Psychology 208 Chapter 7: More Long-term Memory

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

Elaborative rehearsal

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is

Encoded

Acquiring information and transforming it into long-term memory is

Encoding

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forget what they wanted when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of

Encoding specificity

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding

Encoding specificity

In Slameka and Graf's (1978) study, some participants read word pairs, while other participants had to fill in the blank letters of the second word in a pair with a word related to the first word. The latter group performed better on a later memory task, illustrating the

Generation effect

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

Highlighting

According to your text, imagery enhances memory because

Imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of

Increased firing in the neurons

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is

Is strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but become less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

The maintenance rehearsal task of learning a word by repeating it over and over again is most likely to

Produce some short-term remembering but fail to produce longer-term memories

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

Retrieval cues

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

Short and across several days

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called

Transfer-appropriate processing.

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that

When a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.