Psychology A

Stimulation of the primary __________ cortex results in sensations similar to that of being touched on a part of one's body.

somatosensory

The areas for speech are found in the _________ and __________ lobes.

temporal . . . frontal

Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) is used on humans during brain surgery to map out ___________.

the brain and critical structures

Computer-enhanced x-rays are called __________ scans.

CT

The corpus callosum is the outermost layer of the cerebrum.

False

The parietal lobe is the portion of the cerebral cortex located below the temporal lobe.

False

Compare the historical view on hemispheric specialization with the current perspective of hemispheric specialization. What type of research occurred to propel this change in perspective?

Historically, researchers claimed that the left hemisphere was the dominant hemisphere where all higher brain functions, such as reasoning and problem solving, took place. The right hemisphere was generally viewed as having no special functions or capabilities. The current perspective on hemispheric specialization claims that the left hemisphere is better at verbal processing tasks, while the right hemisphere is better at nonverbal processing tasks. Research involving the effects of split-brain surgery is what propelled this change in perspective

__________ helps us adapt to our environment. It also generally __________ with age.

Plasticity . . . decreases

The area of the brain involved with comprehension of speech is __________.

Wernicke's area

Electrical stimulation of the brain (ESB) is used mostly on __________.

animals

All of the following are issues with lesioning except its __________.

availability of technology

During EEG measurements, 6-10 electrodes are attached to the scalp and produce line drawings that represent __________.

brain patterns (wrong answer)

Folding of the _________ allows for its __________-square-foot surface area to fit into the skull.

cerebral cortex . . .1.5

The _________ contains approximately 200 million axons.

corpus callosum

The __________ is a thick band of axon fibers that connects the two hemispheres of the brain

corpus callosum

The primary motor cortex is located in the __________ lobe.

frontal

Language, logic operations, and reading are all tasks primarily associated with the __________.

left hemisphere

Historically, the _________ was seen as the dominant __________ of the brain.

left hemisphere . . . hemisphere

When researchers create __________, they are destroying a piece of the brain.

lesions

The two hemispheres of the brain are divided by the ___________.

longitudinal fissure

Compare and contrast a CT scan and a PET scan.

A PET scan creates pictures of organs and tissues in the body. First, a technician gives you an injection of a small amount of a radioactive substance. ... The PET scan shows where the radioactive substance is in your body. A CT scan takes pictures of the inside of the body using x-rays taken from different angles.

Found in 1861, __________ area was found during an autopsy, which revealed a lesion on the left __________ lobe of a patient who had an inability to speak

Broca's . . . frontal

Compare and contrast Broca's area and Wernicke's area. Describe how each was discovered.

Broca's area is the motor speech area and it helps in movements required to produce speech. ... This is called Broca's aphasia. Wernicke's area, which is located in the parietal and temporal lobe, is the sensory area. It helps in understanding speech and using the correct words to express our thoughts.

Researchers performing __________ insert a weak electric current into the brain to stimulate it.

ESB

__________ produce a high-resolution, three-dimensional image.

MRIs and fMRIs

Identify what part of the brain deals primarily with memory and learning, and explain the process by which we use memory to help us learn.

Memory and learning are functions of the cerebrum. We use our memory to help us learn through storage in short- and long-term memory. New information is stored in short-term memory. If it is information we want to keep, such as names, numbers, dates, and faces, it is transferred to long-term memory. To make sure information is properly stored, repetition is required. In the case of learning and memory, practice makes perfect.

Define mirror neurons. Briefly explain how they were discovered and what researchers have linked them to.

Mirror neurons are activated by performing an action or seeing another perform the action. They were found by chance during experiments with monkeys, when researchers discovered that the same neurons that fired while performing a behavior also fired while observing the behavior. Mirror neurons have been linked to motor skill development, imitating another's behavior, feeling empathy for another, understanding or comprehending social behavior, and language development.

The primary __________ cortex contains a map of the body based not on the size of body parts, but on the complexity and precision of movement in the body parts.

Motor

A(n) _________ scan uses radioactive markers in the blood to monitor blood flow and metabolic activity via x-ray.

PET

A(n) __________ scan maps brain activity over time.

PET

The primary __________ cortex contains a map of the body based on the importance of sensory input from different parts of the body.

Somatosensory

Using _________ permits scientists to temporarily enhance or depress activity in a specific area of the brain.

TMS

The __________ lobe contains the area of the cortex involved in auditory processing called the primary __________ cortex.

Temporal . . . Auditory

Found in 1874, __________ area was found during an autopsy, which revealed a lesion on the left __________ lobe of a patient who had incomprehensible speech and zero ability to comprehend written or spoken language.

Wernicke's . . . temporal

Identify the primary cortex associated with each of the lobes in the cerebral cortex and explain the function of each.

The primary cortex associated with the occipital lobe is the primary visual cortex, which is mainly responsible for processing visual information. The parietal lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex and is mainly responsible for registering sensory input. The temporal lobe houses the primary auditory cortex and is primarily responsible for receiving and processing auditory information. The frontal lobe contains the primary motor cortex, which is responsible for controlling muscle movement.

Each hemisphere of the brain specializes in assisting various functions of the body.

True

The corpus callosum is comprised of more than 200 million axons that connect the hemispheres of the brain.

True

The left hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body.

True

The formation of new neurons is called __________.

neurogenesis

The brain lobe associated most with processing visual information is the __________ lobe.

occipital

Visual processing begins in the primary visual cortex, located in the __________ lobe.

occipital

Neurogenesis has been seen in the __________ and in the __________.

olfactory bulb . . . hippocampus

Integration of visual input and monitoring the body's orientation in space are functions of the __________ lobe.

parietal

Located in front of the occipital lobe, the _________ lobe contains the primary somatosensory cortex.

parietal

The somatosensory cortex is in the __________ lobe.

parietal

During research with connected brain patients, researchers study __________, or left/right imbalances between cerebral hemispheres in visual or auditory processing speed.

perceptual asymmetries

The enlargement of the somatosensory area for dominant fingers in violin players is an example of the effects of __________ on brain plasticity.

personal experience

The _________ hemisphere of the cerebrum is primarily associated with nonverbal processing.

right

The area of the brain involved in production of speech is __________.

the occipital lobe (wrong answer)