Psychology 251 Chapter 4 Classification, Diagnosis, and Assessment

Samantha has been diagnosed with borderline personality disorder. She is also experiencing depression. If you were her doctor, on which Axis would you note her personality disorder utilizing the previous DSM-IV-TR?

axis II (2)

Although there was much discussion regarding changes to one of the following revisions, no edits were made. To which one of the following did that happen? a. Axes 1, 2, and 3 were compressed into a single list. b. Personality disorders were aligned with the five-factor model. c. Many categories were recognized and redefined. d. Asperger's disorder is now given the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.

b. Personality disorders were aligned with the five-factor model

When Dr. Griffin meets with his patients, he makes sure to notice the patient's general appearance, posture, and gestures. How is Dr. Griffin gathering this type of information?

by observation of the client

Although brain imaging technologies are advancing and are still used as an aspect of the overall evaluation process, which of the following statements does NOT reflect the current view of brain imaging? a. There is much variability in brain patterns between people, and not everyone with the same diagnosis will demonstrate the same patterns of brain functioning. b. Emotions and other psychological states are not clearly localized in specific brain areas. c. Brain imaging is considered to be very useful for diagnosing an individual with a disorder or confirming a diagnosis to help understand the relationship between the brain and the behavior. d. There are no clearly identifiable norms for brain functioning in any diagnostic categories.

c. Brain imaging is considered to be very useful for diagnosing an individual with a disorder or confirming a diagnosis to help understand the relationship between the brain and the behavior.

Although projective testing once was the most common form of psychological assessment, it is now utilized less often than other personality tests. This is the case for all EXCEPT which of the following reasons? a. reliability b. usefulness c. categorization d. validity

c. Categorization

On the multi-axial system of the DSM, disturbed behavior patterns were considered to be ___ in nature.

categorical

What type of approach are you taking if you consider disorders to be clear-cut and separated into different groups?

categorical

Being able to find distinctive patterns, causes, and effective treatments is the main goal of what type of system?

classification

The ___ system for abnormal behavior was based in large part on another system in the area of physical disease.

classification

What do we call the computer method that uses radiation to take detailed and cross sectional images of the brain to detect tumors and other brain abnormalities?

computerized axial tomography (CAT)

Cynthia is taking an intelligence test to better understand if she has an intellectual disability and to measure her level of intellectual ability. What type of test is Cynthia MOST likely taking? a. neuropsychological test b. computerized tomography technique c. case study d. psychological test

d. psychological test

Which system of classification became strongly influenced by Freud's concepts of neurosis and psychosis?

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

Dr. Peters and Dr. Paul have a psychotherapy practice together. They both met with Sarah, and while Dr. Peters thought Sarah had ADD, Dr. Paul diagnosed her with GAD. Based on this disagreement, which of the following diagnostic measurements do Dr. Peters and Dr. Paul NOT have? a. diagnostic validity b. assurance c. reliability d. predictability

diagnostic reliability

Two clinicians agree that a person suffers from schizophrenia. Yet, the person's delusions are actually the result of a manic episode. In this case, the two clinicians would not have ___.

diagnostic validity

All the pseudopatients in Rosenhan's (1973) study were admitted to the hospitals and in all but one case were given the diagnosis of schizophrenia. What did this study highlight?

doctors were not using the current classification system correctly

If you were receiving a scan that was measuring brain wave patterns, what type of test did your physician order?

electroencephalogram

What is the name of the test that records electrical activity in the brain in terms of brain frequencies?

electroencephalogram

Alcohol use disorder and schizophrenia both received a .40 and .46 kappa reliability score respectively and a ____DSM-5 interpretation of reliability.

good

Leslie is having challenges in school, and her teacher and parents have concerns. The school psychologist recommended that she take a test, which would evaluate whether Leslie might have developmental disabilities. What type of test would be administered to Leslie?

intelligence test

Which assessment has index scores that are normalized with a mean score of 100 and standard deviation of 15?

intelligence test

The DSM-5 includes specific dimensional assessments for some conditions in order to qualify the extent of symptomology associated with the condition by giving the patient a survey measuring 12 or 13 symptom domains. What level of assessment would this be?

level 1 assessment

According to the DSM-5, if a patient received a rating of mild or higher on a dimensional assessment that measured the extent of their condition, what level of assessment would they then need to take?

level 2 assessment

What technique produces much clearer structural imagery than a CT scan, although one drawback is that the technique requires patients to remain motionless in a small, confined area for long periods of time?

