk during the first year.

myelination

Larry, a 26-year-old man, often falls asleep suddenly. During these sleep attacks, he falls asleep for around 15 minutes and wakes up feeling refreshed. He also hallucinates that a person is sitting on his chest. In this scenario, Larry is likely suffering from__________.

narcolepsy

proximity

nearness

bipolar cells

neurons that conduct neural impulses from rods and cones to ganglion cells

feature detectors

neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli

feature neurons

neurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli

during REM sleep, ____ tend to inhibit activity

neurotransmitters

which of he following statements is true of insomnia

older adults are more likely than younger adults to have insomnia

sample

part of a population

peripheral nervous system

part of system that consists of somatic nerves and autonomic nervous system

cerebellum

part of the hindbrain that controls balance and maintains muscle coordination

__________is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

psychology

On a bright, sunny day, Manny leaves a dimly-lit movie theater and goes out into the street. The _____ in his eyes adjust to the sudden increase in light.

pupils

taste cells

receptor cells that are sensitive to taste

which of the following is the function of the iris

regulating the amount of light that enters the eye

In the context of operant conditioning,__________is the act of following a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response

reinforcement

Sofia does not like eating vegetables. To ensure that she eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as _____.

reinforcement

___ are defined as stimuli that increase the frequency of behavior

reinforcers

Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____

savings

A(n)__________is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.

schema

Jenny is preparing for an English test, and her brother is playing music loudly in the next room. She focuses on reading her English text books and ignores the music. In this scenario, Jenny is using _____.

selective attention

In _____, people tend to be more responsive to some pitches than others.

sensorineural deafness

_________is a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior.

shaping

volunteer bias

source of bias or error reflecting the prospect that people who offer to participate in research studies differ systematically from those who do not

selection factor

source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a treatment

neuron

specialized cell of the nervous system that receives and transmits messages

amphetamines

stimulants derived from alpha-methyl-beta-phenyl-ethylamine, a colorless liquid consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

since 15 percent of a university comprises asian-amerian students, a sample for a study was chosen in such a way that it too consisted of 15 percent asian-americans. this kind of sample would be an example of a

stratified sample

hormones

substance secreted by endocrine gland that regulates various bodily functions

mutation

sudden variation in inheritable characteristics resulting from gradual selection

A neuron relays its message to another neuron across a junction called a_________

synapse

Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?

systematic desensitization

sleep apnea

temporary absence or cessation of breathing while sleeping

Epilepsy

temporary disturbances of brain functions that involve sudden neural discharges

serial position effect

tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

During puberty,__________stokes the growth of muscle and bone and the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics in a male body.

testosterone

which of the following monocular cues is based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces

texture gradient

if the ____ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories

thalamus

observational learning

the acquisition or modification of a behavior after exposure to at least one performance of that behavior

priming

the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory

which of the following structure of the limbic system is connected with vigilance

the amygdala

retina

the area in back of the eye that contains your rods and cones

auditory nerve

the axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain

pupil

the black looking opening in the center of he iris, through which light enters the eye

suppression

the deliberate, or conscious, placing of certain ideas, impulses, or images out of awareness

savings

the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed

parasympathetic nervous system

the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles

marijuana

the dried vegetable matter of the cannabis sativa plant

action potential

the electrical impulse that provides the basis for the conduction of a neural impulse along an axon of a neuron

retrograde amnesia

the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma

non-rapid eye movement sleep

the first four stages of sleep

selective attention

the focus of one's consciousness on a particular stimulus

Weber's constant

the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that a difference in intensity will be perceived

Amy accidentally hit her elbow against the edge of a wall. Amy's mother rushed to her and rubbed the affected elbow. Amy's pain subsided. Which theory would best explain this incident?

the gate theory

gray matter

the grayish neurons and neural segments that are involved in spinal reflexes

nature

the inborn, innate character of an organism

proactive interference

the interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently

Jeff observed a quick succession of cars moving together on the road. His first thought was that they were all a part of a convoy of some sort. Which law of perceptual organization best explains Jeff's assumption?

the law of common fate

afterimage

the lingering visual impression made by a stimulus that has been removed

retrieval

the location of stored information and is return to consciousness; the third stage of information processing

eidetic imagery

the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes

just noticable difference

the minimal change in a stimulus that can just barely be detected

difference threshold

the minimal difference in the magnitude of energy needed for people to detect a difference between two stimuli

