Psychology (4,5,6,7)
research shows that we are virtually paralyzed in REM sleep
"Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep, probably b/c he was dreaming about boot camp." What is WRONG with this statement?
sometimes people will do things under hypnosis that they would normally consider unacceptable
A hypnotist is putting on a demonstration, and your friend Benjamin is thinking about volunteering. However, he is a little nervous b/c he is afraid he might do things while he is hypnotized that he would normally not do. Based on research into the effects of hypnosis, you should tell Benjamin
a semantic code
A memory code that emphasizes the meaning of verbal input is called
developed a physical dependence for amphetamine
Aaron has been talking a mild amphetamine for the past for months to help him cope with being a full-time student while holding down a full-time job. Now that his classes have ended, he wants to stop taking the amphetamine, but each time he tries to skip the medication, he starts sweating and twitching. It appears that Aaron has
are followed by favorable consequences
According to Skinner, the fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that organisms tend to repeat those response that
visual imagery
Erin is studying for her anatomy exam. While she is studying, she tried to create as many pictures as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Erin is using
an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end
Escape learning is a type of learning in which
attention
Focusing awareness on a narrowed range of stimuli or events defines
semantic memory
General knowledge that is NOT tied to the time when the info was learned is contained in
has apparently made a source-monitoring error
Gregory is telling Molly a joke when she suddenly stops him and tells him that she told him that same joke last week. In this example, Gregory
wish fulfillment
If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the "student of the year award," this dram would be MOST consistent with which theory of dreaming?
stimulus discrimination
If a dog salivates to a blue light and not to a yellow light, the dog is showing evidence of
the firming up of the learning that took place during that day
One possible explanation for why humans need REM and slow-wave sleep focuses on the possibility that they contribute to
negative;positive
Pat takes a prescription medication in order to reduce pain; Kelly takes the same medication in order to experience a "drug high." Pat's behavior is reinforced by ________ reinforcement and Kelly's behavior by _________ reinforcement
has developed a drug tolerance for caffeine
Seymour used to get quite a "buzz" from his first cup of coffee on the morning. Now he finds that he doesn't start to feel alert until third cup. This suggests that Seymour
a variable-ratio schedule
Shaquille is a professional basketball player. He never knows for sure which of his shots will result in a basket, but the more shots he takes, the more backers he makes. In this example, Shaquille's shooting is being reinforced on
storage
Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first semester Spanish class after the class has ended. The main memory process that accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended periods of time is
circadian
The 24-hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as _______ rhythms
executive control system
The ______ component of working memory controls the allocation of attention
a selective awareness of external stimuli
The example of new parent who sleeps through a loud thunderstorm, but wakes up the minute his newborn infant begins to cry is used to illustrate that during sleep, there is
operant conditioning
The type of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences is
exposure to light
What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?
a brief increase in the frequency with which the behavior is performed, followed by the weakening and eventual disappearance of the behavior
When reinforcement for a behavior is removed, the consequence will be
short-term
When you listen to a lecture, the info is held in ______ memory until you write it in your notes
the suprachiasmstic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone melatonin
Which of the following appears to be the sequence of events associated with resetting one's biological clock?
total loss of personal control
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of hypnosis
dual-coding theory
Which theory suggests that memory is enhanced by forming both semantic and visual codes?
sensation; perception
While _______ involves the stimulation of sense organs, _______ involves the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input
reinforcement
While out trick-or-treating for Halloween, at first, Billy's neighbors had to remind him to say "trick or treat" before they dropped their treats into his bag. As he continued to visit houses in the neighborhood, soon Billy would say "Trick or treat" as soon as the neighbors answered the door. The treats he received were the ______ for his saying "Trick or treat."
experience REM rebound and spend more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights
While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic, Erica is deprived of dreaming for several nights. As a result, she is likely to
NREM sleep, and her movements are random
You are observing your friend Melissa while she is sleeping. She is tossing and turing. It is MOST likely that Melissa is currently in
a variable-interval schedule
You are watching a rat pressing a lever in a Skinner box to obtain food pellets. The rat is pressing the lever at a slow, steady rate, but it does not stop, even when food pellets is delivered. In this example, the reinforcement schedule that is in place is MOST likely
learning
A relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience is defined as
fixed ratio
A salesperson earns a bonus for every three items of clothing she sells. The bonus is given on which type of reinforcement schedule?
when hypnotized, subjects are able to convince themselves that they cannot be held responsible for their actions
A stage hypnotist is sometimes successful in getting people to disrobe in public. What is the BEST explanation for this phenomenon?
classical conditioning
A type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus is known as
an amphetamine
Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested
proactive interference
Allen was recently traded to a new basketball team, and he is having a hard time remembering all the new plays b/c he keeps using the plays from his former team. Allen's problems illustrate the effects of
punishment
Angela came home after curfew lastnight; as a result, her parents have taken away her driving privileges for a week. What discipline techniques are Angela's parents using?
insomnia
Anne has noticed that for the past three weeks, she is unable to sleep for more than five hours at a time, even though she used to regularly get eight hours of sleep per night. She wakes early in the morning and just can't fall back to sleep once this happens. It appears that Anne has developed
reinforcer
Cassie asked her father for a candy bar at the grocery store, and her father bought her the candy bar. If Cassie asks for more candy bars on the future, the candy bar has acted as a
a sedative
Charles is taking a prescription drug to reduce the anxiety he has been feeling since he lost his job. He finds that when he takes the drug, he experiences short-term lethargy and impaired coordination. It is likely that Charles' physician has prescribed
psychoactive drugs
Chemical substance that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning are referred to
the serial-position effect
Children often have difficulty remembering the letters in the middle of the alphabet b/c of
secondary reinforcer
Chimps are trained to perform a variety of tasks to get coins. The coins could then be traded in for banana chips that could be eaten. The coins served as a
distributed practice
Corbin is convinced that he remembers the material from his text much better when he studies for 3 hours straight through on the night before the exam, rather than when he studies for 30 minutes each night on 6 consecutive nights. Corbin's experience is NOT consistent with memory research that has documented the effectiveness of
an unconditioned response
Darrel was dancing with his new girlfriend at an Elvis tribute. When the band started playing, "Can't Help Falling in Love with You," his girlfriend gave him a long, passionate kiss, which Darrel found very enjoyable. Now Darrel finds that every time he hears "Can't Help Falling in Love with You" on the radio, he becomes mildly excited. In this example, the long, passionate kiss is
wish-fulfillment theory of dreams
Denise is unemployed. Over the past three years, she has been fired from 10 different positions. If you interpreted Denise's dream of being the CEO of a Fortune 500 company as an attempt for Denise to fulfill U gratified needs from her waking life, you would be subscribing to the
operant conditioning
Dillon is four years old, and his parents want to teach him to say "Please" and "Thank you." They will be most successful in altering Dillon's behavior if they use
an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes
If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find
problem-solving theory of dreams
If you interpreted Peter's dream of arguing with a larger-than-life faceless authority figure as an attempt on his part to decide which approach to take in convincing his father of the merits of his future plans, you would be subscribing to the
unconditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, the stimulus that naturally evokes an unlearned response is the
psychological dependence
Judy feels that she needs her can of Diet Coke every morning to wake her up and satisfy her cravings. She doubts that she could ever give up drinking Diet Coke. Judy is demonstrating
an intermittent reinforcement schedule
Katrina is trying to put a dollar bill into a vending machine in her office. Sometimes the machine will take a dollar bill on the first try, other times it can take up to five or six tries before the dollar bill is finally accepted. In this example, inserting a dollar bill into the vending machine is reinforced on
showed spontaneous recovery
Last year, Becky went to a psychologist and was cured of her dog phobia. Today, however, while jogging in the park, she was overcome with anxiety when she saw a young man jogging toward her with his golden retriever on a leash. Apparently, Becky's dog phobia
classical conditioning
Lyn is afraid of all spiders b/c her brother once dropped a spider down her shirt when she was younger. Today, even the sight of rubber spider is enough to send shivers down her spine. The learning process that could best account for Lyn's fear of spiders is
ineffective encoding
Martin can't remember who invented flush toilets b/c he was flirting with a classmate when his history professor described this momentous event. His forgetting appears to be due to
fixed-interval schedules
Mary takes a course in which she is tested every two weeks. Her studying falls right after a test, followed by a gradual increase to a rapid rate of studying as the next test approaches. Her studying confirms to the typical pattern of responding maintained on
an efficient study strategy, b/c examples should help her to recall key ideas
Naomi is studying for her law exam. While she is studying, she is trying to think of as many examples as she can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Naomi is using
elaboration
Norm is studying for his law exam. While he is studying, he is trying to think of as many examples as he can to illustrate key ideas. In this case, Norm is using
neurotransmitter activity in the brain
Psychoactive drugs work primarily by altering
sadie's table clearing will be more resistant to extinction than raul's
Raul's parents make certain they thank Raul every time he clears the dishes from the table without being asked. Sadie's parents try to remember to thank Sadie every time she clears the table w/o being asked, but about half the time, they forget. Based on principles of operant conditioning, you should predict that
prospective memory
Remembering to perform actions in the future involves
more apt; less
Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ________ to have accidents and be _______ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule
a person loses memories of events that occurred prior to a head injury
Retrograde amnesia is a type of organic amnesia in which
encoding
The memory improvement strategies of elaboration, using visual imagery, and engaging in deeper processing all involve which memory process?
maintaining information in memory over time
The memory process of storage involves
a fixed-interval schedule
The newest winning numbers in the state lottery are announced on the local television station every Saturday night, at the end of the news hour. People who are watching for the lottery numbers will have their "watching" reinforced on
it is a deep sleep, the brain-wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake individual
The paradox of concerning REM sleep is while
source monitoring
The process of making attributions about the origins of memories is referred to as
to select previously learned information from an array of options
The recognition measure of retention requires an individual
structural
The shallowest level of processing of verbal information is ________ encoding
a variable-ratio schedule
You are watching a rat pressing a lever in a Skinner box to obtain food pellets. The rat is pressing the lever at a very high rate and does not stop, even when food pellets is delivered. In this example, the reinforcement schedule that is in place is MOST likely
the sound of his voice is an inappropriate retrieval cue
You meet a man at a party and carefully store his name along with an image of his face. The next day, he calls you on the phone, but you can't remember his name. According to the encoding specificity principle, this b/c
retroactive interference
You move to a new house and memorize your new phone number. Now, you can't remember your old phone number. This an example of
nondeclarative memory
Your memory of how to do something, such as how to shoot a free throw in basketball, is contained in your