Psychology 8.1-8.3 Study Guide

Most characteristics determined from ____ chromosomes

22

How many chromosomes come from mother? How many from father?

23 from each totaling to 46

What is Turner's syndrome?

23 pair is missing an X, lone X chromosome (females tend to be very short, infertile, and sexually underdeveloped

How many chromosomes do humans have?

46 in each of their cell bodies

How much of a person's personality and behavior is determined by nature and how much is determined by nurture?

All that people are and all that people become is the product of an interaction between nature and nurture

What is cross-sequential design?

Combination of longitudinal design and cross-sectional design

What are examples of disorders carried out by recessive genes?

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disorder, and phenylketonuria (PKU)

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What is longitudinal design?

Design in which one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages

What is cross-sectional design?

Design in which several different age-groups are studied at one time

What is behavioral genetics?

Field in the investigation of the origins of behavior in which researchers try to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person's experiences

What is the advantage of the longitudinal design?

It looks at real age-related changes as those changes occur in the same individuals

What are some special research design used to study development?

Longitudinal design, cross-sectional design, cross-sequential design

Where are chromosomes found?

Nucleus

What are amines?

Organic structures that contain the genetic codes for building the proteins that make up organic life (hair color, muscle, skin) and that control life of each cell

What is polygenic inheritance?

Process in which all traits are controlled by more than one pair of genes. Ex: strawberry blond hair = one recessive blond hair gene and one recessive red hair gene, instead of one controlling hair color, they blend

What are genes located on?

Rod-shaped structures called chromosomes

What is a gene?

Section of DNA containing a certain sequence of amines

What is nature?

The influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions

What is human development?

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death

What does DNA consist of?

Two very long sugar-phosphate strands, each linked by certain chemical elements called amines or bases arranged in a particular pattern

What chromosomes indicate female?

XX

What chromosomes indicate male?

XY

Is DNA a molecule?

Yes

Can cells have a missing or extra chromosome?

Yes, leaving one cell with 22 and one with 24

Does nature vs nurture controversy still exist?

Yes; some researchers and theorists assume a large genetic influence whereas many believe that culture, economics, nutrition in early childhood, and educational opportunities have greater impact

What are the disadvantages of the longitudinal design?

amount of time, money, and effort involved in following participants over the years as well as loss of participants that move away, lost interest, or die

Chromosomes that determine characteristics are called

autosomes

Why is difference in age group a problem in developmental research?

because of different educational experiences and opportunities age groups might have, for example: comparing the IQ scores of 30 year olds to 80 year olds, this is called cohort effect

What are advantages of cross-sectional study?

being quick, relatively inexpensive, and easier to accomplish

Examples of chromosomes disorder:

down syndrome, Kleinfelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome

What happens in down syndrome?

extra chromosome in 21 pair

What happens in Kleinfelter's syndrome?

extra set of chromosome in 23 pair, XXY (male with reduced masculine characteristics)

What is nurture?

influence of environment on all of those same things and includes parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic factors, and anything that can have an influence on development that does not come from within a person

What are recessive genes?

less active in influencing trait and will only be expressed in the observable trait if they are paired with another less active gene

What are dominant genes?

more active in influencing trait, will always be expressed in the observable trait

One member of each pair of chromosomes comes from

mother and other pair from father

What is main disadvantage of cross-sectional study?

no longer compares an individual to the same individual as her/she ages; instead individuals of different ages are being compared to one another

What is cohort effect?

particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience (going through same historical event together)

Several genetic disorders are carried by:

recessive genes

What is genetics?

science of heredity, understanding how genes transmit human characteristics

Pair that determines sex of the person is called

sex chromosome

Last pair of chromosomes determine

sex of the person

What is a molecule?

smallest part of a substance that still has all the properties of that substance