Psychology 1301 - DBU BEALE Test 2

The charge difference between the inside and outside of an axon is known as a resting

D) potential.

The role of the parasympathetic nervous system is to

D) return the body to a less active, restful state.

All of the systems that are aroused by the ________ are relaxed by the ________.

D) sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Frequency is measured in units called

Hertz

_____ are ways of organizing related pieces of information from the most specific feature they have in common to the most general.

Hierarchies

is defined as a state of mind that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, absorption, lack of voluntary control over behavior, and suspension of critical faculties of mind.

Hypnosis

_____ memory is the trace memory of a visual sensation.

Iconic

If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean?

It can be changed over time.

Which of the following statements best describes gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

It is a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity

Which of the following statements refers to the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis?

Language creates thought as much as thought creates language.

Which of the following statements is the central tenet of the nativist theory?

Language is discovered rather than learned.

Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other?

Linguistic determinism hypothesis

________ is defined as the influence of language on thought.

Linguistic relativism

_____ is the ability to take in, solidify, store, and then use information.

Memory

By saying the exact same sentence in almost every language, it can be demonstrated that the connection between sound and meaning is

arbitrary.

A(n) _____ is a chain of linkages between related concepts.

associative network

Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes?

auditory

Which of the following is used in anesthesia to pacify people during certain medical procedures?

barbituates

Which area in the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain?

the cortical area

Which of the following best describes mental rotation?

the process of imagining an object rotating in three-dimensional space

In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon of short-term memory called

the serial position effect.

Which of the following refers to "confirmation bias?"

the tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs

Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of which of the following?

cerebral toxins

In the context of short-term memory, the process of breaking down a list of items to be remembered into a smaller set of meaningful units is known as

chunking

The olfactory sensory neurons contain hairlike projections called ________, which are similar to the hair cells in the inner ear.

cilia

The Gestalt law of ________ occurs when we perceive a whole object in the absence of complete information.

closure

A person in a _____ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness

coma

Which of the following occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone?

conjunction fallacy

In the context of verbal representations, which of the following is a fuzzy description of a category?

consciousness

For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital?

consolidation

The ability to see things in three dimensions and to discriminate what is near from what is far is termed as

depth perceptionc

A flawed belief that physicians had about anyone who was vegetative was that the individua

does not react to stimuli from the environment

Which of the following explains inductive reasoning?

drawing general conclusions from specific evidence

Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require _____ processing but not _____ processing.

effortful; automatic

Which of the following terms refers to a class of marijuana-like chemicals produced by human bodies?

endocannabinoids

The human body has natural painkillers called

endorphins

​In the context of perceiving color, most humans are

trichromatic.

Which of the following is one way to pay back sleep debt used by many people

use of caffeine

In the context of forming memories, a(n) _____ is defined as a detailed snapshot memory of what we were doing when we first heard of a major, public, and emotionally charged event.

flashbulb memory

​We see images with the greatest clarity when they are focused on which of the following?

fovea

Which of the following symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can be best described as convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus?

hallucinations

People who can recall in considerable detail personal events from almost any day of their adolescent and adult life are said to have

highly superior autobiographical memory.

The repeated firing of neural impulses necessary to convert a short-term memory into a long-term one occurs mostly in the

hippocampus

One common way to determine how much of a trait is due to genetic influence is to compare

identical twin pairs to fraternal twin pairs.

Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild to moderate intake of tea and energy drinks?

increased heart rate

In the context of types of neurons, which of the following is defined as neurons that communicate only with other neurons?

interneurons

Which of the following is associated with Wernicke's area?

language comprehension

According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed the

latent level

In the context of brain functions, _____ is defined as the strengthening of a synaptic connection that results when a synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron.

long-term potentiation

Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests:

lysergic acid diethylamide-25.

