Psychology-1200 Final (Unit 4)
Macrophages
("Big eaters") identify, pursue, and invest harmful invaders and worn-out cells
B lymphocytes
(White blood cells) form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T lymphocytes
(White blood cells) form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
The symptoms of phobias begin to appear at a median age of about:
10.
PTSD rates in Vietnam veterans vary from _____ percent among those who never experienced combat to up to _____ percent among those who experienced heavy combat.
10; 32
In the 1980s, when the DSM contained the first formal code for DID, the average number of displayed personalities mushroomed from 3 to _____ per patient.
12
According to the text, one research team has identified _____ genes that appear to be associated with typical anxiety disorder symptoms.
17
According to the text, nearly 100 percent of _____ Americans perceive emotionality as more highly correlated with women than men.
18- to 29-year-old
Moderate exercise has been found to increase the average life expectancy by an average of:
2 years
In one survey of American college and university students, _____ percent reported that on one or more occasion within the last school year, they had felt "so depressed it was difficult to function."
31
Major depressive disorder is a mood disorder characterized by at least _____signs of depression.
5
Billy has an identical twin who was recently diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Research suggests that the chances are about _____ that Billy will also suffer from bipolar disorder at some point in his life.
7 in 10
The percentage of Americans who reported suffering from a phobia of a specific object or situation in 2008 was:
8.7
According to the text, several studies have shown that _____ percent of business managers and more than _____ percent of college professors rated their performance as superior to that of their average peer.
90; 90
bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.
antisocial personality disorder
A personality disorder in which the person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.
The _____ classified homosexuality as a mental illness until 1973.
American Psychiatric Association
The _____ dropped homosexuality as a mental disorder because many of its members no longer viewed it as a psychological problem.
American Psychiatric Association
panic disorder
An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
_____ disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.
Anxiety
problem-focused coping
Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.
_____ disorder is characterized by one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
Attention-deficit hyperactivity
Four types of cells in immune system
B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, Macrophages, Natural killer cells
Justyce is in a movie theater and on the screen one of the actors is cut across the arm. He gasps but everyone else in attendance is silent. Which country might he be in?
China
In the 1980s, when the DSM contained the first formal code for _____, the number of diagnoses for this condition in North America exploded to more than 20,000.
DID
Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used in the U.S., she should read the _____.
DSM-5
_____ has been called the "common cold" of psychological disorders, an expression that describes its pervasiveness but not its seriousness.
Depression
_____ is to the common cold as _____ is to cancer.
Depression; schizophrenia
_____ overactivity may underlie schizophrenic patients' overreactions to irrelevant external and internal stimuli.
Dopamine
Which of the following facial expressions is one of the supposed six basic facial expressions of emotions?
Fear
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type B
Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people
If one were to give advice about how to become happy and remain happy, which of the following pieces of advice might be offered based on psychological research?
Give priority to close relationships and seek work and leisure activities that are found to be engaging.
A consultant is hired to give advice designed to improve the health of residents of assisted living facilities. What type of advice would the consultant give in order to positively influence the health of residents?
Give residents more control over social activities and cafeteria food offerings.
Dallas thinks two of his friends are highly compatible, so he is trying to get them together. Which of the following might help to get them interested in each other?
Have them gaze into each other's eyes for a couple of minutes.
Walter always seems to make judgmental comments about others, whether he is judging their clothing, the way they walk, the way they talk, etc. What might be a reason why Walter acts this way?
He has low self-esteem.
John is not a great golfer; he has only been playing golf for two years. One day, John was playing alone and a foursome in front of him told him he could play through. All four of the others watched him tee off. According to social facilitation research, what type of performance would you expect from John?
He will not perform well because of increased arousal.
Donald is a 35-year-old man with schizophrenia. He has struggled with mental illness since childhood, when he had anxiety and impaired judgment. He began experiencing psychotic symptoms at age 19, which have been only partially controlled by medication. What is Donald's prognosis?
His condition is likely to deteriorate over time.
A friend has been a bit depressed because of a low test score. Daniel decides to play a DVD of funny cartoons to cheer her up. What could he ask her to do to increase the likelihood that she will laugh at the cartoon?
Hold a big smile right when starting the DVD.
