Psychology Ch 12

Which of the following descriptions best defines implicit personality theory? Select one: a. the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits b. personal insights c. objective ideas about maladaptive behavior d. unconscious motives for aggressive behavior

the set of assumptions people have about people, their actions, and their personality traits

According to social identity theory, individuals view their own group favorably so as to ________. Select one: a. create prejudice toward members of the other group. b. think of themselves more favorably c. promote their outgroup d. expand the boundaries of social categorization

think of themselves more favorably

Which of the following is NOT a form of social influence? Select one: a. conformity b. compliance c. obedience d. altruism

altruism

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? Select one: a. Bea feels recycling is a great concept. b. Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home. c. Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant. d. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

Prejudice is to discrimination as ________. Select one: a. attitude is to behavior b. behavior is to attitude c. neutral is to negative d. stereotype is to feeling

attitude is to behavior

Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ________. Select one: a. attribution b. causal analysis c. ascribing values d. nonverbal communication

attribution

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? Select one: a. I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke. b. I believe exercising is healthy; I love to exercise. c. I believe dresses are feminine; Nicole Kidman sometimes wears pants. d. I believe profanity is childish; my father uses profanity.

I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error? Select one: a. Maggie, a 24-year old Caucasian woman b. Jethro, a 18-year old Caucasian man c. Anut, a 46-year old Pakistani woman d. Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman

Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming? Select one: a. Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. b. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. c. Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else. d. No. Looking up only means you are curious.

No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so.

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research? Select one: a. Individuals easily conform to group norms. b. The presence of other people makes aggression more likely. c. People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others. d. Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request.

People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? Select one: a. Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. b. Dresses are feminine; Britney Spears wears dresses. c. Pink shirts are effeminate; Bruce Willis wears pink shirts. d. Orange juice is healthy; I love orange juice.

Pink shirts are effeminate; Bruce Willis wears pink shirts.

Which of the following examples describes the rule of attraction called reciprocity of liking? Select one: a. Mary likes Julio because he is so different from her. b. Sabrina loves Clark because he lives next door to her. c. Tameka likes Raphael because he likes her. d. Marcia likes Donald because he is rich.

Tameka likes Raphael because he likes her.

Research has found support for Asch's findings in countries including Hong Kong, Japan, and Zimbabwe. In fact, in these locations the conformity effect was even higher than Asch reported. What might explain this increase in conformity? Select one: a. These three countries are all located in warmer climates, which Asch found leads to more conformity. b. These three countries have generally collectivist cultures. c. These three countries have generally individualistic cultures. d. These three countries did not have access to Asch's work so their findings were not influenced by the original study.

These three countries have generally collectivist cultures.

A group of Ray's friends have been waiting for Ray for an hour. One says, "He never remembers anything." Another says, "He's probably caught in rush hour traffic." What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist? Select one: a. They are making attributions. b. They are reducing dissonance levels. c. They are conforming to the group's norms. d. They are forming initial impressions of Ray.

They are making attributions.

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? Select one: a. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20. b. Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. c. Paid groups said the task was less boring than did nonpaid groups. d. Women performed the tasks for less money than men.

Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20.

According to the research on implicit personality theory, who among the following is most likely to think that personality is a changeable thing? Select one: a. Mark, an Irish American born in Kansas b. Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong c. Tony, an Italian American born in New York d. Shireese, an African American born in New Jersey

Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong

Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? Select one: a. You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes. b. You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. c. You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. d. You are polite and civil to people you dislike.

You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode

"We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called ________. Select one: a. mindlessness b. a stereotype c. a fundamental attribution error d. mental set

a stereotype

The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else's behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person's situation is called ________. Select one: a. the primacy effect b. cognitive dissonance c. attribution theory d. stereotyping

attribution theory

Which type of love is defined as having only intimacy and commitment? Select one: a. seduction b. empty c. infatuation d. companionate

companionate

When opposites attract, it is said that they have ________ characteristics. Select one: a. proximal b. complementary c. rewarding d. reciprocal

complementary

All of the following terms are used in social identity theory EXCEPT ________. Select one: a. in-group b. control group c. identification d. social comparison

control group

The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ________ technique. Select one: a. lowball b. door-in-the-face c. foot-in-the-door d. bait-and-switch

door-in-the-face

Which type of love is defined as commitment only? Select one: a. infatuation b. consummate love c. companionate love d. empty love

empty love

In order to reduce groupthink, which of the following strategies would NOT be employed? Select one: a. making sure that group leaders remain impartial b. finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires c. seeking opinions of people outside of the group d. voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands

finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires

The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ________ technique. Select one: a. lowball b. door-in-the-face c. foot-in-the-door d. response cue

