Psychology 330: Exam #1
A developmental psychologist is studying the ability of boys and girls to keep secrets. She tells children in different age groups about a "secret surprise party" and unobtrusively observes them to see how long it takes them to tell another child. What's the IV(s)?
- Gender of child - Age of child
What evidence is there to support some ethical purpose of Humphreys' research methodology?
- He took several steps to try to ensure the participants' confidentailty. - Some participants (who were fully informed) seemed to find satisfaction in sharing important events with a sympathetic listener. - The interview may have led to important insights that would inform his observational research.
Jim Crow laws made it illegal for ____________.
- Interracial marriage - Interracial sports teams - White and black people to be transported in the same railcar
What types of things did Laud Humphreys measure?
- Men's age and general appearance - Weather - A floor plan of a building
Which of the following were ethical concerns with the Tearoom Trade study?
- Participants did not have the freedom to provide informed consent. - Humphreys could have accidently revealed his participants' hidden social identities. - Participants were being observed when they thought they were engaging in private behavior.
What might happen if one avoids having discussions surrounding racial (or other group) tension?
- People are misinformed - People may feel unheard - People are misunderstood
As discussed in lecture, conversations about diversity-related topics can be difficult because _________.
- People do not want to have their experience minimized - People are afraid to say the wrong thing - People believe there is no point in having the conversation
How might one practice empathy in dialogue?
- Start from a place of genuine curiosity - Allow oneself to be vulnerable - Put yourself in the shoes of the other person
What are some reasons it would be okay to do such a naturalistic observation without informing participants?
- The research did not violate the legal definition of privacy at that time. - The observation occurred in public places. - There was a obligation to collect accurate data in order to better inform society and counter various stereotypes.
What are some strengths of using a behavior sample?
- They can be used in real life - The individual may not know that they are being studied - Less chance of participant response bias
Talking about diversity issues can be difficult for many. One reason for this is that:
- We don't want to lose our belief in a just world - Focusing on and highlighting the differences between people can cause conflict - It can make those of the dominant/majority group feel excluded
Approximately how many participants did Humphreys have for his Tearoom Trade study?
100
In 1787, the Constitution of the United States stated that people who were slaves were not fully considered human. _____ of an enslaved person was counted as property and _____ was counted for the purposes of taxation and representation.
40%; 60%
The Chinese Exclusion Act prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the U.S. This legal restriction was extended by various acts and ended up lasting for ~____ years.
60
According to the reading, ascription means _____________.
A person did not choose to be a member of a particular group
A researcher wants to understand how pets can impact people's mood. Which of these would be considered a DV? A. All of these are examples of DVs B. The amount of time a participant spends smiling C. A measure of one's level of happiness D. How stressed participants seemed
A. All of these are examples of DVs - The amount of time a participant spends smiling - A measure of one's level of happiness - How stressed participants seemed
A researcher wants to analyze how perception or reading of news impacts one's reactions. Which of these would be considered an IV? A. The amount of news one is forced to read by the experimenter (e.g. either 0, 1, or 5 articles) B. All of these are examples of IVs C. How much hope one feels after reading the news D. How long one spends reading the news after being told the source is fake or authentic
A. The amount of news one is forced to read by the experimenter (e.g. either 0, 1, or 5 articles)
The 13th amendment _________.
Abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for a crime.
The Dred Scott decision determined that ________.
African Americans could not be citizens
Which of the following is true of an engaged researcher (as discussed in the very last lecture video)?