Executives from a Japanese automobile company decide to build an automobile plant in the United States. In Japan, workers in automobile plants work together in teams. According to research on social loafing why would this not be as good an idea for United States workers?
In individualistic cultures social loafing would be more likely and decrease production.
Why is it that African women have been found to rate their ideal body type as being significantly closer to their actual shape as compared to European and North American women?
In much of Africa, plumpness is equated with prosperity and thinness can signal AIDS, poverty, and hunger.
_____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
Informational social influence
Which of the following provides evidence that there is a genetic component to schizophrenia?
It is observed in all cultures
Why would Shane's doctor suggest that he begin an aerobic exercise program in addition to psychotherapy for his depression?
It will help him manage stressful life events better.
_____ see dissociative disorders as behaviors reinforced by anxiety reduction.
Leaning theorists
Terri's friend is going through a romantic break-up, but she really does not understand the reason for it. According to Katherin Vaughan and John Lanzetta, what could she do to increase her empathy with her situation?
Mimic her facial expressions as she speaks.
_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.
Normative social influence
_____ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.
Normative social influence; informational social influence
_____ disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring maladaptive character traits that impair social functioning.
Personality
Roger works full-time, has a part-time job, and has a new consulting company in response to his son's special needs. He seems to be coping with everything quite well for the moment. According to Hans Selye, he is in which stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
Phase 2 of GAS, in a state of resistance.
The Stanford Prison Experiment consisted of male college students who volunteered to participate in the simulation of a prison. Half of the students became guards, and the other half became prisoners. What is the name of the psychologist who had to call off the study after only six days because of the degrading behaviors displayed by the guards and the way the prisoners became passive, broke down, or rebelled?
Phillip Zimbardo
_____ is to addressing work problems with a colleague as _____ is to talking to a hair stylist about all of the problems at one's work.
Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping
automatic mimicry
Psychological copying of actions or behaviors
_____ is a mental disorder that is most likely to lead to poverty.
Schizophrenia
resistance phase
Second phase of the GAS, during which the body adapts to and maintains resources to cope with the stressor.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three phases—alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
Gussie and Max have been happily married for 54 years. This morning, however, Gussie made an unkind remark about Max's table manners. Given research findings on marital satisfaction and attribution, what did Max think of this comment?
She must be having a bad day.
Lynette is released after a four-week stay at a psychiatric hospital. She needs to find an apartment near her job because she cannot afford a car. When she talks to potential landlords, how should she describe herself in order to get the apartment?
She should not volunteer that she was in a psychiatric hospital. Many people react negatively to those labeled mentally ill.
Maggie has just started her fourth year of medical school and is an avid cyclist. During the summer, she had a bike accident that produced a large contusion on her knee. If Maggie had the same accident during finals week what would one expect to happen?
She would heal more slowly than in the summer.
Type D
Term for people who suppress negative emotion to avoid social disapproval
_____ one's situation refers to the cognitive part of the social-cognitive perspective.
Thinking about
Donald takes 15-minute lunch breaks, goes to the bathroom only when he absolutely must, has to have his cell phone with him at all times, checks his Blackberry the moment he wakes up, and puts in 14-hour days at the office. Donald is a:
Type A personality.
A psychologist gets an email referral from a prospective client whose name is Devon. Devon complains of stress, fatigue, and apathy. The psychologist asks if Devon is male or female. Why did the psychologist consider this important to know?
Women are more likely to suffer from depression.
Once again, the director of an ancillary department has interfered with Tayler's project. She has even accused him of illegal activities when he knows that he has committed none. He discusses this situation with his boss who helps him to reframe the situation and put things into perspective. The mere discussion helps relax Tayler and is:
a catharsis.
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
Cheryl's father-in-law had a serious heart attack several weeks ago. She is concerned because he lives alone. After his heart attack, which of the following acquisitions would increase his odds of survival?
a dog
Delusion
a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders
chronic schizophrenia (process schizophrenia)
a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten
acute schizophrenia (reactive schizophrenia)
a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods
mania
a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgement is common
major depressive disorder
a mood disorder in which a person feels sad and hopeless for weeks or months
In _____, a person exhibits persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.
a psychological disorder
Schizophrenia
a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Catharsis
a release of emotional tension
role
a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave
Stephanie's new roommate leaves dirty laundry all over her room, and she assumes she must be a slob. Stephanie is attributing her behavior to:
a stable, enduring personality characteristic
health psychology
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology's contribution to behavioral medicine
psychological disorder
a syndrome marked by a clinically significant disturbance in an individual's cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior
Conformity
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
People become exhausted from chronic stress because the _____is/are overloaded.
adrenal glands
Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home without her husband. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers from panic disorder as well as:
agoraphobia.
Coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods
Shantay is a 37-year-old African-American female previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She currently appears to be experiencing an episode of mania. Her psychiatrist orders bloodwork and a PET scan. The imaging is likely to show:
an abnormally high level of activity across the brain.
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
an anxiety disorder characterized by repetitive obsessions and compulsions
generalized anxiety disorder
an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal
Phobia
an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
fight or flight response
an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action
The danger in resorting to catharsis as a way of dealing with anger is that:
anger leads to further anger.
Although she is underweight, Lindsey is extremely afraid of becoming obese. She often checks her body in the mirror for any signs of fat and refuses to eat most foods because she insists they are fatty or high in calories. Lindsey most clearly demonstrates symptoms of:
anorexia nervosa.
Continued significant dieting after weight loss of more than 15 percent of normal body weight is common in individuals with:
anorexia nervosa.
Raquel was initially excited to make the cheerleading squad. However, her parents noticed that she stopped eating dinner with them, wanted to help make most meals, and had a list of good and bad foods. She began portioning the amount of food she ate and weighing food. Most concerning was the significant weight drop from a healthy 115 pounds to 90 pounds. This case demonstrates symptoms of:
anorexia nervosa.
A person with _____ personality disorder is aggressive and ruthless and shows no sign of the conscience that would inhibit wrongdoing.
antisocial
Bob has never been able to keep a job. He has been in and out of jail for theft, sexual assault, and spousal abuse. Bob would most likely be diagnosed as having:
antisocial personality disorder
If a person suffers from a phobia, they:
are aware of the source of their fear.
People have two dimensions to their emotions which create the valence of the experience. In addition to whether the emotions are positive or negative, people experience a spectrum of _____.
arousal
One way of clarifying emotions is to place them along two dimensions: (low versus high) _____ and (pleasant versus unpleasant) _____.
arousal; valence
emotion-focused coping
attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction
Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of:
attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
A(n) _____ is a learned tendency to evaluate some object, person, or issue in a particular way that may be positive, negative, or ambivalent.
attitude
If one mimics another person's facial expressions of emotion, one probably will feel increasing empathy for that person. This is BEST explained in terms of the:
behavior feedback phenomenon
Attitudes are feelings that are based on _____.
beliefs.
Yolanda has been having bouts of tension headaches. Her physician has not found any medicine that prevents future attacks. Which of the following is most likely to be effective in treating tension headaches?
biofeedback
There is evidence that behavior is the result of the interplay between external and internal influences, and that behavior is the product of biology, social experience, and unconscious thought processes. This evidence suggests that personality should be studied from a _____ approach.
biopsychosocial
Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in a:
biopsychosocial model
Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is very likely that Boris is suffering from a(n):
bipolar disorder
Mark is embarrassed by the fact that he displays emotion when watching a film with sad or sentimental scenes. What could Mark do if he wanted to help control these emotions while viewing this type of film?
bite on a popsicle stick
If the self-serving bias is evident in the way an athlete explains her success or failure, she might:
blame her failure on bad officiating.
For which sport does the home advantage work?
both football and basketball
In an attempt to lose some of the weight gained by binge eating, Claire uses laxatives and exercises until she is exhausted. Claire most clearly demonstrates symptoms of _____ nervosa.
bulimia
Types of stressors
catastrophes, significant life changes, daily hassles
Luciano believes that the best way to get over his anger toward his high school teacher is to scream profanities while hitting a punching bag. His belief is BEST explained by:
catharsis
The idea that anger is reduced through aggressive action or fantasy is known as:
catharsis
This occurs mostly when people are naturally analytical or involved in the issue.
central route persuasion
The _____ occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts, while the _____ occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.
central route to persuasion; peripheral route to persuasion
In the Stanley Milgram experiments, the level of obedience was highest when the teacher was _____ the experimenter and _____ the learner.
close to; far from
People tend to feel discomfort when their thoughts are inconsistent with their actions, and then they act to reduce that discomfort. This is known as:
cognitive dissonance theory.
rumination
compulsive fretting; overthinking about our problems and their causes
dissociative disorders
controversial, rare disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings
In times of stress, the outer part of the adrenal glands secretes glucocorticoid stress hormones, such as:
cortisol.