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time

olfactory nerve

the nerve that transmits information concerning odors from olfactory receptors to the brain

optic nerve

the nerve that transmits sensory information from the eye to the brain

bottom-up processing

the organization of the parts of a pattern to recognize, or form an image of, the pattern they compose

reticular formation

the part of the brain that regulates attention

visible light

the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that consists of waves detectable by the human eye

similarity

the perceptual tendency to group together elements that seem alike

extinction

the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur

dark adaptation

the process of adjusting conditions of lower lighting by increasing the sensitivity of rods and cones

memory

the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved

organ of corti

the receptor for hearing that lies on the basilar membrane in the cochlea

spontaneous recovery

the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time

operant

the same as an operant behavior

psychology

the science that studies behavior and metal processes

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

nurture

the sum total of the environmental factors that affect an organism from conception onward

biofeedback training

the systematic feeding back to an organism information about a bodily function so that the organism can gain control of that function

brightness constancy

the tendency to perceive the apparent brightness of an object as the same even when the light conditions change

sensitization

the type of sensory adaptation in which we become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude. Also called positive adaptation

long term memory

the type or stage of memory capable of relatively permanent storage

sensory memory

the type or stage of memory first encountered by a stimulus; sensory memory holds impressions briefly, but long enough so that series of perceptions are psychologically continuous

short term memory

the type or stage of memory that can hold information for up to a minute or so after the trace of the stimulus decays, also called working memory

top-down processing

the use of contextual information or knowledge of a pattern in order to organize parts of the pattern

_________tells us whether we are falling and provides cues to whether our body is changing speed.

the vestibular sense

activation synthesis model

the view that dreams reflect activation of cognitive activity by the reticular formation and synthesis of this activity into a pattern

response set theory

the view that response expectancies play a key role in the production of the experiences suggested by the hypnotist

continuity hypothesis

the view that the content of dreams tends to be consistent with previous cognitive activity

which of the following is true of negative reinforcers

they increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed

reinforce

to follow a response with a stimulus that increases the frequency of the response

polarize

to ready a neuron for firing by creating an internal negative charge in relation to the body fluid outside the cell membrane

depolarized

to reduce the resting potential to about 70 millivolts to about zero

Polygenic

trait controlled by two or more genes

what role does the somatic nervous system play?

transmits messages about sight, sounds, smells, and so on, to the central nervous system

cornea

transparent tissue forming the outer surface of the eyeball

blind

unaware of whether one is in the experimental or control group

acupuncture

use of pins to diminish pain, possible because of stimulation of release of endorphins and cortisol

Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?

we tend to organize information to a hierarchical structure

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

hypnosis

An altered state of consciousness or a psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions.

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance—the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)

a brain-imaging technique that combines thousands of X-ray brain photographs to construct a cross-sectional picture of the brain

human factors

a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use - old people at light/big calculators

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders - diagnosing -working w people who cannot function

hypothalamus

a bundle of nuclei below thalamus involved in body temp, motivation, emotion

abstinence syndrome

a characteristic cluster of symptoms that results from a sudden decrease in the level of usage of a substance

higher order conditioning

a classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus

favor

a complex quality of food, and other substances that is based on their odor, texture, and temperature as well their taste

consciousness

a concept with many meanings, including sensory awareness of the world outside, direct inner awareness of one's thoughts and feelings, personal unity, and the waking state

circadian rhythm

a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of the earth's rotation

As we enter stage 1 sleep, the transition from alpha waves to theta waves may be accompanied by__________during which we may experience brief but vivid dreamlike images.