An engaged researcher finds the research personally relevant
Nativists are people who _________
Are less likely to be okay with increasing immigration from various countries
What statement is true regarding the difference between a minority group and a numerical minority group? A. There is no difference B. A minority group is a one that experiences stigma and discrimination C. A numerical minority group is one that experiences stigma and discrimination D. A numerical minority group is one that experiences stigma and discrimination and also has less people than in the majority group
B. A minority group is a one that experiences stigma and discrimination
A researcher wants to understand how discrimination is impacted by different factors of the room one sees the other person in. Which of these would be considered a DV? A. The size of the room one enters, which is either 50 square feet or 100 square feet B. How close one sits next to a person of the same or different sex C. All of these are examples of DVs D. The level of lighting in the room (i.e. low or high)
B. How close one sits next to a person of the same or different sex
A researcher wants to explore how different types of exams impact various outcomes. Which of these would be considered an IV? A. The length of time it takes one to complete an exam when under stress B. The type of exam questions one receives (e.g. multiple choice vs. true/false) as a means to predict how well one will perform on the exam. C. All of these are examples of IVs D. The amount of stress one feels after taking an exam
B. The type of exam questions one receives (e.g. multiple choice vs. true/false) as a means to predict how well one will perform on the exam.
Which of the following statements is true regarding a colorblind mentality.
Being colorblind can lead to individuals ignoring groups' different cultural values and historical experiences.
Rosa Parks was arrested for ___________.
Breaking a Jim Crow law
What legal decision overturn the "separate but equal" doctrine?
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954
A friend tells you the following story: I was telling my sister about my friend who wears a hijab (head scarf) and how she gets "randomly selected" every single time for additional screening. I was shocked and didn't know what to say when my sister said, "Well what does she expect? Of course she is going to get extra attention dressed like that." Which of the following is the best example of paraphrasing this sentiment? A. Wow, your sister sounds very ignorant. B. My family has the exact same beliefs. C. I'm sorry you had that experience. Sounds like it was hard to know how to react to such a comment from your sister. D. You should have told her that's not an appropriate way to talk.
C. I'm sorry you had that experience. Sounds like it was hard to know how to react to such a comment from your sister.
The first restrictive immigration policy in the U.S. targeted people from ________.
China
The concept that race is a social construct can incorrectly lead to __________ meaning that differing identities are irrelevant and should be disregarded as an illusion.
Colorblindness
Hannah lives with her partner, Sophie. They are in a romantic relationship, but Hannah does not want others to know, because she is worried about being judged for being gay. Therefore, she tells others that Sophie is only her roommate for financial reasons. Hannah is engaging in ________.
Concealment
Which type of sample in research tends to be "WEIRD" and lacks external validity?
Convenience
Which of the following statements is true regarding one's ability to hide a stigmatized identity? A. It is usually associated with more positive than negative outcomes. B. The person's experience usually isn't much different from someone who has a stigmatized identity that can't be hidden. C. The person's experience usually isn't much different from someone who isn't hiding an identity (stigmatized or not). D. The person hiding a stigmatized identity may find it difficult to have as fulfilling relationships as someone who is not hiding an identity.
D. The person hiding a stigmatized identity may find it difficult to have as fulfilling relationships as someone who is not hiding an identity.
In a study of the effects of expert testimony on jury decision making, a researcher shows mock jurors a murder case with a female expert, a case with a male expert, or a case with no expert. The mock jurors must then deliberate and determine if the defendant is guilty or not guilty. What's the DV(s)?
Determination of guilt (as guilty or not guilty)
What's the difference between stereotypes and discrimination?
Discrimination is the act of treating someone differently because they belong to a different group.
Which legal case is responsible for determining that black people could not be considered American citizens?
Dred Scott case
Different amendments were added to the constitution to provide rights to people who previously did not have rights under the law. The 13th amendment _________.
Ended the practice of slavery
Jessica is completing a form for demographic information in order to participate in a research study. She reports that she identifies as Caucasian and Hispanic/Latinx where Hispanic/Latinx is her __________ and Caucasian is her _____________.
Ethnicity; race
Which of the following is suggested in the article in order to address diversity-related concerns?
Expect and prepare for conflict instead of ignoring it or being afraid to address issues
An African American man invented the cotton gin.
False
In the 1980's congress passed the Purity Act which prevents Black immigrants from entering the U.S.
False
Less than 200 Black people were lynched in the U.S. during the one hundred year span between 1870 and 1970.
False
The U.S. government deliberately created and administered the HIV virus to over 900 African Americans in a secret project during the 1980s.
