Psychology

A counseling psychologist will most likely ___________. A. provide individual and group therapy B. assess the cause of a disorder C. conduct a lab experiment D. study development across the life span

A

A psychologist who wants to answer the question of why something happens seeks to __________ behavior. A. describe B. explain C. predict D. control

A

A psychologist whose goal is to describe a behavior will __________. A. record descriptions as objectively as possible B. discuss why a behavior has occurred C. hypothesize or predict future behavior D. give tips to control unwanted behavior

A

A psychologist working from the biological perspective would study all of the following to see how they affect behavior and cognitive processes except __________. A. attention B. brain cells C. genes D. the nervous system

A

All of the following are core goals of psychological research except __________. A. changing B. describing C. predicting D. explaining

A

All of the following were barriers to female and minority participation in psychological research except __________. A. desegregation B. perception C. academic opportunities D. career opportunities

A

Ethnocentrism can lead to all the following except __________. A. tolerance B. stereotypes C. racism D. discrimination

A

If everyone in the population has an equal chance of inclusion in a study, then one would say that the study used a ___________ sampling technique for the study. A. random B. quota C. convenience D. availability

A

In order to prove that learning has happened, it is necessary to __________. A. measure performance objectively and concretely B. repeat each learning event at least three times C. ask the subject if learning has actually occurred D. determine whether the correct process was followed

A

Read the hypothesis below and answer the question that follows. Individuals who smoke will have a higher frequency of developing cancer later in life. Which of the following would not be a potential extraneous variable for the stated hypothesis? A. the occurrence of lung cancer in subjects B. exposure to secondhand smoke C. the amount of cigarettes smoked per day by subject D. the number of years as a smoker

A

The main difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist is that a psychiatrist can typically __________ and most psychologists cannot. A. prescribe medication B. diagnose C. practice psychotherapy D. treat people with varying problems

A

Which of the following statements is true about the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP)? A. The ABPP awards certification in over 30 different specialty areas in psychology. B. The ABPP certifies psychologists that have graduated from college with a doctoral degree. C. The ABPP develops standardized tests to measure a psychologist's competence in a specialty.

A

Who is considered the founder of psychology? A. Wilhelm Wundt B. John Locke C. William James D. Sigmund Freud

A

A(n) __________ refers to a substance or treatment that is often used in an experiment but does not have an actual medicinal or experimental benefit. A. extraneous variable B. placebo C. confounding variable D. independent control

B

The degree to which the findings of a study may be applied to a larger population represents how ___________ a sample is. A. inaccurate B. generalizable C. convenient D. large

B

The larger pool of subjects from which a study group is chosen is called the __________. A. representation B. population C. sample D. research subjects

B

The school of thought that defines psychology as a study of observable behavior is __________. A. structuralism B. behaviorism C. functionalism D. cubism

B

Unlike psychology, the primary focus in sociology is to study how __________ affect behavior. A. emotions B. social influences C. cognitive processes D. individual goals

B

What is the outcome when an innate behavior is repeated and practiced? A. The behavior is unaffected by the practice. B. The behavior becomes more skillful. C. The behavior ceases to be an innate behavior. D. The behavior develops into a reflex.

B

When planning a classical conditioning experiment, what is the goal of the researcher? A. to teach the subject to respond to a conditioned response B. to teach the subject to respond to the conditioned stimulus C. to teach the subject to respond to the unconditioned stimulus D. to teach the subject to respond to an unconditioned response

B

Which of the following is a disadvantage of conducting a laboratory experiment? A. Cause-and-effect relationships are easier to determine in laboratory experiments. B. Laboratory experiments do not generally reflect real-life circumstances. C. There is more objectivity in measuring the dependent variable in laboratory experiments. D. Replicating the study is difficult for laboratory experiments.