A(n) _____ is a false belief that often accompanies psychotic disorders.
delusion
Mr. James incorrectly believes that people are constantly laughing at him and that FBI agents are trying to steal his savings. Mr. James is suffering from _____.
delusions
In terms of pervasiveness, _____ is to psychological disorders as the common cold is to mild physical illnesses.
depression
Thirty-year-old Nellie has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Her selective attention is deficient, she is unable to ignore irrelevant stimuli, and she often gives her undivided attention to minute stimuli such as a spotlight shining in a window. This type of attention problem contributes to:
disorganized thoughts
Eulalia stops for a cup of coffee and the waitress yells at her when she sits at a table that has not been cleared. Eulalia is convinced that the waitress should find another line of work--one in which her angry personality traits will not interfere with her job. Eulalia is under the assumption that which of the following attributed to the waitress's behavior?
disposition
A sudden loss of memory is one symptom of a(n):
dissociative disorder.
Angel has been arrested for grand theft auto. He claims that it wasn't him and that he knows nothing about the crime as his alter ego must have done it. The court-appointed psychiatrist knows immediately that Angel does not suffer from _____ as the host is never co-conscious with the alter egos.
dissociative identity disorder
Finn has been diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Which of the following problems might he be exhibiting?
distractibility, impulsivity, fidgetiness
After breaking up with her boyfriend, Kathy alleviated her stress by avoiding contact with her ex-boyfriend and by planning recreational activities with her best friend. Kathy's behavior BEST illustrates:
emotion-focused coping.
Alexandra is well-liked by her friends. When watching her, one can see that she mimics her friends' gestures and seems to match their moods. Tanya Chartrand would suggest that this automatic mimicry is a component of:
empathy.
Jennah's friend's father has just passed away. She doesn't just say she is sorry for the loss, but rather she tells her friend that she truly feels the pain that she is going through. Jennah really understands her grief and both of them are crying together as she can actually feel the loss in her heart as well. This is an example of:
empathy.
Susan's mother suffered from the flu during her pregnancy with Susan. Statistically, this increases Susan's risk of later developing schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) _____ factor meaning a heritable change that is not due to DNA.
epigenetic
The fight-or-flight response is associated with the release of _____ into the bloodstream.
epinephrine
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
Which of the following best illustrates a negative symptom of schizophrenia?
expressionless face and toneless voice
The ingredients of emotion include:
expressive behavior and conscious experience.
Hallucinations
false sensory experiences
Although fear can have negative consequences, it can also be adaptive. Which of the following is an example of an adaptive fear response?
fear that leads one to flee from danger
attitude
feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events
A major characteristic of schizophrenia is inappropriate emotion. For example, some people suffering from schizophrenia exhibit a _____, often described as a zombie-like state of apparent apathy.
flat-affect
Reflecting on how the definition of psychological disorders has changed in history, one can see that societal views greatly impact the definition of a psychological disorder by:
framing what is perceived as the source of the disorder.
In individualistic cultures people are more likely to commit the _____ in comparison to collectivistic cultures.
fundamental attribution error
By age 50, this anxiety disorder becomes rare.
generalized anxiety disorder
Lenore is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. Lenore most likely suffers from a(n):
generalized anxiety disorder
Diane is concerned about things at work even when she is at home. She is constantly worried about her home life even when she is at work. Diane has a free-floating anxiety that leaves her tense and irritable, impairs her concentration, and results in many sleepless nights. Diane suffers from a(n):
generalized anxiety disorder.
What is most likely to be able to account for the emergence of student radicalism in the 1960's?
group polarization
The most common _____ experienced in schizophrenia are auditory.
hallucinations
A study of Catholic nuns asked to write a brief autobiography at age 22 found that those who had expressed _____ in their autobiographies lived an average of 7 years longer.
happiness, love, and other positive feelings
Barry is watching golf and sees Tiger Woods scowl after a missed putt. He would be making the fundamental attribution error if he assumed that he:
has an angry and volatile personality.