False
We discussed how culture is similar to ________ because ________.
Fish in water; people don't always realize what their culture is until they step outside of it
The 19th amendment __________.
Gave women the right to vote
How did Humphreys justify the ethical concerns associated with his study?
He argued "situational ethics" which essentialy is the idea that there is no intrinsically evil type of research procedure; there is just better or worse. He argues that he did the better option.
What types of steps did the researcher take in order to make his study more ethical?
He waited a year and disguised himself so the participant would likely not recognize him and feel "outed."
How did Humphreys have participants compete a follow-up survey?
He wrote down their license plate and got their address from the police.
Around 2050, which racial minority group is expected to have the largest population?
Hispanic Americans
The United States only recognizes one ethnic group. That group is __________.
Hispanic/Latino
A developmental psychologist is studying the ability of boys and girls to keep secrets. She tells children in different age groups about a "secret surprise party" and unobtrusively observes them to see how long it takes them to tell another child. What's the DV(s)?
How long it takes to tell a secret
_____________ is the act of settling in a new country with the desire to remain there permanently.
Immigration
Which law dropped the number of quotas allowed for immigrants from various countries and generally increased the number of allowed immigrants?
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
Which research method is likely going to give one the most insight into people's attitudes without having socially desirable responding?
Implicit measures
Which of the following is a true statement?
In general, hiding one's identity can have negative psychological effects.
Equity ______________.
Involves treating everyone based on their needs
Why is personalizing observations seen as a positive way to engage in dialogue?
It helps a person avoid making assumptions about others' thoughts and experiences.
The "Don't ask, don't tell" policy meant:
It was legal to discriminate against people who were openly gay, lesbian, or bisexual in the military
Which of the following is the best example of dialogue?
John listens until he fully understands Seth's views.
Which of the following was not a suggestion to help with diversity-related conversations?
Listen while thinking about what you're going to say next
The Trail of Tears occurred when _______________.
Many Native Americans suffered and died while being forced to march west
Why is the study of diversity and inclusion important?
More inclusive environments are more productive.
When a country has a high level of nativists, ______ is likely to occur.
More restrictive immigration policies
People, referred to as _________, had a sense of fear or threat from immigrants who were more different from the mainstream culture of the U.S. They believed that the more cultural different an immigrant was, the more hostile to the national culture they would be.
Nativists
What racial/ethnic group will be the single largest group in the U.S. in 2050?
Non-Hispanic White Americans
By 2060, we expect that the largest single racial/ethnic group will be _____________.
Non-Hispanic Whites
A researcher studying anxiety disorders gives one group of anxious individuals a new experimental drug, a second group a traditional anti-anxiety drug, and a third group a placebo pill. She has each participant record the number of panic attacks they have over a 90-day period. What's the DV(s)?
Number of panic attacks
Laud Humphreys' study titled "Tearoom Trade" was designed to _____________________.
Observe homosexual activities in public restrooms
Some argue that the Tearoom trade study was worth the ethical costs because ________.
Participants who were fully informed seemed excited to finally share their experience with others.
Harry wants to study how people of different races perceive their medical care. Specifically, he wants to know how people may differ in the perception of their doctor's competence. What is the predictor variable of this study?
Participants' race
Harry wants to study how people of different races perceive their medical care. Specifically, he wants to know how people may differ in the perception of their doctor's competence. What is the outcome variable of this study?
Perception of the doctor's competence
Which research method is likely going to give one the most insight into people's attitudes without having socially desirable responding?
Physiological measures
A type of data collection involving the measurement of behaviors such as stress response with cortisol or using instruments such as fMRI is known as __________.
Physiological response
Dr. Chambers wants to see what factors impact how well one recalls cartoons they've seen. He presents participants with cartoons that are classified as weird, humorous, or literal. Then he measures how many details of the cartoons participants can remember. What's the DV(s)?
