Psychology 8.1-8.3 Study Guide
Most characteristics determined from ____ chromosomes
22
How many chromosomes come from mother? How many from father?
23 from each totaling to 46
What is Turner's syndrome?
23 pair is missing an X, lone X chromosome (females tend to be very short, infertile, and sexually underdeveloped
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 in each of their cell bodies
How much of a person's personality and behavior is determined by nature and how much is determined by nurture?
All that people are and all that people become is the product of an interaction between nature and nurture
What is cross-sequential design?
Combination of longitudinal design and cross-sectional design
What are examples of disorders carried out by recessive genes?
Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disorder, and phenylketonuria (PKU)
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is longitudinal design?
Design in which one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages
What is cross-sectional design?
Design in which several different age-groups are studied at one time
What is behavioral genetics?
Field in the investigation of the origins of behavior in which researchers try to determine how much of behavior is the result of genetic inheritance and how much is due to a person's experiences
What is the advantage of the longitudinal design?
It looks at real age-related changes as those changes occur in the same individuals
What are some special research design used to study development?
Longitudinal design, cross-sectional design, cross-sequential design
Where are chromosomes found?
Nucleus
What are amines?
Organic structures that contain the genetic codes for building the proteins that make up organic life (hair color, muscle, skin) and that control life of each cell
What is polygenic inheritance?
Process in which all traits are controlled by more than one pair of genes. Ex: strawberry blond hair = one recessive blond hair gene and one recessive red hair gene, instead of one controlling hair color, they blend
What are genes located on?
Rod-shaped structures called chromosomes
What is a gene?
Section of DNA containing a certain sequence of amines
What is nature?
The influence of inherited characteristics on personality, physical growth, intellectual growth, and social interactions
What is human development?
The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception until death
What does DNA consist of?
Two very long sugar-phosphate strands, each linked by certain chemical elements called amines or bases arranged in a particular pattern
What chromosomes indicate female?
XX
What chromosomes indicate male?
XY
Is DNA a molecule?
Yes
Can cells have a missing or extra chromosome?
Yes, leaving one cell with 22 and one with 24
Does nature vs nurture controversy still exist?
Yes; some researchers and theorists assume a large genetic influence whereas many believe that culture, economics, nutrition in early childhood, and educational opportunities have greater impact
What are the disadvantages of the longitudinal design?
amount of time, money, and effort involved in following participants over the years as well as loss of participants that move away, lost interest, or die
Chromosomes that determine characteristics are called
autosomes
Why is difference in age group a problem in developmental research?
because of different educational experiences and opportunities age groups might have, for example: comparing the IQ scores of 30 year olds to 80 year olds, this is called cohort effect
What are advantages of cross-sectional study?
being quick, relatively inexpensive, and easier to accomplish
Examples of chromosomes disorder:
down syndrome, Kleinfelter's syndrome, Turner's syndrome
What happens in down syndrome?
extra chromosome in 21 pair
What happens in Kleinfelter's syndrome?
extra set of chromosome in 23 pair, XXY (male with reduced masculine characteristics)
What is nurture?
influence of environment on all of those same things and includes parenting styles, physical surroundings, economic factors, and anything that can have an influence on development that does not come from within a person
What are recessive genes?
less active in influencing trait and will only be expressed in the observable trait if they are paired with another less active gene
What are dominant genes?
more active in influencing trait, will always be expressed in the observable trait
One member of each pair of chromosomes comes from
mother and other pair from father
What is main disadvantage of cross-sectional study?
no longer compares an individual to the same individual as her/she ages; instead individuals of different ages are being compared to one another
What is cohort effect?
particular impact on development that occurs when a group of people share a common time period or common life experience (going through same historical event together)
Several genetic disorders are carried by:
recessive genes
What is genetics?
science of heredity, understanding how genes transmit human characteristics
Pair that determines sex of the person is called
sex chromosome
Last pair of chromosomes determine
sex of the person
What is a molecule?
smallest part of a substance that still has all the properties of that substance