Juan loves horseback riding. What would be an environmental factor associated with horseback riding for Juan?
having friends that also ride horses
Bernidette is applying to graduate school and has several items she must turn in with her application, including letters of recommendation, GRE scores, transcripts, and a personal statement. Which of these is likely the BEST indicator of her potential for success in graduate school?
her academic transcripts.
A month ago, Jason lost his job because of circumstances beyond his control and he is very concerned about his financial situation. Since then, he has learned that his wife will not be able to return to the United States because she cannot get her green card, that his rent-controlled apartment is being sold, and he must find another place to live. Given what happens when people feel unable to control their environment, which of the following do you think is happening to Jason?
his immune response is dropping
In cultures where one's identity is strongly tied to one's family and community, when angry, people are generally encouraged to:
hold in their anger to mask the emotion.
Anders has just received devastating news about the coffee shop he owns. Things seem very bleak because a nationally-known competitor is moving in on the same block. Anders has many debts to pay and his wife is expecting their fourth child. When he hears the bad news, his heart rate zooms and he feels faint, as if he were in shock. According to Hans Seyle, he is:
in Phase 1 of GAS, experiencing an alarm reaction.
Self
in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
According to the text, people are often most overconfident when they are most:
incompetent
Aerobic exercise _____ the body's production of serotonin and _____ its production of endorphins.
increases; increases
The fundamental attribution error is more apparent in _____ than it is in _____.
individualistic European countries; East Asian cultures
personality disorders
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning
normative social influence
influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
informational social influence
influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality
The biopsychosocial approach enables psychology researchers to study how different factors ______ in a person to produce a psychological disorder.
interact
After the attacks on the United States in 2001, Americans who responded with anger more than fear displayed _____ and _____ toward Muslims and immigrants.
intolerance; prejudice
Expressing anger only seems to work to calm one down if it:
is directed toward the correct provoker.
Marcus' twin brother and maternal grandmother both have previously been diagnosed with schizophrenia. This means that Marcus' risk for developing schizophrenia _____.
is much higher than average.
Elsa is a 50-year-old teacher who is openly gay. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Elsa's homosexuality:
is not classified as an illness.
Infants' naturally occurring emotions
joy, anger, interest, disgust, surprise, sadness, fear
Izard's 10 basic emotions
joy, interest-excitement, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt
Andrea experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a(n) _____ perspective.
learning
Eighteen-year-old Bianca is an unmarried, white American high school senior. Bianca is experiencing a major depressive episode and her depression is at its lowest point. However, Bianca does NOT drink or use drugs. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Bianca is:
less likely to attempt suicide than her friends who drink alcohol.
If people hold smiles too ____, they may be detected as feigned.
long
For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is very likely that Odessa is suffering from:
major depressive disorder
John has been having difficulties getting out of bed. He is not interested in going out with friends, and hardly ever answers the phone. John has let a number of bills go unpaid, he is sleeping 12-14 hours a day, and he cannot concentrate at work. He has called in sick to work at least once each week. John is most likely suffering from:
major depressive disorder
A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial for a new antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. It is concerned with the efficacy and safety of the new medication. Its perspective is most aligned with the _____ model.
medical
Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.
medical
Historically, there have been a variety of models used to explain psychological disorders. The _____ model assumes that mental disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed and treated.
medical
Research suggests that all of the following may have contributed to today's high rate of depression EXCEPT:
membership in religious organizations.
A sudden loss of _____ is one symptom of a dissociative disorder.
memory
Research suggests that women are better than men at decoding the emotions of others. This partly explains why women have _____ than men.
more emotional responsiveness to positive and negative situations
Thirty-seven-year-old Steven is a single male who has suffered from depression all his life. He has been in treatment for the last week and a half and has begun taking an antidepressant. He is starting to feel better, but he is tired of living this way and does not want to face another depressive episode. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Steven is:
more likely to attempt suicide because his energy and initiative are rebounding.
People with a(n) _____ personality disorder have a tendency to exaggerate their own importance. They do not accept criticism very well and are known to react to it with rage or shame.
narcissistic
Thomas was called into his boss's office last week for once again overstepping the boundaries of his job position. Thomas had told the director of research that he was the one running the show and it would only be a matter of time before he was in his boss's position. When confronted, Thomas told his boss that it was true, and no one seems to understand that he is the one in charge. Thomas would be considered to have a:
narcissistic personality disorder
While Wendy disagrees with her boss, she laughs at her joke anyway to gain her approval. Wendy's behavior illustrates:
normative social influence.
