Psychology 220 Exam 2

Clarissa's mother was 38 years old when she gave birth to her. Clarissa suffers from an intellectual disability and doctors have diagnosed that her condition was due to the extra chromosome that she had received at the time of conception. Identify the condition afflicting Clarissa.

Down Syndrome

Dr. Edward us testing the same individuals repeatedly over time as part of a research study, while Dr. Maru is comparing the performance of different people of various ages at the same time. Which of the following statements is likely to be true in his scenario?

Dr. Edward is using a longitudinal research method

Anorexia nervosa and bulimia are types of

Eating disorders

Grace is a 19-year-old college sophomore. She is living away from home for the first time and is trying to decide on a major. Grace is in a phase of life many developmental psychologists term ________ adulthood.

Emerging

Which of the following causes people to participate in an activity for their own enjoyment rather than for any actual or concrete reward that it will bring them?

Intrinsic motivation

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following students is most likely to retrieve information successfully during tests?

Irene, who pays close attention to what is taught in class

Ricky tells his grandmother, "Momma holded the rabbit." In the context of language, Ricky's statement exemplifies

Overgeneralization

People do not receive a smile or a "thank you" each time they hold a door for a person behind them. The action is acknowledged occasionally. The act of holding the door is reinforced on a _____ reinforcement schedule.

Partial

Which of the following concepts of operant conditioning is correctly matched with an examples?

Positive punishment- Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel tries to steal $20 from her mother's purse

When giving a lecture, Prof. Carlos notices several students nodding in agreement. Subsequently, his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate. In the context of operant conditioning, the students' nodding provides Prof. Carlos with

Positive reinforcement

Bonnie is 3 months old. Her parents are inconsistent in attending to her needs. Sometimes they are very attentive, feeding her promptly when she cries and comforting her when she seems upset. At other times, Bonnie cries for a long time before her parents attend to her. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Bonnie will develop

A general sense of mistrust

According to William James and Carl Lange, which of the following leads one to label emotional experiences?

A specific pattern of several responses

Amelia has a large group of friends. She likes to spend her time with friends and family during weekends and vacations. She is also very thoughtful and always makes time for them. She believes that establishing and maintaining relationships is very important. Amelia is most likely to have a high need for

Affiliation

Lori and Monica are looking at the cans of coffee on display at a local supermarket. They are trying to decide which of two different-sized cans is a better buy. Lori attempts to divide the price of each can by the number of ounces of coffee each contains. Monica suggests that "the larger size is usually a better buy." Lori is using a(n) _____; Monica is using a(n) ______.

Algorithm; heuristic

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A cafe provides its customers with cards. Each time a customer purchases a beverage, a hole is punched in his or her card, and when ten such holes are punched, he or she receives a free beverage

Rebecca takes her 1-year-old son, Adam, to visit an infant-toddler program in which she hopes to enroll him. Adam appears very anxious and is unwilling to explore and play with the toys, even though Rebecca is close by. When Rebecca leaves the room to fill out some forms, Adam becomes extremely upset and remains inconsolable. When Rebecca returns, Adam stays close to her, holding onto her leg. However, Adam makes it very clear he does not want her to touch him or pick him up. In fact, he starts kicking and hitting her. In the context of the findings of Mary Ainsworth, which term best describes Adam's attachment style?

Ambivalent

According to the self-determination theory developed by Richard Ryan and Edward Deci, _____ is the perception that people have control over their own lives.

Autonomy

Unlike drive-reduction approaches to motivation, arousal approaches to motivation

Suggest that people act to increase the levels of stimulation and activity when these levels are to low

Clint is mentally rehearsing his golf swing in his mind's eye. Based on the text's discussion of mental imagery, which of the following statements is MOST accurate?

Clint's golf swings will improve because of mental rehearsal

Jonas, a war veteran, has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Currently, he lives in a quiet neighborhood. When he hears a firecracker or a car backfire, he startles out of fear. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are most likely to be referred to as ___ stimuli.

Conditioned

Tim loves pickles. The sight of a jar on a supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n)

Conditioned stimulus

Cleona is a 14-year-old whose parents are always fighting. In the context of current marriage and divorce trends in the United States, Cleona is most likely to

Experience her parents' divorce before she turns 18

Barney's mother gave birth to him when she was 25 years old. She drank heavily during her pregnancy. As a result, Barney is short. He also has learning disorders and displays some facial abnormalities. Which of the following condition is Barney most likely suffering from?

Fetal alcohol syndrome disorder

Jim tosses a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor. His cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in his paws, and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, his cat yawns pointedly and settles for a nap. The change in his cat's behavior most likely illustrates

Habituation

Mrs. Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece or cut into two pieces. Colin tells her to keep it in one piece because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. In the context of Piaget's theory, what does Colin's answer suggest?