B

Which of the following is not a cognitive process? A. dreams B. creativity C. thoughts D. perceptions

B

Which of the following is the school of thought that stresses the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior? A. Gestalt psychology B. psychoanalytic theory C. structuralism D. behaviorism

B

Which of the following perspectives dominated American psychology for decades? A. neuropsychology B. behaviorism C. cognitive theory D. social psychology

B

Which of the following statements about extraneous variables is not accurate? A. An extraneous variable can also be a confounding variable. B. An extraneous variable clarifies the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. C. An extraneous variable can alter the results of an experiment in an undesired way. D. An extraneous variable cannot be the same as an independent variable.

B

Which philosopher believed that the soul operated on three levels: reason, will, and desire? A. Socrates B. Plato C. John Locke D. Hippocrates

B

__________ variables are manipulated by the experimenters. A. Dependant B. Independent C. Control D. Targeted

B

___________ is the psychologist who conducted the "Little Albert" study in which he conditioned an infant to fear white rats. A. B. F. Skinner B. John B. Watson C. Ivan Pavlov D. Sigmund Freud

B

A psychologist is studying various behavioral and psychological factors linked to a variety of illnesses, such as cancer. This is an example of __________ psychology. A. social B. clinical C. health D. forensic

C

A tentative prediction about the relationship between variables is a(n) __________. A. observation B. method C. hypothesis D. finding

C

All but one of the following are studies done in sociology. Which one best illustrates a study done in psychology? A. a study that shows how Marissa's study habits change when she is at the library with her friends B. a study that shows how Joey's clownish behavior only occurs when he is around his peers C. a study that shows how Katrina's stress levels contribute to her obsessive exercise habits D. a study that shows how Lisa's obsession with snowboarding is caused by her group of friends

C

All of the following are examples of behaviors except __________. A. walking B. cheering C. dreaming D. playing games

C

All of the following are goals of psychology except __________. A. predicting B. describing C. curing D. controlling

C

All of the following are reasons that psychologists use a systematic method to conduct research except __________. A. to minimize subjectivity in research B. to increase consistency across studies C. to minimize objectivity in research D. to ensure behaviors are defined similarly

C

An experimental psychologist will most likely ___________. A. study development that occurs during the patient's life B. provide counseling in a group setting C. conduct labs to study basic processes D. assess the cause of disorders

C

As it applies to psychology, the interest in cultural diversity can be attributed to each of the following except __________. A. advances in communication B. increased personal travel C. domestic trade D. cultural diversity in the Western world

C

In a __________ study, the subjects do not know to which group they are assigned, but the researchers are aware of the subjects' group assignments. A. double-blind B. placebo C. single-blind D. control

C

In an experiment, the group not receiving treatment is also referred to as the __________ group. A. sample B. experimental C. control D. extraneous

C

In order for psychologists to be able to offer patient care, they must be __________. A. good B. caring C. licensed D. smart

C

Of the following, who is the first female to earn a doctoral degree in psychology in the United States? A. Mary Whiton Calkins B. Leta Stetter Hollingworth C. Margaret Floy Washburn D. Francis C. Sumner

C

One advantage of experiments is that they ___________. A. can be difficult to design B. are often realistic C. allow cause and effect to be considered D. can be affected by human error

C

One of the goals of psychology is to predict future behavior or mental processes. Which of the following scenarios best illustrates this goal? A. The psychologist measures Michael's heart rate and bodily functions to better describe his behavior. B. The psychologist helps Michael develop strategies to manage his anxiety levels so he can focus on the game. C. The psychologist tells Michael that his basketball performance will improve when his anxiety levels are moderated. D. After careful research, the psychologist explains that Michael's intense feelings of anxiety are hindering his basketball performance.

C

Psychology is considered a __________ science because it deals with human society and the nature and interactions of the individuals who make up society. A. biological B. chemical C. social D. physical

C

The belief that race indicates certain traits and capacities and that one's own race is superior is called __________. A. ageism B. sexism C. racism D. feminism

C

The effects of fatigue are not classified as learning because they __________. A. do not affect cognitive processes B. do not affect behaviors C. are not permanent effects D. are not identical for all people

C

Which of the following actions does not require learning to occur? A. talking B. walking C. yawning D. running

C

Which of the following is the school of thought that studies the function and purpose of consciousness and behavior? A. cubism B. structuralism C. functionalism D. introspection

C

Which of the following statements is a prediction? A. Drivers like getting to places quickly because it gives them a sense of control. B. Traffic signals should be timed to lessen traffic density. C. Drivers that speed will receive more traffic citations than other motorists during traffic holidays. D. Motorists report enjoying driving during periods of low traffic density.