a hypnagogic state

Broca's aphasia

a language disorder characterized by slow, laborious speech

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

basilar membrane

a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea

icon

a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory

echo

a mental representation of an auditory stimulus (sound) that is held briefly in sensory memory

schemas

a way of mentally representing the world, such a belief or an expectation that can influence perceptions of persons, objects, and situations

naturalistic observation

organisms are observed in natural environments

phantom limb pain

perception of pain apparently "in" limbs that have been amputated, often because of activation of nerves in the stump of the missing limb

monochromat

person who sees only shades of gray; caused by a rare form of color deficiency

retroactive interference

the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously

synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron

elaborative rehearsal

the kind of coing in which new information is related to information that is already known

storage

the maintenance of information over time; the second stage of information processing

sensory adaptation

the proces by which organisms become more sensitive to stimuli that are low in magnitude and less sensitive to stimuli that are constant or ongoing in magnitude

perception

the process by which sensations are selected, organized, and interpreted

trichomatic theory

the theory that our color vision is based on three primary colors (blue, green, red)

identify a true statement about punishments

they can rapidly suppress undesirable behavior

learning

according to behaviorists, a relatively permanent change in behavior the results from experience according to cognitive theorists, the process by which organisms make relatively permanent changes in the way they represent the environment because of experience

__________is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions.

acetylcholine

Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby immediately felt pain in his foot. This sensation was transmitted to the spinal cord and the brain through _____

afferent neurons

fovea

an area near the center of the retina that is dense with cones and where vision is consequently most acute

stimulus

an environmental condition that elicits a response

model

an organism that engages in a response that is then imitated by another organism

industrial psych

applies psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces - relationship bt people and work - how to make them perform better

structuralism

argues that mind consists of sensations, feelings, images to combine to form experiences

latent learning

learning that is hidden or concealed

Opiates are a group of__________derived from the opium poppy that provide a euphoric rush and depress the nervous system.

narcotics

serotonin

neurotransmitter involved in emotional arousal and sleep deficiencies have been linked to eating disorders, alcoholism, depression, aggression, and insomnia

dopamine

neurotransmitter that affects ability to perceive pleasure, voluntary movement, and learning and memory. plays a tole in Parkinsons and schizophrenia

Psychologists with a__________perspective are most likely to investigate the ways we perceive and mentally represent the world, how we learn, remember the past, plan for the future, solve problems, form judgments, make decisions, and use language.

not behaviorist

correlation coefficient

number between one and neg one that expresses strength and direction (pos,neg) of relationship between 2 variables

according to ____ when we see modeled behavior being reinoforced, we are vicariously reinfoced

observational learning

which of the following is symptomatic of sleep apnea

obstruction of air passages

episodic memory

of events that happen to a person or that take place in the persons presence

Which of the following statements is true of proactive interference?

older learning interference with new learning only if the new material shares similarity with the old material

partial reinforcement

one of several reinforcement schedules in which not every correct response is reinforced

double-blind study

An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Another hallucinogenic drug whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure. Abbreviated PCP.

gate theory of pain

Melzack's view that neurons in the spine can simultaneously transmit only a limited amount of information, so that stimulation of neurons from many regions can limit the perception of pain in one region

Down Syndrome

a condition caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair and characterized by mental deficiency, a broad face, and slanting eyes

aphasia

a disruption in the ability to understand or produce language

depressant

a drug that lowers the rate of activity of the nervous system

counterconditioning

a fear-reduction technique in which pleasant stimuli are associated with fear-evoking stimuli so that the fear-evoking stimuli lose their aversive qualities

functional mri

a form of MRI that enables researchers to observe the brain "while it works" by taking repeated scans

medulla

a hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions such as breathing and circulation

Wernicke's aphasia

a language disorder characterized by difficulty comprehending the meaning of spoken language

method of savings

a measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated

critical thinking

a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

brocas aphasia

In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form _____ of their surroundings.

cognitive maps

environmental psych

considers the relationship between people and their physical environment - how does environment affect people -happier in snow vs rain

behaviorism

defines psych as study of observable behavior and studies relationships between stimuli and responses

which of the following is true of functionalism

it looks at how habits help one cope with common situations

which of the following best describes psychokinesis

it refers tot he ability to mentally manipulate or move objects

which of the following statements is true of shaping

it reinforces progressive steps toward the behavioral goal

nonsense syllables

meaningless sets of two consonants, with a vowel sandwiched in between, that are used to study memory

Phenotype

ones actual development and appearance based on genotype and environment

gland

organ that secretes a substance hormones, milk

which of the following is a view of cognitive psychologists?

people choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe

extrasensory perception

perception of objects or vents through means other than the recognized sensory organs

which of the following statements is true of media violence

repeated exposure to media violence may decrease viowers sensitivity to real violence

dendrites

root like structures attached to cell body of a neuron, receives impulses, incoming messages from other neurons