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

___ takes three-dimensional images of the brain and other organs to assess for brain abnormalities and how they may be associated with a specific psychological diagnosis.

magnetic resonance imaging MRI

Why is using "boxes" to diagnose mental disorders limiting?

mental disorders exist not as distinct entities but rather along a continuum or dimension of symptoms and functioning

A ___ helps provide the current picture of the person's overall functioning by accounting for observations, general appearance, eye contact, and use of language.

mental status examination

Jennifer is noticing that her therapist is observing her appearance and speech while asking her to repeat certain statements. What method is being used to assess Jennifer's level of functioning?

mental status examination

Martinique, because of concerns of brain damage, was shown a geometric design, asked to reproduce the design on paper, and asked to say a list of numbers in reverse. What type of testing approach was Martinique most likely taking?

neuropsychological testing

What kind of testing has become an important component of psychological evaluations for dementia and other neurodegenerative conditions and amnesic syndromes?

neuropsychological testing

What type of self-report inventory includes brief responses to a collection of test items that are used to assess personal characteristics or behaviors across various personality dimensions?

personality inventory

Joann's doctor has ordered her to take a test that involves observation of the uptake and use of glucose that has been radioactively labeled and injected into her. What type of test has her doctor ordered for her?

positron emission tomography (PET)

If we are able to conclude something about what to expect in terms of outcome or course of the disorder, we could say the diagnosis has ___.

predictive validity

The Rorschach Test, a set of cards depicting inkblots, is used to access unconscious processes. The Rorschach is what type of psychological test?

projective test

William was shown a picture of two men, an older man, and a younger man sitting next to each other. He was asked to describe what he thought was taking place in this picture. What type of test is William responding to?

projective test

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) that assesses the severity of a specific range of depressive symptoms, such as sadness and hopelessness, is referred to as what type of assessment?

self-report

Standard interviews lead the diagnostician to ask specific questions tied to DSM categorization. What is this style of interviewing called?

structured interview

Once a ___ has been identified, research can begin to identify the physical cause of the disorder and to develop effective treatments or preventive measures.

syndrome

What type of diagnostic tool involves an interaction between the client and the clinician, who usually formulates an initial diagnostic impression, supplemented by information from the patient's medical and social history?

the interview

An accurate classification that measures what it claims to measure could be said to be ___.

valid

Dr. Ramirez and Dr. Williams come to an agreement that their patient, Rachel, suffers from depression based on a formal interview. They also give Rachel a depression survey that confirms their decision and adds confidence to their diagnosis. These two assessments help establish which diagnostic measurement? a. diagnostic reliability b. validity c. predictability d. assurance

(not a) b. diagnostic validity

Which imaging technique uses radioactive material and emphasizes evaluating the activity of the brain rather than its structure? a. MRI b. fMRI c. CAT d. PET

(not a) d. PET positron emission tomography

Two clinicians diagnose their client with bipolar disorder, but when they find out more information about the client's history, they realize the symptoms are caused by substance use. This demonstrates that their original diagnosis was not ___. a. reliable b. diagnostic c. categorical d. valid

(not a) d. Valid

Andrew suffers from chronic pain from a sports injury, which has developed into a substance abuse disorder. As a result, he was fired from his job and his marriage is suffering. In terms of the axial coding of the previous DSM-IV-TR system, Andrew's chronic pain would be listed on which axis? a. Axis IV b. Axis 1 c. Axis 2 d. Axis 3

(not b) a. Axis IV

A rapid advancing technology is providing vast improvement in our abilities to observe the structures of the living brain with taking X-rays of "slices" of the brain. What is this technology known as? a. CAT b. PET c. fMRI d. MRI)

(not b) a. Computerized Axial Tomography CAT or CT

There were many topics that were up for review in the new edition of the DSM-5, but not all were revised. Which of the proposed changes below will be up for future consideration? a. Axes I, II, and III will be compressed into a single list. b. Many categories will be reorganized and redefined. c. Personality disorders will align with the five-factor model. d. Asperger's disorder is now given the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder.