C

Which philosopher maintained that knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and therefore, science should rely on observations and experiments? A. Socrates B. Plato C. John Locke D. Hippocrates

C

A __________ is a group that is seen as different from the larger population in some characteristics. A. veritable B. control C. majority D. minority

D

A psychologist whose goal is to explain a behavior will __________. A. record descriptions as objectively as possible B. discuss why a behavior has occurred C. hypothesize or predict future behavior D. suggest why a behavior occurs

D

Developmental psychologists study all of the following except __________ development. A. cognitive B. physical C. emotional D. industrial

D

Early psychologists were predominately all of the following except __________. A. white B. male C. European D. wealthy

D

Leta Stetter Hollingworth conducted pioneering work on __________. A. identity development in ethnic minorities B. cognitive processes in animals and humans C. racism and its effects on child development D. adolescent development and gifted children

D

Over the course of his famous conditioning experiments, what did Pavlov's dogs learn? A. They learned to eat food at the ring of a bell. B. They learned to ring a bell in order to get fed. C. They learned to eat when they began salivating. D. They learned to salivate at the sound of a bell.

D

The ___________ perspective focuses on how people process, use, and store information. A. sociocultural B. evolutionary C. biological D. cognitive

D

The difference between an innate behavior and a learned behavior is that a learned behavior is __________ and an innate behavior is not. A. based on inborn responses B. instinctive C. based on reflexes D. a result of experience

D

The doll experiment conducted by Kenneth and Mamie Clark studied the effects of _________ on African American children. A. education B. poverty C. feminism D. segregation

D

The first step in the scientific method is to ___________. A. develop a research question B. analyze data C. design a study D. collect data

D

The greatest number of occupational opportunities exist in the field of psychology for those individuals who hold a ___________. A. high school diploma B. bachelor's degree C. master's degree D. doctoral degree

D

The psychologist known for being the first woman of Mexican descent to receive a doctoral degree in psychology in the US and for helping establish the National Hispanic Psychological Association is __________. A. Mamie Clark B. Margaret Floy Washburn C. Mary Whiton Calkins D. Martha Bernal

D

Which of the following is not an example of a cognitive process? A. memory B. dreams C. perception D. sleep

D

Which of the following statements is an observation? A. Drivers like getting to places quickly because it gives them a sense of control. B. When motorists enjoy driving, it is due to the nice weather. C. Drivers that speed will receive more traffic citations than other motorists during holidays. D. When traffic signals are timed traffic seems to be less dense.

D

Which of the following statements is an observation? A. Drivers like getting to places quickly because it gives them a sense of control. B. When motorists enjoy driving, it is due to the nice weather. C. Drivers that speed will receive more traffic citations than other motorists during holidays. D. When traffic signals are timed traffic seems to be less dense.

D

Which of the following statements is not true about what John Locke believed? A. Sensations and reflections are the two sources for ideas. B. Knowledge is acquired through our experiences. C. Science should rely on observations and experiments. D. Knowledge is present in an individual from birth.

D

Which of the following would not be classified as innate behavior? A. a baby smiling as she sees her brother walking in the door B. humans crawling once their bones and ligaments are strong enough C. sneezing as a result of a dog allergy D. learning to ride a bike at the age of 5

D

Which two philosophers believed that innate knowledge is discovered through logic? A. John Locke and Aristotle B. Socrates and John Locke C. Hippocrates and René Descartes D. Socrates and Plato

D

__________ is a systematic way of learning about the world through observations and experiments that lead to a pool of knowledge. A. Psychology B. A theory C. Pseudoscience D. Science