Recall of cartoons seen (i.e. number of details recalled)
LGBTQIA+ encompasses individuals maintaining various stigmatized identities based on gender, sex, and/or _______
Sexual Orientation
Which country had the largest number of international migrants (i.e. people living in the country who were not born there) in 2019?
The United States of America
Empathy is an important piece to having conversations about diversity. Which of the following is the best definition of empathy?
The ability to perspective take and understand the emotional experience of another
Dr. Stines wants to determine how people react to Asian Americans who do not fit the stereotype of a model minority. Therefore, he presents participants with Asian Americans who are either very successful in the medical field and good at math, or individuals who are successful as a police officer, or individuals who do not have a successful career and do poorly academically. Then Dr. Stines measures how much each participant would want to be the friend of the individual presented. In this study, the independent variable is ______.
The degree to which the target maps to the model minority stereotype
What does it mean to be a minority group in a psychological (and sociological) sense?
The group experiences some disadvantage or inequality.
Over the next 40 years, it is expected that _____________.
The population of Non-Hispanic Whites will decrease.
A politician advocating for equality would promote which of the following?
The same pay for people of all genders with the same job title
The authors of this reading point out issues with using certain group labels, such as using Hispanic Americans and Latinos interchangeably when they have different meanings. The authors, however, also use these terms in their writing. They say they do this because ______.
These terms are familiar and consistent with the labels used in census reports, many research articles, and other sources.
Some benefits to using surveys in data collection for a research study are that they are easy to use and can be used to cover nearly any topic. What are some disadvantages to using surveys for data collection?
They are both artificial and lead to a social desirability response bias
What type of immigrants fared the best (economically and politically) in the United States' "melting pot" culture?
Those who were willing and able to assimilate into the mainstream
Why did President Andrew Jackson sign the Indian Removal Act?
To free up more land for White people's plantations
An African American doctor invented the process of extracting plasma from whole blood for the purpose of storage and transfusion.
True
An African American operated in the first successful open heart surgery.
True
Fourteen year old African American Emmett Till was kidnapped, beaten, shot, and dumped for allegedly whistling at a White woman. Two white men acquitted for his murder by an all-White jury later boasted about committing the murder in a Look magazine interview.
True
In Tuskegee, Alabama the U.S. Government deceived over 600 African American men by hiding their diagnosis of syphilis, and for the next forty years denied them medical treatment for this potentially fatal disease.
True
Jim Crow laws—which enforced segregation, limited job opportunities and kept Black Americans from voting—were in effect until the 1960s.
True
The African American slave Dred Scott sued for his freedom. The Supreme Court ruled that he was property, not a citizen of the U.S. and therefore could not sue in federal court.
True
The F.B.I. has employed illegal techniques (e.g., hidden microphones in motels) in an attempt to discredit African American political leaders during the civil rights movement.
True
The U.S. Government promised freed slaves payment of 40 acres of land and a mule but never delivered such payment.
True
The Unites States criminal justice system has historically delivered longer sentences to Black Americans than White Americans who commit the same crime
True
Dr. Chambers wants to see what factors impact how well one recalls cartoons they've seen. He presents participants with cartoons that are classified as weird, humorous, or literal. Then he measures how many details of the cartoons participants can remember. What is the IV(s)?
Type of cartoon (levels = literal or weird or humorous cartoons)
In a study of the effects of expert testimony on jury decision making, a researcher shows mock jurors a murder case with a female expert, a case with a male expert, or a case with no expert. The mock jurors must then deliberate and determine if the defendant is guilty or not guilty. What's the IV(s)?
Type of expert witness (levels = male, female, none)
A researcher studying anxiety disorders gives one group of anxious individuals a new experimental drug, a second group a traditional anti-anxiety drug, and a third group a placebo pill. She has each participant record the number of panic attacks they have over a 90-day period. What's the IV(s)?
Type of medication (levels = traditional, experimental/new drug, and placebo)
The researcher of the Tearoom Trade took on the role of a "___________" for the study.
Watchqueen
According to this article, what is the first thing one should address in having difficult diversity-related conversations?
Why it's important to have these conversations