Which of the following is a term used by psychologists to describe an image or idea in the mind that stands for an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present?

mental representation

Which of the following is a characteristic of the mother that explains differences in the timing of the child's vocabulary development?

personality

The _____ is the region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory.

prefrontal cortex

In the context of long-term memory, _____ is defined as a kind of memory made up of implicit knowledge for almost any behavior or physical skill we have learned.

procedural memory

A false alarm is

saying that a stimulus is present when it is not

According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the central executive will have trouble _____ in people who have sustained damage to their frontal lobes.

screening out irrelevant information from the environment

In the levels-of-processing model of memory and recall, which is the deepest level of processing?

semantic

In the context of word-recall studies, _____ is the deepest level of processing.

semantic processing

​The Gestalt tendency to group like objects together is known as

similarity

What is the optimal learning time for language acquisitions?

0-12 years

In babies, the babbling stage usually ends at around

12 months

Adults move through about ________ different cycles of non-REM and REM sleep every night, with each cycle lasting roughly ________ minutes.

4-6; 90

The hypothalamus controls the ________, which is responsible for producing and controlling the hormones our bodies produce.

D) pituitary gland

Which of the following is a neurotransmitter released in the brain that controls muscle movement and plays a role in mental processes such as learning, memory, attention, sleeping, and dreaming?

A) acetylcholine

The ________ serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity.

A) pons

During the ________, a neuron cannot generate another action potential

A) refractory period

_____ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task.

Automatic

The myelin sheath insulates the ________ so that an impulse travels more efficiently and strengthens the connection to adjacent neurons.

B) axon

People with Parkinson's disease have problems with ________ functioning.

B) midbrain

The reuptake of ________ in the synapse is blocked by drugs that are used to treat anxiety and depression.

B) serotonin

The cell body of a neuron is called

B) soma.

In the context of neural communication, which of the following is defined as tiny sacs in the terminal buttons that contain neurotransmitters?

B) synaptic vesicles

In terms of evolution, which of the following human brain regions was the first to emerge?

B) the hindbrain

Which of the following is defined as a forebrain structure that receives information from the senses and relays it to the cerebral cortex for processing?

B) the thalamus

In the context of the midbrain, the reticular formation plays a key role in which of the following?

B) wakefulness

In the context of the structure of neurons, which of the following is defined as a little knob at the end of an axon that contains tiny sacs of neurotransmitters?

C) a terminal button

Which of the following is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain?

C) glutamate

The axons of some neurons are wrapped in a fatty

C) myelin sheath.

is a clear, hard covering that protects the lens of the eye.

Cornea

In the context of neural communication, which of the following is defined as small changes in membrane potential that by themselves are insufficient to trigger an action potential?

D) graded potentials

are photoreceptors in the retina that play a key role in night vision, as they are most responsive to dark and light contrast

Rods

is the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world.

Sensation

ensures that we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself.

Sensory adaptation

takes into account both stimulus intensity and the decision-making processes people use in detecting a stimulus

Signal detection theory

Which of the following describes Weber's law?

The size of a just noticeable difference in stimuli perception is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus.

The process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances is known as

accommodation

Which of the following is the most widely used depressant?

alcohol

Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy

amphetamines

Which of the following terms refers to synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system that keeps one motivated and elevates mood?

amphetamines

​The trichromatic theory explains processing at the retina or cone, of which there are three types. The ________ explains more about how cells in the LGN of the thalamus and visual cortex process color information.

opponent-process theory

In the context of verbal representations of one's thoughts and perceptions, the best-fitting example of a category is known as a(n) ________.

prototype

​After entering through the cornea, light passes through liquid until it reaches a hole called the

pupil

In the context of critical thinking, which of the following steps is the starting point of scientific thinking?

questioning and being skeptical about the validity of an idea

In the context of the serial position effect, the recall for items at the end of a list is known as the

recency effect.

In the context of color vision, humans have cones that are sensitive to which of the following?

red, blue, and green wavelengths of light

​In the eye, the main function of the ________ is to convert light energy into neural energy.

retina

Conscious awareness occurs when neurons from many distinct brain regions work together in a process called

synchronization

In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of

syntax and grammar.

In which state will a person be wakeful but not very aware?

vegetative

What are the two aspects of consciousness

wakefulness and awareness