Maria has been invited to a new church by one of her closest friends. When she first attends, everyone seems so nice and friendly. She begins attending regularly. After a few weeks, sexual activity is discussed during one of the lectures where the women are told that they are forbidden to resist the sexual advances of any of the men associated with the church. Maria looks around and sees several women nodding their head in agreement but Maria feels extremely uncomfortable. At what point is Maria most likely to resist this teaching?
now, since it was first brought up
People who are troubled by repetitive thoughts or actions are suffering from _____ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
Sally is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for four hours per day. In particular, the fringe on her rugs must be straight on both sides in all five rooms. This takes considerable time and she often repeats this 10 to 12 times per day. Her experience is most symptomatic of a(n) _____ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
Without success, Maxine spends hours each day trying to suppress the intrusive worry that she may have forgotten to lock her house when she left for work. Her experience is most symptomatic of a(n) _____ disorder.
obsessive-compulsive
This disorder is characterized by a person having repetitive thoughts that may lead to repetitive actions.
obsessive-compulsive disorder
central route persuasion
occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts
peripheral route persuasion
occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness
Researchers find that conformity to a group increases when all of the following occur EXCEPT that:
one is made to feel secure.
self-esteem
one's feelings of high or low self-worth
self-efficacy
one's sense of competence and effectiveness
adaptation-level phenomenon
our tendency to form judgments (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience
Episodes of _____ followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise are common in individuals with bulimia nervosa:
overeating
spotlight effect
overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely is suffering from _____.
panic attacks
Several times in the past two months, Petra has experienced a racing heart, intense fear that something horrible is about to happen, and an inability to breathe. Petra most likely is suffering from:
panic attacks
According to research, which of the following does NOT serve as a predictor to happiness?
parenthood
Studies of Tibetan Buddhists deep in meditation and Franciscan nuns deep in centering prayer report that the subjects experience a diminished sense of self, space, and time, and an intense state of relaxation. Brain scans reveal that the:
parietal lobe is less active and the left frontal lobe is more active.
Some researchers suggest that there is a link between stress and cancer. However, one problem of focusing on this relationship is that some:
patients will blame themselves for their illness.
Based on the research showing that smokers are more likely to have panic attacks and at higher intensity, which of the following populations is more likely to have panic attacks?
people who use other types of stimulants
feel-good, do-good phenomenon
people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood
Research on people's response to retirement has indicated that CEOs generally adjust very well to retirement, while blue-collar workers fare less well. This disparity is due to the retirees' _____.
perceived control
Employees who are permitted to personalize their work space are likely to be more productive, committed, motivated workers, because the personalization process increases workers' _____.
percieved control
Laura Kubzansky (2001) studied 1306 initially healthy men who a decade earlier had scored as optimists, pessimists, or neither. Even after other risk factors such as smoking had been ruled out:
pessimists were more than twice as likely as optimists to develop heart disease.
Frank was seen laughing inappropriately in the library as if he was responding to internal stimuli. On the bus home, he was crying uncontrollably and suddenly became angered when a fellow passenger offered him a tissue. His excess of inappropriate behavior is known as:
positive symptoms
Ewen is a competitive runner who believes that competition gives him an edge. His arousal has:
positive valence.
From the many risk factors associated with later onset of schizophrenia, it appears that _____ alters the brain in a profound way.
prenatal stress
The suggestion that dissociative identity disorder symptoms are created as defenses against the anxiety caused by one's own unacceptable impulses best illustrates the:
psychoanalytic perspective.
anxiety disorders
psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
natural killer cells (NK cells)
pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer)
Women generally are more emotionally literate because they are better at _____.
reading nonverbal cues
Brenda's past experiences in college classes influence her attitude toward academic achievement, which then influence how she prepares for her current classes. This is an example of:
reciprocal determinism.
Joshua's history of romantic relationships influences his attitudes toward romantic relationships, which changes how he now responds to his current girlfriend. This is an example of:
reciprocal determinism.