He lacks an understanding of the concept of conservation

Before every match, football coach Jones asks his players to visualize playing in the field. He asks them to visualize every aspect of the game, including the chants of the crowd after scoring a goal. According to research findings on mental imagery, this practice of coach jones is most likely to

Increase the performance of the players

We look up a number in the phone book, push the book away, and then begin to dial the number. Why do we discourage an interruption during this process?

Information lasts only 15-25 seconds in short-term memory

Which of the following is true of function fixedness?

It is the tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use

In psychology ____ is credited with developing the framework for learning called classical conditioning.

Ivan Pavlov

At 12 months of age, Jordan is classified as a securely attached child by his pediatrician on the basis of the criteria set by Mary Ainsworth. Which of the following behaviors in the Ainsworth strange situation would be most consistent with this classification?

Jordan is moderately distressed when his mother leaves him alone and is pleased when she returns

Every Sunday, Adam takes a bus to the farmers' market to buy vegetables. One Sunday, the bus service is disrupted, and he decides to drive. He is not sure if he knows the route to the market. However, when he starts driving, he realizes that he knows the route from his weekly bus rides. In the context of cognitive learning, Adam's knowledge of the route to the farmer's market most likely demonstrates

Latent learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior that is brought by experience is known as

Learning

Meghan is bulimic. Which of the following statements is most likely to be accurate?

Meghan is neither more nor less likely than other individuals of her age to be overweight

The process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information is known as

Memory

___ refers to the factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.

Motivation

A researcher raises a sample of unrelated macaque monkeys in identical laboratory environments. He finds large differences among these monkeys in their preference for novel visual stimuli. What might the researcher legitimately conclude concerning the relative contributions of nature and nurture to the preference for visual novelty?

Nature has a substantial influence on the monkeys' preference for visual novelty

To stop baby Ruby from crying for a sharp knife on the kitchen table, his mother put it in her apron pocket. "Out of sight, out of mind," she said, and it worked, Ruby's mother capitalized on his lack of concept of

Object permenance

According to the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, physiological reactions ____ emotional experiences.

Occur simultaneously with

Caroline is playing in the snow in her yard. Her father calls her to come inside the house as it is getting late. Caroline does not want to go inside and ignores her father. After a while, she starts to feel cold and goes inside the house to keep warm. In the given scenario, the feeling of warmth is a

Primary reinforcer

Ralph is preparing a report on his academic field trip to a manufacturing plant. He is trying to remember each event of the trip in the order in which it occurred to prepare an accurate report in a presentable form. Which of the following memory tasks is Ralph using?

Recall

When answering such questions as "Who was your date to the junior prom?" or "Which costume did you wear last Halloween?" you are replying most explicitly on the memory process of

Retrieval

According to the ____, emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of physiological arousal and its interpretation, based on environmental cues.

Schachter-Singer theory of emotion

Tommy is repeating a series of digits in the order in which he heard an experimenter read them. The experimenter is testing the capacity of Tommy's _____ memory. Tommy should be able to repeat about _____ digits correctly.

Short-term; seven

Dr. Ireland is attempting to find derivatives of a function in a mathematical equation, whereas Dr. Jamison is developing campaign strategies for a local politician. Unlike Dr. Ireland, Dr. Jamison is

Solving an ill-define problem

Which of the following proposes that facial expressions not only reflect emotional experience but also help determine how people experience and label emotions?

The facial-feedback hypothesis

Dr. Fiore conducts a study in which two groups of participants work on challenging puzzles: one group is extrinsically motivated whereas the other is intrinsically motivated. Thus, one group is paid for its participation, while the other is not. Dr. Fiore records the length of time each participant spent working on the puzzle and how enjoyable each participant rated the puzzle. Based on the text's discussion of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, what might you expect?

The paid group did not work as hard on the puzzle and enjoyed it less than the unpaid group

Mickey is about to take his psychology final. Just before the exam, the person sitting next to Mickey asks him the name of the physiologist who worked on classical conditioning. Mickey suddenly realizes that he cannot quite remember the name, but he knows that it starts with a P and is two syllables long. Mickey is experiencing:

The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, which of the following would prove to be most effective in comforting a frightened infant or child?

Touching or holding the child

Eight graders Maura and Trish are caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her and refuse to let her explain things. They ground her for a month and take away her television and internet privileges for two months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern. Additionally, for a week, they make her spend every afternoon at the library, researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. Which of the following statements is true of this scenario?

Trish's parents are authoritative parents

In the context of operant conditioning, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement?

Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound