psychology

Who is most likely to use the central route to respond to persuasive messages?

Jorge, who plans to attend a guest lecture on worldwide water shortages, a topic about which he has read a great deal

Which of the following is an advantage of personality inventories?

Large numbers of people can be assessed quickly and inexpensively

Which of the following examples involves deindividuation?

Naomi decides to follow her classmates as they sneak onto the subway without paying

Individual, gender, cultural, and task variables interact to produce social loafing. Who has the greatest potential for social loafing?

Robert is a male from a Western culture and is working in a group to pick up trash along the highway.

Ross is filling in a personality inventory in connection with a job application. The results are based on his self-report. Why is this a potential limitation?

Ross's responses might be influenced by his need to appear socially appropriate.

Kohlberg's postconventional reasoning has been criticized as not representing a universal stage of moral development, but rather being ____ (Murphy, Gilligan, & Puka, 1994).​

a characteristic of males in Europe and the United States

Deborah has always wanted to go to college at Stanford. She applied but was not accepted to Stanford; however, she was accepted at U.C. Berkeley. At first, she was crushed, but then, she started telling all her teachers and friends that "U.C. Berkeley is a far more interesting school." Her statement reflects

a resolution to cognitive dissonance

What is a teratogen?​

any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus

Mario is a high school sophomore. His parents are strict but loving. They provide clear standards that are reasonable for his age and enforce them fairly. When he is given consequences for his actions, they are meant more to teach than to punish. Mario is sometimes invited to share his input on the rules that his parents set in the home. Mario's parents are using a(n) _____ parenting style.​

authoritative

Aiden has always been a bit shy and self-doubting. He tries to start a conversation with the attractive young woman sitting next to him in the physics lecture hall, but she turns the other way and talks only with her friend. Which of the following thoughts is most likely to be running through Aiden's mind?

"Nobody likes me; nobody will ever like me."

Sigmund Freud's treatment approach based on his psychodynamic theory is called

. ​psychoanalysis

Selena, a research scientist, is developing a study of prejudice. Which of the following would be most useful as an implicit measure of prejudice?

Association of positive terms with Black faces and negative terms with White faces

what is the uncomfortable state that occurs when behaviors and attitudes do not match

cognitive dissonance

Vanessa's father was an auto mechanic. She spent countless hours as a child by her dad's side, learning the ins and outs of his trade. There is no doubt that Vanessa is very competent in this field; however, she has applied to over fifty auto repair shops in her town and has not received one interview. Which of the following terms describes the most likely reason for this?

discrimination

Jen's best friend just got fired from her part-time job waitressing. Jen's first thought was "I knew she lacked the patience for that job." Jen is illustrating

dispositional attribution

In Freud's personality theory, the self that others see is called the ____.

ego

Aaron, a pre-med student, received a c on his biochemistry exam. he told his roommate that he had studied for the exam, and that it was just bad luck that the professor had asked so many questions that he did not understand. Aaron appears to have

external locus of control

Mia continued to drink heavily with her friends throughout her pregnancy. Her son, now four, has physical abnormalities, including an underdeveloped jaw and thin upper lip, and cognitive and behavioral problems. He most likely has

fetal alcohol syndrome

Julio's term paper is due on Thursday at 5 P.M. On Wednesday, he asks his professor if he can turn it in on Friday morning, to which his professor agrees. On Thursday afternoon, he asks his professor if he can hand the paper in on Monday morning. What persuasive technique does this most resemble?

foot-in-the-door

Grace is serving on a jury for the first time. She entered the jury room with a dollar amount in mind for damages but, following deliberations, she agreed to a significantly higher number. This is an example of _

group polarization

A group of mothers of pre-school-age children in a small town gather regularly. At the last meeting, a member of the group told the others that a registered sex offender has moved back in with his parents, who live nearby. The group decides to write a letter expressing concern to the local police department, without checking the accuracy of the member's information. This is an example of ____.

groupthink

​For as long as he can remember, Johnny's passion in life has been to eat, drink, and be merry. Which component of Freud's personality theory does this reflect?

id

​What is self-esteem?

judgment of the value of the self

During the economic downturn, Alejandro's neighbor, a successful accountant, lost his job and had to sell his house. Alejandro decided that this neighbor "must have really messed up at his workplace." This is an example of

just-world belief

the assumption that good things happens to good people and bad things happens to bad people is called

just-world belief

in Freud's view, it is the job of the ego, or self, to ____.

n Freud's view, it is the job of the ego, or self, to ____.

Mahatma Gandhi employed nonviolent civil disobedience in his efforts toward India's independence from foreign powers. His belief reflected the idea that there are standards of right and wrong that are higher than rules created by humans. These actions reflects Kohlberg's stage of ____ morality.​

postconventional

Newborns show an innate preference for looking at faces. This preference

provides advantages relative to the importance of social relationships

Danny's soccer teammates want to play a prank on a rival team before their game. Danny is reluctant to participate, but does not want to be the only one who expresses disapproval of the plan. He goes along with the group. This scenario illustrates that conformity

reduces the risk of rejection by a social group

Mary and her husband made a great deal of money recently through the sale of their business, though they come from families of little education or money. They moved to a beautiful new home in a neighborhood well-known for the wealth and high social status of its residents. The neighbors have been very unfriendly to them. This is an example of

relational aggression

Larry has put off studying for his Medieval Literature class all semester and worries that he will not do well on the final exam. He starts to drink beer and watch sports with his roommates every night, instead of studying for this big test. This is an example of

self-handicapping

The cognitive organization that helps us think about the self and process self-relevant information is

self-schema

Mr. Martin, a physics teacher, is also the advisor to the high school chess team. He sees that a new student, Mariah, has beaten their top player, David. He wonders whether David let her win because she is so attractive. This is an example of maintaining a stereotype through

situational attribution

To which of the following tastes will a newborn react most favorably?​

sweet

Most efforts to study the effects of genetics on personality use

the twin study method

What is a trait?

​a stable personality characteristic

Contemporary views on human development focus on age-related changes that occur _

​across the entire life span

Aaron, a premed student, received a C on his biochemistry exam. He told his roommate that he had studied for the exam, and that it was just bad luck that the professor had asked so many questions that he did not understand. Aaron appears to have

​an external locus of control

​Development is believed to

​be continuous in some aspects and discontinuous in others

​According to your text, what does the science of personality explore?

​characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving

In Freud's personality theory, a protective behavior that reduces anxiety is called a __

​defense mechanism

According to Piaget's theory, cognitive abilities develop through regular stages. This idea is a classic example of the ____ approach.​

​discontinuity

Ashley is a senior in high school. Her parents enjoy her company and have an "open door" policy where her friends are concerned. They are fine with her friends drinking and smoking in the basement as long as one person refrains as the designated driver. Their parenting style is ____.​

​indulgent

Because babies cannot talk, researchers must rely on which of the following to assess their sensory capabilities?​

​measures of heart rate, facial expression, and head movements

​Teens begin to form an identity by asking "Who am I?" and "What kind of person do I want to be?" According to Erikson, failure to achieve a stable identity leads to

​role confusion and problems with subsequent stages

What is object permanence?​

​the ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present

Rachel is in junior high school. Her father drinks heavily and is frequently out of work. Her mother is very depressed and spends much of the day in front of the TV. Rachel spends as much time as she can outside of their home. Her parents' style of parenting is

​uninvolved

Michelle has always preferred standard, run-of-the-mill milk chocolate; that is, until her sister encouraged her to try an organic, 72% cacao, imported Belgian dark chocolate. Now, she believes that she has eaten the "wrong" kind of chocolate most of her life. Which element of her attitude does this most reflect?

cognition