D

__________ is an example of a learned behavior. A. Breathing B. Sneezing C. Flinching D. Reading

D

Blood pressure is a cognitive process because it is observable with lab equipment. t/f

F

Counseling psychologists typically handle severe psychological disorders. t/f

F

Despite valid research, in the late 1900s, women and minorities were thought to have a higher level of intelligence than white males. t/f

F

Emotional responses are innate behaviors that are not influenced by the environment. t/f

F

Mamie Clark was the first woman to receive a doctorate in psychology in the United States. t/f

F

Psychologists avoid studying emotions because they have little impact on behavior. t/f

F

Psychologists work solely in government agencies and academic settings. t/f

F

The stream of consciousness refers to the basic elements in a person's conscious mind.

F

Which of the following accurately describes reflexive behavior? Reflexive behavior happens without conscious thought. Reflexive behavior occurs only in animals, not humans. Reflexive behavior always completes once it has begun. Reflexive behavior is the result of conscious choice.

Reflexive behavior happens without conscious thought.

A bias is an inclination to hold or present a certain perspective.

T

A bias is an inclination to hold or present a certain perspective. t/f

T

A scientific theory is an idea supported by research that attempts to explain existing observations or predict new ones. t/f

T

Cognitive psychologists believe that cognitive processes must be studied in order to understand human behavior fully. t/f

T

Free association and dream analysis are techniques used in psychoanalysis to discover a person's unconscious urges. t/f

T

It is possible for learning to occur without repetition or rehearsal of the learning. t/f

T

J. Henry Alston was the first African American to publish his research findings on the perception of heat and cold in a major US psychology journal. t/f

T

One disadvantage to experimental research is that experimental conditions do not always reflect reality. t/f

T

Sports psychologists study factors that affect athletes' participation and performance in sports. t/f

T

Which of the following is not a way in which psychological research can be culturally biased? The questions that are asked may only concern issues and interests relevant to one culture. The participants used in the research are representative of several cultural groups. The researcher's culture can lead to the misinterpretation of the behavior of another culture. The tasks used during the research may be foreign to certain cultural groups.

The participants used in the research are representative of several cultural groups.

Which of the following is an example of convenience sampling? intentionally surveying a population of men about football preferences instead of women in order to focus more on the male response a dentist surveying patients about toothpaste preference taking data from a random selection of people across the country on television program preferences surveying college students from ten different universities on academic rigor over ten years

a dentist surveying patients about toothpaste preference

Which of the following is not an example of a learned behavior? being able to smile biting one's nails liking horror films having organized study habits

being able to smile

If psychologists are making suggestions for how to change behavior, then they are demonstrating which goal of psychology? predict control explain observe

control

All of the following are occupations available to psychologists with a master's degree except __________. data collector in universities counseling psychology professor industrial/organizational psychologist a therapist whose clinical work is supervised

counseling psychology professor

Astrology is considered a science because it is grounded in scientific research. t/f

f

Social psychology is a subfield of psychology that studies all of the following except how __________. cultural influences affect behavior health habits affect brain development employees function differently in personal relationships peer interaction affects emotional development

health habits affect brain development

To help employees function effectively in job situations, a(n) __________ psychologist designs products that are safe, effective, and easy to use. human-factor health cross-cultural industrial/organizational

human-factor

All of the following demonstrate ways that learning is tied to experience except __________. shared knowledge physiological changes environmental conditions opportunities

physiological changes

The control group in an experimental study will __________. be excluded from the results of the experiment if they contradict the hypothesis receive no treatment during the experiment be informed at the outset of the experiment that they are the control group receive the same treatment as the experimental group

receive no treatment during the experiment

The control group in an experimental study will __________. be excluded from the results of the experiment if they contradict the hypothesis receive no treatment during the experiment be informed at the outset of the experiment that they are the control group receive the same treatment as the experimental group

receive no treatment during the experiment

Psychologists working from the humanistic perspective help people do all of the following except __________. explore their feelings repress unwanted emotions manage negative impulses realize their potential

repress unwanted emotions

Psychology is considered a social science, yet it has foundations in the natural sciences. t/f

t