Carl is conducting a study to determine the effects of the new technology-assisted learning methods among students. As part of this study, he has selected a group of university students, male and female, in the age group of 18 to 24 years. These students have been using the new methods of learning. In terms of research methodology, this group best describes a _____.

sample

visual acuity

sharpness of vision

__________may accompany narcolepsy and is characterized by the collapse of muscle groups or the entire body.

sleep paralysis

secondhand smoke

smoke from the tobacco products and exhalations of other people; also referred to as passive smoking

pons

structure of hindbrain that involves respiration, attention, and sleep vs arousal

Hippocampus

structure of the brain that is involved in memory formation

blind spot

the area of the retina where axons form ganglion cells meet to form the optic nerve

pitch

the highness or lowness of a sound

social psych

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another -expirements -interractions bt people -moving at night vs day

somatosensory cortex

the section of cortex in which sensory stimulation is projected. It lies just behind the central fissure in the parietal lobe

vestibular sense

the sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies' positions relative to gravity

kinesthesis

the sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies

iconic memory

the sensory register that briefly holds mental images of visual stimuli

gene

The basic unit of heredity that consists of a segment of DNA on a chromosome

genetics

The scientific study of heredity

Which of the following is a difference between the thalamus and the hypothalamus?

The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation, whereas the hypothalamus controls the regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion.

afferent neurons

Transmit messages from sensory receptors to the spinal cord and brain aka sensory neurons

systematic desensitization

a behavioral fear-reduction technique in which a hierarchy of fear-evoking stimuli is presented while the person remains relaxed

placebo

a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine

presbyopia

a condition characterized by brittleness of the lens

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

chromosomes

a microscopic threadlike structure in the nucleus of every living cell; it contains genes, the basic units of heredity

trichromat

a person with normal color vision

aristotle

-argued that science could rationally treat only information gathered by senses -5 senses -cause and effect - people differ from other living things in capacity of rational thought -laws of associationism -laws of association -people are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain

convergence

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object

norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation may play a role in depression

conditioned stimulus

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response.

natural selection

A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.

spinal reflex

A simple automatic action of the spinal cord not requiring involvement of the brain, such as the knee-jerk reflex

reflex

A simple, unlearned response triggered by stimuli.

which of the following best defines the term preconscious

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

Amelia is a general physician. One of her patients claimed to be suffering from constant stomach aches. After running some tests, Amelia concludes that the patient is not suffering from any medical disorder. However, the patient insisted that she has stomach cancer. The patient was then made to participate in an experiment where she was given sugar pills and was told that it was a new medicine for treating cancer. Some other participants in the experiment were also given sugar pills. This best exemplifies _____.

a placebo

substances use disorder

a problem characterized by loss of control over usage, social impairment, risky use, and tolerance and withdrawl syndromes

shaping

a procedure for teaching complex behaviors that at first reinforces approximations of the target behavior

variable interval schedule

a schedule in which a variable amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

fixed-ratio schedule

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses

variable ratio schedule

a schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a variable number of correct responses

continuous reinforcement

a schedule of reinforcement in which every correct response is reinforced

theory

a set of hypothesized statements about the relationships among events

classical conditioning

a simple form of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to evoke the response usually evoked by another stimulus by being paired repeatedly with the other stimulus

operant conditioning

a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in behavior that is reinforced

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

a stage of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements, which have been linked to dreaming

instinct

a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered by a particular stimulus and nearly identical among members of a species, even when they are reared in isolation

chunk

a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information

role theory

a theory that explains hypnotic events in terms of the person's ability to act as though he or she were hypnotized

lens

a transparent body behind the iris that focuses an image on the retina

hertz

a unit expressing the frequency of sound waves

successive approximations

behaviors which are progressively closer to a target behavior

which of the following statements is true of depth perception

distant objects stimulate smaller areas on the retina than nearby ones

flashbacks

distorted perception or hallucinations that occur days or weeks after lsd usage but mimic the lsd experience

autonomic nervous system

division of peripheral system that regulates the body's vital functions, such as heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and blood pressure

functionalism

emphasizes uses or functions of the mind rather than elements of experience

_________is the first stage of information processing.

encoding

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

Positron Emmission Tomography (PET)

brain imaging that injects radioactive tracer into bloodstream and assesses activity of parts of the brain according to amount of glucose metabolized

organizational psych

examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change - how to put people in groups effectively -important in military