foot-in-the-door

What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? Select one: a. availability heuristic b. augmenting principle c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. fundamental attribution error

fundamental attribution error

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call ________. Select one: a. groupthink b. mass thought c. consumerism d. solidarity think

groupthink

When we make situational attributions we are identifying the cause of an action as something ________. Select one: a. in the environment b. in the person's disposition c. that is a biological trait d. with an unconscious motivation

in the environment

The Robber's Cave experiment showed that ________. Select one: a. playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us-them hostility b. watching movies together, and similar quiet interactions, reduces us-them hostility c. engaging in mutually exciting activities, such as tug-of-war, reduces us-them hostility d. interdependence in solving crises together reduces us-them hostility

interdependence in solving crises together reduces us-them hostility

Which of the following statements concerning social categorization is correct? Select one: a. it occurs without conscious awareness b. it is deliberate and conscious c. people who do it tend to be young and naïve d. social categorization is a relatively new phenomenon

it occurs without conscious awareness

The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was ________. Select one: a. selecting paint colors b. judging line sizes c. rating new fashions d. taste-testing new candies

judging line sizes

Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________. Select one: a. learning b. intuition c. reinforcement d. conformity

learning

"Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks. Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben. "Oh, that's great! Thanks so much. And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be be at the airport by 6:30 am. Pick me up at 6:00. See you then," Ben adds. You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the ________ technique. Select one: a. lowball b. norm of reciprocity c. door-in-the-face d. obedience

lowball

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ________ technique. Select one: a. lowball b. foot-in-the-door c. primacy d. bait-and-switch

lowball

You get a free sample of a new cereal in the mail. The company hopes you will try the cereal and then feel obligated to buy it. What term do psychologists use to describe this phenomenon? Select one: a. norm of reciprocity b. indebtedness c. augmented return d. social facilitation

norm of reciprocity

Which factor significantly decreased the likelihood of conformity in Solomon Asch's studies? Select one: a. the task difficulty was increased b. the confederates were all adults c. one confederate gave a correct response d. the participants were given two chances at responding

one confederate gave a correct response

A social group of people viewed as competitors, enemies, or different and unworthy of respect is a(n) ________. Select one: a. pariah b. in-group c. threat-group d. out-group

out-group

What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? Select one: a. enticement b. persuasion c. conversion d. affectance

persuasion

Ralph, a white student who grew up in Maine, is about to enter the University of Southern California on an athletic scholarship. He is aware that many of his teammates will be black and assumes that they will dislike him and ostracize him. Ralph's attitude is BEST described as an example of ________. Select one: a. prejudice b. ambiguity c. nonconformity d. discrimination

prejudice

There is currently a long history of fighting between the Israelis and Palestinians, and many attempts to resolve these conflicts have failed. According to the ________ theory, the prejudice and discrimination that exists between the two groups will continue to rise as the conflict over limited land in Israel continues. Select one: a. realistic conflict b. social diffusion c. prosocial inhibition d. genesis of bias

realistic conflict

You've always disliked a particular coworker who strikes you as dishonest, but he is nice to you and does you favors, so you become friendly with him despite your misgivings. One day you learn that he stole personal items from your desk. You now decide to discontinue the friendship. Your negative attitude toward this coworker is strengthened through ________. Select one: a. operant conditioning b. instrumental learning c. classical conditioning d. reduction of cognitive dissonance

reduction of cognitive dissonance

When the expectations of one person bring about the expected behavior in another person, the expectation has become a(n) ________. Select one: a. attribution b. response characteristic c. self-fulfilling prophecy d. primary drive

self-fulfilling prophecy

"Birds of a feather" is a phrase that refers to ________. Select one: a. similarity b. reinforcement c. self-disclosure d. emotional expression

similarity

During the finals of the National Basketball Association (NBA) LeBron James misses a foul shot to give his team the lead with 10 seconds left in the game. Even though LeBron usually makes those shots during practice, he missed it at a crucial time. Why do you think this might have happened? Select one: a. social loafing b. diffusion of responsibility c. social facilitation d. social impairment

social impairment

An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called ________. Select one: a. social loafing b. social idleness c. social facilitation d. the goof-off phenomenon

social loafing

Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group? Select one: a. stereotype b. expectation c. classification d. categorization

stereotype

One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for. This is called the ________ technique. Select one: a. that's-all-folks b. one-mo'-time c. that's-not-all d. there's-still-more

that's-not-all

Which of the following is NOT an example of "groupthink"? Select one: a. the Challenger disaster b. the Titanic c. the Boston Red Sox d. Bay of Pigs

the Boston Red Sox

The Kitty Genovese case depicts ________. Select one: a. social loafing b. group polarization c. the bystander effect d. obedience to authority

the bystander effect