Katrina is a worrier. She worries about her family, her friends, and herself. She is particularly aware of potential hazards in the environment, and she sees the world as a dangerous place. Her personality is shaped by how she interprets and reacts to events. Albert Bandura called this process:
reciprocal determinism.
Lately, Harold and Grant cannot get along. Harold often expects the worst of people and yesterday he thought Grant was mad at him. As a result, Harold ignored Grant's phone calls and other attempts at conversation, angering Grant. However, in truth, Harold created the situation to which he was reacting. This is an example of:
reciprocal determinism.
Arianna experienced chronic stress for the past 10 years. Now her immune system is malfunctioning. Which type of cell in her body is NOT likely to be impacted?
red blood cells
The second phase of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS) is characterized by:
resistance.
Since the Great Recession, Americans' primary daily hassle has been:
rising costs and stagnant income.
Mrs. Higgins believes that aliens from another planet have removed her stomach and are watching to see how long it takes her to grow another. Mrs. Higgins is most likely suffering from:
schizophrenia
Oxygen deprivation at the time of birth is a known risk factor for:
schizophrenia.
During a job interview, the prospective employee laughs at Ms. Dolly's jokes and seems to feign his smiles. She knows this from all of the following EXCEPT the smiles:
seem too wide
In European and North American psychology, the _____ is thought to be the organizer of thoughts, feelings, and actions, as well as the pivotal center of the personality.
self
Jan, who is on a strict diet, often finds herself cheating when she is tired or stressed. This is because her _____ varies over time.
self-control
subjective well-being
self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Used along with measures of objective well-being (for example, physical and economic indicators) to evaluate people's quality of life.
People tend to have a _____, which is a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.
self-serving bias
Trina suffers from depression. Her physician has placed her on an antidepressant that will help to increase her _____ supplies by blocking reuptake so that her receptor sites get enough of this neurotransmitter.
serotonin
Li Ping lived through China's Cultural Revolution. He narrowly escaped China with his life, leaving family and friends behind to immigrate to the U.S. This experience is likely to affect Li Ping _____.
severely
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa
Charlie's friend yells at him for being five minutes late for lunch. Rather than believe his friend is a rude jerk, he decides that she may be having difficulties with her partner. Therefore, he makes a _____ about her behavior.
situational attribution
One of the easiest ways for someone to improve happiness is to:
sleep enough
Walter has an intense fear of speaking in public. Since he can only engage in one-on-one discussions, he has been passed over for promotions. He may be suffering from _____ phobia.
social
At her health club, Bonnie pedals an exercise bike much faster when other patrons are using nearby equipment. This best illustrates:
social facilitation.
A person in a group tends to exert MORE effort when she or he is individually accountable than when she or he is working with others toward a common goal. This is known as:
social loafning
Reciprocal determinism involves environmental, behavioral, and internal cognitive factors that are proposed by the _____ perspective.
social-cognitive
A woman, alone in a house, ignores the creaking sounds she hears and experiences no stress. Another woman might hear the same sounds, suspect an intruder, and thus become alarmed. These different reactions illustrate the importance of:
stress appraisal.
aerobic exercise
sustained exercise that increases heart and lung fitness; may also alleviate depression and anxiety
John is really angry at his boss at work. John's friend suggests John go to the gym and hit the punching bag and pretend it is his boss. The problem with this advice is:
that this will just provoke more anger when he sees his boss.
DSM-5
the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.
According to a study in 2004 by the World Health Organization, the nation with the HIGHEST rate of reported mental disorders was _____.
the United States
self-control
the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards
People have a tendency to judge stimuli relative to those previously experienced. For example, if a man's current income level increases, he feels an initial surge of pleasure. However, as he adapts to that income level, he comes to consider it normal. He then requires something better to feel another surge of happiness. This is known as:
the adaptation-level phenomenon.
alarm reaction phase
the alarm reaction is the initial reaction to a stressor
In one study, participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his face or shook his foot were observed to produce the same behaviors. This mimicry illustrates:
the chameleon affect.
Tanya is in a waiting room at a doctor's office and notices that everyone in the waiting room is checking their cell phone. She is witnessing:
the chameleon effect
People feel happier in the presence of happy people than in the presence of depressed people. This is known as:
the chameleon effect.
