Psychology- CH. 4 Psychoactive Drugs
Often prescribed in the form of diet pills, these drugs increase the release of dopamine, which enhances the user's activity level and pleasurable feelings.
Amphetamines
are also known as uppers. People use them to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight. They are often prescribed as diet pills.
Amphetamines
increase the release of dopamine, which enhances the user's activity level and causes pleasurable effects.
Amphetamines
or uppers, are stimulant drugs that people use to boost energy, stay awake, or lose weight.
Amphetamines
Objects change their shapes and glow. Colors become kaleidoscopic and astonishing images unfold. WHICH DRUG?
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
when used daily in large amounts, THIS DRUG can alter sperm count and change hormonal cycles
Marijuana
Perhaps the most insidious illicit drug for contemporary society is......
crystal methamphetamine
Smoked, injected, or swallowed THIS AMPHETAMINE is a synthetic stimulant that causes a powerful feeling of euphoria, particularly the first time it is ingested.
crystal methamphetamine
is made using household products such as battery acid, cold medicine, drain cleaner, and kitty litter, and its effects have been devastating, notably in rural areas of the United States.
crystal methamphetamine
Alcohol consumption also may affect the areas of the frontal cortex involved in ___ AND ___
judgment and impulse control
Only the ___ AND ____areas of the brain are directly activated by dopamine, which comes from the ____
limbic and prefrontal; VTA
is the illegal drug most widely used by high school students.
Marijuana
The most widely used stimulants are ......
caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine.
This condition brings about mood changes, anxiety, and sleep disruption. It usually occurs in people who drink five or more cups of coffee a day.
caffeinism
term that is used to refer to an overindulgence in caffeine.
caffeinism
THIS often develops in people who drink five or more cups of coffee (at least 500 milligrams) each day.
Caffeinism
Recovery from _____ is predictable by someone's (1) having strong negative experiences with drinking, (2) finding a healthy substitute dependency, (3) developing new positive relationships, and (4) joining a support group such as Alcoholics Anonymous.
Alcoholism
The genetic disposition to ____ may be because the brains of these genetically predisposed people may be unable to produce enough dopamine, a neurotransmitter that is implicated in pleasure.
Alcoholism
involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.
Alcoholism
is a disorder that involves long-term, repeated, uncontrolled, compulsive, and excessive use of alcoholic beverages and that impairs the drinker's health and social relationships.
Alcoholism
is the third leading killer in the United States.
Alcoholism
refers to an overindulgence in caffeine.
Caffeinism
Abrupt OF THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG withdrawal can produce seizures. Because of the addictive potential and relative ease of toxic overdose,THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG have largely been replaced by tranquilizers in the treatment of insomnia.
Barbiturates
In heavy dosages, they can lead to impaired memory and decision making.
Barbiturates
Nembutal and Seconal are considered?
Barbiturates
Physicians once widely prescribed THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG as sleep aids.
Barbiturates
When combined with alcohol (for example, sleeping pills taken after a night of binge drinking), THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can be lethal.
Barbiturates
are depressant drugs that decrease central nervous system activity.
Barbiturates
are the drug most often used in suicide attempts.
Barbiturates
is the world's most widely used drug
Caffeine
Common symptoms OF THIS are insomnia, irritability, headaches, ringing ears, dry mouth, increased blood pressure, and digestive problems
Caffeinism
THIS is characterized by mood changes, anxiety, and sleep disruption.
Caffeinism
Because the rush of THIS AMPHETAMINE depletes the brain's supply of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, an agitated, depressed mood usually follows as the drug's effects decline.
Cocaine
addictive properties to THIS AMPHETAMINE are so strong that, six months after treatment, more than 50 percent of abusers return to the drug, a statistic that highlights the importance of prevention.
Cocaine
comes from the coca plant. It is either snorted or injected in the form of crystals or powder.
