unit 4- sensory/perception

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Which of the following would be used to describe an infant's individual style of interacting with the world?

Temperament

Opponent process cells have been identified in the

Thalamus

The receptors for hearing are located in

The inner ear

intensity

amount of energy in a light wave or sound wave, which influences what we perceive as brightness/loudness, intensity is determined by the wave's amplitude (height)

phi phenomenon

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick question

sensory adaptation

diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation

change blindness

failing to notice changes in the environment, a form of inattentional blindness

inattentional blindness

failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

blindspot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a blindspot because there are no receptors cells there

Which of the following play the biggest role in our feeling dizzy and unbalances after a thrilling roller coaster ride?

semicircular canals

The detection and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system is called:

sensation

figure ground

the organization of the visual field objects that stand out from their surroundings

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

sensory interaction

the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste

weber's law

the principle that to be perceived as a different, two stimuli differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount

sensation

the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment

perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

iris

the ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil, and controls the size of the pupil opening

olfaction

the sense of smell

audition

the sense or act of hearing

psychophysics

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity and out psychological experience of them

gate control theory

the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological gate that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. the gate is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain

Which theory best explains how we perceive low-pitched sounds?

Frequency theory

Which of the following brain structures is most associated with the emotion of fear?

Amygdala

Neisser's "basketball study" asked participants to focus on the number of times players passed the ball to one another, yet they missed a woman sauntering across the court with an umbrella is an example of

Attentional blindness

The auditory nerve sends messages to the

Auditory cortex of temporal lobe

The snail-shaped tube of the inner ear, where transduction takes place is known as

Cochlea

Which of the following is a binocular cue for the perception of distance?

Convergence

Frequency theory is to pitch as the Young-Helmholtz theory is to

Hue

The lights wave length determines the

Hue

Kinesthesis involves

Information from the muscles, tendons and joints

The amount of light entering the eye is regulated by a muscle known as the

Iris

Anna injured her eye in an accident and has to wear a patch over the eye while it heals, Which of the following cues would she best be able to use to make judgements about the distance objects are from her?

Linear Perspective

The vibrations of the eardrum are amplified by three tiny bones located in the

Middle Ear

The axons of the ganglion cells merge to form the pathway that carries messages to the brain, known as

Optic nerve

Although he was still wearing a pair of glasses that shifted the apparent location of objects 20 degrees to his right, Lars was still able to play tennis very effectively. This best illustrated the value of:

Perceptual adaptation

The blinking sign on the diner has a huge neon arrow that points to the name which encourages travelers and truck drivers to stop in. This illustrates:

Phi phenomenon

In the morning, Horge watched a cartoon about a sarcastic rabbit. Later, in his psychology class, he viewed this image above and readily identified it as a rabbit instead of a duck. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?

Priming

The inner surface of the eye which contains rods and cones, where transduction takes place is the

Retina

The receptor of the eye that functions best in dim light is the

Rod

Using a cell phone while driving increase the number of accidents because use of the phones requires:

Selective attention

Which of the following is not part of a neuron?

Synapses

The process by which out body converts energy to a neural impulse is called

Transduction

The principle that two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion for their difference to be perceived is known as

Weber's Law

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth, by comparing retinal images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance, the greater the disparity between the two images the closer the object

cochlea

a coiled, bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear, sound waves traveling through the cochlear fluid trigger nerve impulses

monocular cue

a depth cue, such as interpretation or linear perspective available to either eye alone

binocular cue

a depth cue, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes

cochlear implant

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

visual cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals

conduction hearing loss

a less common form of hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

pitch

a tones experienced highness or lowness, depends on the frequency

The minimum amount of stimulation a person needs to detect a stimulus 50% of the time is called the

absolute threshold

gestalt

an organized whole. Psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes

bottom up processing

analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information

subliminal

below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

fovea

central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster

transduction

conversion of one form of energy into another, in sensation the transforming of stimulis energies such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses out brains can interpret

sensorineural hearing loss

hearing loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or to the auditory nerves, the most common form of hearing loss, also called nerve deafness

place theory

in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

frequency theory

in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone thus enabling us to sense its pitch

top down processing

information processing guided by higher level mental processes. as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. This illustrates what is known as:

lightness/color constancy

feature detectors

nerve cells in the brains visual cortex that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle or movement

optic nerve

nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain

Infants who were exposed to the visual cliff

normally refused to cross over the "deep" side to their mothers

kinesthesia

our movement sense or our system for sensing the position and movement of individual body arts

vestibular sense

our sense of body movement and position that enables our sense of balance

color constancy

perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object

perceptual constancy

perceiving objects as unchanging even as an illumination and retinal images change

signal detection theory

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus amid background stimulation, assumes theres no absolute threshold and the detection depends on a persons experience, expectations, motivations and alertness

accomodation

process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as the color _________ and the shortest visible waves as _________

red: blue-violet

cones

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in the daylight or in well lit conditions

rods

retinal receptors that detect black white and gray, are sensitive to movement, necessary for peripheral and twilight vision when cones don't respond

The cocktail party effect provides an example of:

selective attention

sensory receptors

sensory nerve endings that respond to stimuli

opponent process theory

that opposing retinal processes (red, green, blue, yellow, white, black) enable color vision

It has been suggested that experience with the corners of buildings and the rectangular shapes of a carpentered world may contribute to:

the Muller-Lyer illusion

perceptual adaptation

the ability to adjust to changed sensory input, including an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two dimensional and allows us to judge distance

priming

the activation often unconsciously of certain associations thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response

pupil

the adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters

middle ear

the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochleas oval window

hue

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light, what we know as the colors, blue green, etc

wavelength

the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next, electromagnetic waves vary from the short blips of gamma rays, to the long pulses of radio transmission.

cornea

the eye's clear protective outer layer covering the pupil and iris

selective attention

the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

embodied cognition

the influence of bodily sensation, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgements

inner ear

the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircle canals, and vestibular sacs

retina

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptors rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time, we experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference (jnd)

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus, 50% of the time

frequency

the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time

young-helmhoitz trichromatic (three color) theory

theory that the retina contains 3 different types of color receptors- one most sensitive to red, one to green, and one to blue, which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color

lens

transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina

When the soundtrack for a movie is played in the back of a classroom, students tend to perceive the sound as originating from the picture screen in front of the room. This best illustrates:

visual capture

The blind spot is located in the area of the retina:

where the optic nerve leaves the eye

The term Gestalt means:

whole


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