Sherelle is with three of her friends at a restaurant. One of her friends yawns, then another friend, and then Sherelle. She has just experienced:
the chameleon effect.
coronary heart disease
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
medical model
the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.
The difference between a challenge and a stressor can largely be determined by:
the duration of the situation.
One of the strengths of the biopsychosocial model, in comparison to the medical model, is that the biopsychosocial model incorporates _____ into an understanding of psychological disorders.
the effect of culture
Why does social facilitation account for the home advantage noted in both college and professional athletic events?
the energizing effect of the enthusiastic audience
After receiving exciting news about his grandson's healthy birth, Mr. Haney was easily persuaded to contribute a generous sum of money to a neighborhood church. This best illustrates:
the feel-good, do-good phenomenon.
During the Korean War, many U.S. prisoners of war were held in war camps run by Chinese communists. Without using brutality, the captors secured the prisoners' collaboration in various activities. Some did simple tasks to gain privileges while others completed radio appeals and false confessions or divulged military information. When the war ended, 21 prisoners chose to stay with the communists. More returned home convinced that communism was a good thing for Asia. The Chinese captors were able to accomplish this by using:
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
As Bella is driving to campus one day another car cuts her off and speeds ahead. Immediately she yells out "Crazy driver!" not realizing that the person may be rushing to get to the hospital. Her judgment best illustrates:
the fundamental attribution error
While eating at the university cafe, students see a waiter's serving tray tilt and the food and beverages spill all over four people. "What a careless, clumsy idiot," they mumble to themselves as they resume eating. They have just committed an attributional bias called:
the fundamental attribution error
learned helplessness
the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
One of the negative outcomes of giving a person a psychiatric diagnosis is that a person may then live up to others' expectations. This means that:
the label itself may create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
At one time, disordered people were simply warehoused in asylums. Asylums have been replaced with psychiatric hospitals, where attempts are made to diagnose and cure people suffering from psychological disorders. This best illustrates one of the beneficial consequences of:
the medical model.
external locus of control
the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.
Relative deprivation
the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself
internal locus of control
the perception that you control your own fate
Stress
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging
Criticisms of the DSM-5 suggest that, if Rosenhan's study were replicated today,:
the results would be much the same.
social psychology
the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
positive psychology
the scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive
People overestimate the degree to which others notice and evaluate their appearance, performance, and blunders. Thomas Gilovich termed this:
the spotlight effect.
Epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Psychoneuroimmunology
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
fundamental attribution error
the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition
foot-in-the-door phenomenon
the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request
behavior feedback effect
the tendency of behavior to influence our own and others' thoughts, feelings, and actions
facial feedback effect
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness
cognitive dissonance theory
the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent
attribution theory
the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition
Angela sent an email to her best friend in which she teased her about getting her first B in a college course. Angela believed her teasing was good-natured and funny. Her friend responded that she was hurt and accused Angela of being insensitive and uncaring. Which of the following is LEAST likely to have contributed to this misunderstanding?
the words she used to tease her friend
One of the criticisms about the DSM-5 involves how clinicians go about defining behavior as a disorder. This is because:
these diagnostic labels are determined subjectively rather than scientifically.
People are less likely to make the fundamental attribution error if:
they have a long-term friendship with the person they are observing.
exhaustion phase
third phase of the GAS, during which the body's resources become depleted
Jennifer's 5-year-old niece loves to pretend she is a scientist. She also enjoys pretending she is a horse trainer. These pretend games allow children to:
try out many possible selves.
One of the ways one knows that many different biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors impact the development is through studies of _____.
twins
tend-and-befriend response
under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others (tend) and bond with and seek support from others (befriend)
social-cognitive perspective
views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.
The relationship between the season in which people are born and their subsequent risk of schizophrenia best highlights the role of _____ in this disorder.
viral infections
The quote by Joseph Joubert, "Those who never retract their opinions love themselves more than they love truth" best explains:
why some people may not be susceptible to informational social influence.
Depression is a serious, common psychological problem that affects many people. Although questions remain concerning the cause or causes of depression, it is known that:
women are nearly twice as likely to suffer from major depression as are men.
Spencer has been diagnosed with schizophrenia. His parents have a difficult time understanding him because his speech is fragmented and bizarre. He jumps from one idea to another, sometimes within sentences, creating a _____.
word salad
