unit 4- sensory/perception
Which of the following would be used to describe an infant's individual style of interacting with the world?
Temperament
Opponent process cells have been identified in the
Thalamus
The receptors for hearing are located in
The inner ear
intensity
amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness/loudness, intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height)
phi phenomenon
an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick question
sensory adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
change blindness
failing to notice changes in the environment, a form of inattentional blindness
inattentional blindness
failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere
blindspot
the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blindspot because there are no receptors cells there
Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalances after a thrilling roller coaster ride?
semicircular canals
The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called:
sensation
figure ground
the organization of the visual field objects that stand out from their surroundings
grouping
the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups
sensory interaction
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
weber's law
the principle that to be perceived as a different, two stimuli differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount
sensation
the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment
perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
iris
the ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil, and controls the size of the pupil opening
olfaction
the sense of smell
audition
the sense or act of hearing
psychophysics
the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and out psychological experience of them
gate control theory
the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. the gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
Which theory best explains how we perceive low-pitched sounds?
Frequency theory
Which of the following brain structures is most associated with the emotion of fear?
Amygdala
Neisser's "basketball study" asked participants to focus on the number of times players passed the ball to one another, yet they missed a woman sauntering across the court with an umbrella is an example of
Attentional blindness
The auditory nerve sends messages to the
Auditory cortex of temporal lobe
The snail-shaped tube of the inner ear, where transduction takes place is known as
Cochlea
Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?
Convergence
Frequency theory is to pitch as the Young-Helmholtz theory is to
Hue
The lights wave length determines the
Hue
Kinesthesis involves
Information from the muscles, tendons and joints
The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by a muscle known as the
Iris
Anna injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals, Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgements about the distance objects are from her?
Linear Perspective
The vibrations of the eardrum are amplified by three tiny bones located in the
Middle Ear
The axons of the ganglion cells merge to form the pathway that carries messages to the brain, known as
Optic nerve
Although he was still wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrated the value of:
Perceptual adaptation
The blinking sign on the diner has a huge neon arrow that points to the name which encourages travelers and truck drivers to stop in. This illustrates:
Phi phenomenon
In the morning, Horge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed this image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?
Priming
The inner surface of the eye which contains rods and cones, where transduction takes place is the
Retina
The receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the
Rod
Using a cell phone while driving increase the number of accidents because use of the phones requires:
Selective attention
Which of the following is not part of a neuron?
Synapses
The process by which out body converts energy to a neural impulse is called
Transduction
The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as
Weber's Law
retinal disparity
a binocular cue for perceiving depth, by comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance, the greater the disparity between the two images the closer the object
cochlea
a coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear, sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses
monocular cue
a depth cue, such as interpretation or linear perspective available to either eye alone
binocular cue
a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes
cochlear implant
a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea
visual cliff
a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals
conduction hearing loss
a less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
pitch
a tones experienced highness or lowness, depends on the frequency
The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50% of the time is called the
absolute threshold
gestalt
an organized whole. Psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes
bottom up processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information
subliminal
below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness
fovea
central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another, in sensation the transforming of stimulis energies such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses out brains can interpret
sensorineural hearing loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness
place theory
in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated
frequency theory
in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone thus enabling us to sense its pitch
top down processing
information processing guided by higher level mental processes. as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. This illustrates what is known as:
lightness/color constancy
feature detectors
nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement
optic nerve
nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Infants who were exposed to the visual cliff
normally refused to cross over the "deep" side to their mothers
kinesthesia
our movement sense or our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts
vestibular sense
our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance
color constancy
perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
perceptual constancy
perceiving objects as unchanging even as an illumination and retinal images change
signal detection theory
predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation, assumes theres no absolute threshold and the detection depends on a persons experience, expectations, motivations and alertness
accomodation
process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina
Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as the color _________ and the shortest visible waves as _________
red: blue-violet
cones
retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in the daylight or in well lit conditions
rods
retinal receptors that detect black white and gray, are sensitive to movement, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don't respond
The cocktail party effect provides an example of:
selective attention
sensory receptors
sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli
opponent process theory
that opposing retinal processes (red, green, blue, yellow, white, black) enable color vision
It has been suggested that experience with the corners of buildings and the rectangular shapes of a carpentered world may contribute to:
the Muller-Lyer illusion
perceptual adaptation
the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field
depth perception
the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional and allows us to judge distance
priming
the activation often unconsciously of certain associations thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response
pupil
the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters
middle ear
the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window
hue
the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the colors, blue green, etc
wavelength
the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next, electromagnetic waves vary from the short blips of gamma rays, to the long pulses of radio transmission.
cornea
the eye's clear protective outer layer covering the pupil and iris
selective attention
the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus
embodied cognition
the influence of bodily sensation, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements
inner ear
the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircle canals, and vestibular sacs
retina
the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptors rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
difference threshold
the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd)
absolute threshold
the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus, 50% of the time
frequency
the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time
young-helmhoitz trichromatic (three color) theory
theory that the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue, which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color
lens
transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina
When the soundtrack for a movie is played in the back of a classroom, students tend to perceive the sound as originating from the picture screen in front of the room. This best illustrates:
visual capture
The blind spot is located in the area of the retina:
where the optic nerve leaves the eye
The term Gestalt means:
whole