(not b) c. Personality disorders will align with the five-factor model.

All of the conditions below are listed for further study in the DSM-5 EXCEPT which of the following? a. attenuated psychosis syndrome b. suicidal behavior disorder c. internet gaming disorder d. internet media disorder

(not b) d. Internet media disorder

If you were answering questions from several categories with a "Yes," "No," or "Cannot Say" about your physical health, religious attitudes, moods, and beliefs, what type of inventory are you MOST likely taking? a. projective inventory b. positron inventory c. psychological inventory d. personality inventory

(not b) d. personality inventory?

According to the DSM-IV, what Axis represents general medical conditions that are potentially relevant to Axes I and II listings? a. Axis 3 b. Axis IV c. Axis V d. Axis 1

(not c) a. Axis 3

While the new edition of the DSM-5 was being developed by the American Psychiatric Association, they made sure to account for the concerns with the previous edition. Which of these examples was NOT one of their concerns? a. The diagnostic terms were adjusted to be more consistent with the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. b. Using a categorical approach didn't account for those with mild conditions. c. Mood disorders and anxiety disorders often coexisted, which questioned the boundaries between these disorders. d. The use of the "not otherwise specified" descriptor was becoming more commonplace and didn't accurately reflect the client's condition.

(not c) b. Using a categorical approach didn't account for those with mild conditions.

If Gisele is being asked to perform various mental activities to measure blood flow and activity in different sections of her brain, what type of diagnostic method is she MOST likely experiencing? a. CAT b. PET c. MRI d. fMRI

(not c) d. FMRI functional MRI

The DSM-5 also includes a listing of conditions that have not yet been accepted as mental disorders but are being considered for future membership. Of the following potential future diagnoses, which one is NOT being considered? a. suicidal behavior disorder b. internet gaming disorder c. attenuated psychosis syndrome d. internet media disorder

(not c) d. Internet media disorder

___ is an imaging technique that uses magnetic fields to detect changes in blood flow, producing a measure of brain activity. a. CAT b. PET c. MRI d. fMRI

(not c) d. fMRI functional MRI

Dr. Roman has many frustrations in using the DSM-5 for diagnosing her patients. Which one of the following choices is not one of Dr. Roman's complaints? a. The diagnostic terms were adjusted to be more consistent with the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. b. The use of the "not otherwise specified" descriptor was becoming more commonplace and didn't accurately reflect the client's condition. c. Mood disorders and anxiety disorders often coexisted, which questioned the boundaries between these disorders. d. Using a categorical approach didn't account for those with mild conditions.

(not d) a. The diagnostic terms were adjusted to be more consistent with the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems.

Maryanne is meeting with her new therapist for the first time. Her therapist asks Maryanne questions about her symptoms: how long they last, and how are they impacting her daily social, educational, and occupational functioning. What type of diagnostic tool is Maryanne's therapist MOST likely using? a. the interview b. the psychological test c. the observation d. the projective test

(not d) a. The interview

Which of the features below is not part of the interview process? a. The situational factors as to where the interview is taking place and the purpose of the interview affect the outcome. b. Cultural factors do not affect the interview process since the clinician would not have bias or misinterpret the information collected. c. The information relies heavily on the person's self-report and the patient's truthfulness in what they say. d. The interviewer may not be skilled at helping the patient feel at ease and in facilitating open and honest conversation.

(not d) a. The situational factors as to where the interview is taking place and the purpose of the interview affect the outcome.

Following extensive research and fieldwork, the edited version of the DSM-5 was released in which year?

2013

On what axis did earlier editions of the DSM represent clinical disorders and/or other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention?

Axis 1

According to the DSM-IV, what axis represents the basic classifications of mental disorders?

Axis 1 and 2

According to earlier editions of the DSM, what axis represents the global assessment of function?

Axis V (5)

Dr. Stephens is using a categorical model to diagnose the psychological disorders of his patient. If he's using the DSM, he will have to decide whether his patient either has or doesn't have depression. What is the problem with Dr. Stephen's categorical approach in diagnosing?

Mental disorders exist not as distinct entities but rather along a continuum or dimension of symptoms and functioning.

If an assessment had several validity scales, including a lie scale, infrequency scale, and a correction scale, what type of assessment is this MOST likely?

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)