___ specialize in basic processes such as the nervous system, sensation and perception, learning and memory, thought, motivation, and emotion

experimental psychologists

In experiments on the extinction of conditioned responses, Pavlov found that repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus led to__________of the conditioned response.

extinction

sleep terrors

frightening dreamlike experiences that occur during the deepest stage of non-REM sleep, shortly after the child has gone to sleep

Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player while she was in school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible

implicit memory

which of the following is true in the context of taste aversions

in the taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus

Infantile Amnesia

inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so; also termed childhood amnesia

in the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding

it involves continupus exposure to fear evoking stimuli

which of the following best defines the term latent learning

it is learning that is hidden or concealed

which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia

it is the failure to remember the events that occured after a physical trauma

axon

long, thin part of a neuron that transmits impulses to other neurons from axon terminals or terminal buttons

dissociative amnesia

loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma

lsd

lysergic acid diethylamide

correlational method

mathematical method of determining if one variable increases as another variable increases/ decreases

Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the deficient hormone. Emily has _____ deficiency.

melatonin

control groups

members who do not get treatment

retrospective memory

memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit (episodic and semantic) and implicit memories

prospective memory

memory to perform an act in the future, aas at a certain time or when a certain event occurs

maintenance rehearsal

mental repetition of information to keep it in memory

______ is an example of a hallucinagenic drug

mescaline

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

method of detecting brain waves by means of measuring the current between electrodes placed on scalp

ganglion cells

neurons whose axons form the optic nerve

_____ cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awareness.

nonconcious processes

paired associates

nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall

scientific method

organized way to use experience and ideas to expand and refine knowledge

Amydgala

part of the limbic system that apparently facilitates stereotypical aggressive responses

according to sigmund freud, hypnotized adults

permit themselves to return to childish models of responding

dichromat

person who has trouble seeing one of the primary colors (red, blue, or green); caused by a form of color deficiency

__________is the activation of specific associations in memory, often as a result of repetition and without making a conscious effort to access the memory.

priming

applied research

research conducted in an effort to find solutions to particular problems

pure research

research conducted without concern for immediate applications

________of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.

retrieval

Joy speaks Spanish as she had learnt the language when she was in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____

retroactive interference

Memory for past events, activities, and learning experiences, as shown by explicit and implicit memories, fall under the category of__________memory

retrospective

rods

rod-shaped photoreceptors that are sensitive only to the intensity of light

A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study is called a _____.

selection factor

taste buds

sensory organs for taste

subliminal stimulation

sensory stimulation below a person's absolute threshold for conscious perception

monocular cues

stimuli suggestive of depth that can be perceived with only one eye

binocular cues

stimuli suggestive of depth that involve simultaneous perception by both eyes

In the context of Long-term memory, which of the following statements is true of flashbulb memory?

stimuli that stand out are preserved in detail in a persons long term memory

hue

the color of light, as determined by its wavelength

resting potential

the electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons

neural impulses

the electrochemical discharge of a nerve cell, or neuron

tip of the tongue phenomenon

the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved

sensation

the stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system

education psychology

the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning -deals directly w children

perceptual organization

the tendency to integrate perceptual elements into meaningful patterns

size contancy

the tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its distance

color constancy

the tendency to perceive an object as being the same color even though lightning conditions change its appearance

shape constancy

the tendency to perceive an object as being the same shape although the retinal image varies in shape as it rotates

common fate

the tendency to perceive elements that move together as belonging together

closure

the tendency to percieve a broken figure as being complete or whole

continuity

the tendency to percieve a series of points or lines as having unity

place theory

the theory that the pitch of a sound is determined by the section of the basilar membrane that vibrates in response to the sound

which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates

they stop the production of neurotransmitters in the brain

corpus collosum

thick fiber bundle that connects the hemispheres of the cortex

debrief

to explain the purposes and methods of a completed procedure to a participant

which of the following is a function of the middle ear

to increase the pressure of the air entering the ear

Andy is a professional skydiver. During his freefall, he is able to automatically sense his body's position in relation to the earth's gravity without really having to look around him. This allows him to adjust his position appropriately during his fall to regulate his momentum. The sense that is illustrated in this scenario is the _____.

vestibular sense

cerebral cortex

wrinkled surface of the brain that regulates many functions that are distinctly human

which of the following is true of feature detectors

They refer to neurons that fire in response to specific features of sensory stimuli.

primary reinforcer

an unlearned reinforcer whose effectiveness is based on the biological makeup of the organism and not on learning

orienting reflex

an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus

counseling psych

assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being - still able to function properly

The axon bundle that transmits neural impulses from the organ of Corti to the brain is known as the______

auditory nerve

Episodic memory is also referred to as _____

autobiographical memory

white matter

axon bundles that carry messages to and from the brain

Which of the following statements is true of handedness?

being left handed was once seen as a deficiency

population

complete froup of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn

A(n)__________is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.

icon

A(n)__________is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation.

instinct

cerebrum

large mass of the fore brain, consisting of two hemispheres

survey

large sample of people answer questions about attitudes/behavior

dependent variable

measure of assumed effect o independent variable

explicit memory

memory that clearly and distinctly expresses specific information

implicit memory

memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness, such as procedural memory

perspective

monocular cue for depth based on the convergence of parallel lines as they recede into the distance

A _____ is a complete group of interest to researchers, from which a sample is drawn for an experiment.

population

symphathetic division

prepares organs for stressful situations (fight or flight response)

The interference by old learning with the ability to retrieve material learned recently is known as________

proactive interference

Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as _____.

procedural memories

alpha waves

rapid low-amplitude brain waves that have been linked to feelings of relaxation

biological preparedness

readiness to acquire a certain kind of CR due to the biological makeup of the organism

random sample

sample drawn so that each member o a population has an equal chance of being selected to participate

stratified sample

sample drawn so that identified subgroups in population are represented proportionately

motor cortex

section of the frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

biological perspective

seeks to understand links between biological processes and structures such as the functions of the brain, endocrine system, heredity vs behavior

illusions

sensations that give rise to misperceptions

all or none principle

the fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered

echoic memory

the sensory register that briefly holds traces of aural stimuli

Transcendental Meditation

the simplified form of meditation brought to the United States by the Maharishi Mahesh Yogi and used as a method for coping with stress

opponent-process theory

the theory that color vision is made possible by three types of cones, some of which respond to red or green light, some to blue or yellow, and some to the intensity of light

heredity

the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

desensitization

the type of sensory adaptation in which we become less sensitive to constant stimuli. Also called negative adaptation

contingency theory

the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli

signal detection theory

the view that the perception of sensory stimuli involves the interaction of physical, biological, and psychological factors

interference theory

the view that we may forget stored material because other learning interferes with it

frequency theory

theory that pitch is determined by the frequency with which hair cells in the cochlea fire

which of the following statements is true of rod cells in the retina of the eye

they are sensitive only to the intensity of ligt

Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____

acoustic code

engram

an assumed electrical circuit in the brain that corresponds to a memory trace

hydrocarbons

chemical compounds consisting of hydrogen and carbon

neurotransmitters

chemical substances involved in the transmission of neural impulses from one neuron to another

opioids

chemicals that act on opiate receptors but are not derived from the opium poppy

a ______ is a cyce that is connected with the 24 hour period of the earths rotation

circadian rhythm

cones

cone shaped photoreceptors that transmit sensations of color

efferent neurons

Transmit messages from brain or spinal cord to muscles and glands aka motor neurons

memory trace

an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus

in the context of the difference threshold, identify the correct statement

On average, people can tell when a tone rises or falls in pitch by an extremely small one-third of 1 percent

higher-order conditioning

a classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus

mindfulness meditation

a form of meditation that provides clients with techniques they can use to focus on the present moment rather than ruminate about problems

mescaline

a hallucinogen derived from the mescal (peyote) cactus

motion parallax

a monocular cue for depth based on the perception that nearby objects appear to move more rapidly in relation to our own motion

iris

a muscular membrane whose dilation regulates the amount of light that enters the eye

acetycholine

a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions

positive reinforcer

a reinforcer that when presented increases the frequency of an operant

negative reinforcer

a reinforcer that when removed increases the frequency of an operant

fixed-intercal schedule

a schedule in which a fixed amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available

dizygotic twins

fraternal twins