Cocaine
enters the bloodstream quickly, producing a rush of euphoric feelings that lasts for about 15 to 30 minutes.
Cocaine
is an illegal drug that comes from the coca plant, native to Bolivia and Peru.
Cocaine
is either snorted or injected in the form of crystals or powder. Used this way, THIS AMPHETAMINE floods the bloodstream rapidly, producing a rush of euphoric feelings that lasts for about 15 to 30 minutes.
Cocaine
a potent form of cocaine, is believed to be one of the most addictive substances known—more so than heroine, barbiturates, and alcohol.
Crack
is a potent form of cocaine, consisting of chips of pure cocaine that are usually smoked.
Crack
is probably the most insidious illicit drug. It causes a strong euphoric feeling, especially the first time it is taken.
Crystal meth
When using ____, objects can appear to change their shape and to glow. Colors become like a kaleidoscope, and amazing images unfold. Time seems to slow down.
D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
acts primarily on the neurotransmitter serotonin, but it can also affect dopamine.
D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
effects on the body include dizziness, nausea, and tremors.
D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)
low down mental and physical activity.
Depressants
are also called psychedelic drugs.
Hallucinogens
are psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.
Hallucinogens
modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real.
Hallucinogens
A bad trip WITH THIS DRUG can trigger extreme anxiety, paranoia, and suicidal or homicidal impulses.
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
Emotional and cognitive effects of this drug may include rapid mood swings and impaired attention and memory.
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
D-Lysergic Acid Diethylamide is....
LSD
THIS DRUG effects on the body can include dizziness, nausea, and tremors and acts primarily on the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain, though it also can affect dopamine
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
The use of THIS DRUG peaked in the 1960s and 1970s, and its consumption has been decreasing in the twenty-first century
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
can influence a user's sense of time so that brief glances at objects are experienced as deep, penetrating, and lengthy examinations, and minutes turn into hours or even days. WHICH DRUG?
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
images are sometimes pleasurable and sometimes grotesque. WHICH DRUG?
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
is a hallucinogen that even in low doses produces striking perceptual changes
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
called Ecstasy, X, or XTC
MDMA
street names include Ecstasy, X, XTC, hug, beans, and the love drug.
MDMA
Because THIS AMPHETAMINE destroys axons that release serotonin, repeated use might lead to susceptibility to depression
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Heavy users of THIS AMPHETAMINE show cognitive deficits that persist even two years after they begin to abstain
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Methylendioxymethlamphetamine is.....
MDMA (Ecstasy)
People have called THIS AMPHETAMINE an "empathogen" because under its influence, users tend to feel warm bonds with others.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
The effects of the drug on serotonin are particularly problematic because it depletes the brain of this important neurotransmitter, producing lingering feelings of listlessness that often continue for days after
MDMA (Ecstasy)
has adverse effects on memory and cognitive processing.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
impairs memory and cognitive processing.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
is an illegal synthetic drug with both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
produces its effects by releasing serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
MDMA (Ecstasy)
Psychological effects OF THIS DRUG include a mixture of excitatory, depressive, and mildly hallucinatory characteristics that make it difficult to classify the drug.
Marijuana
Psychological effects associated with ____ include a mixture of excitatory, depressive, and mildly hallucinatory characteristics that make it difficult to classify this drug.
Marijuana
THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT IN THIS DRUG does not affect A specific neurotransmitter, but it does disrupt the membranes of neurons and affects the functioning of many neurotransmitters and hormones.
Marijuana
The active ingredient IN THIS DRUG Tetrahydrocannabinol THC
Marijuana
The active ingredient in THIS DRUG is THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol).
Marijuana
The physical effects of THIS DRUG include increased pulse rate and blood pressure, reddening of the eyes, coughing, and dry mouth.
Marijuana
The physical effects of _____include an increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, a reddening of the eyes, coughing, and dryness of the mouth.
Marijuana
an impair attention and memory. When used in large amounts, it can alter sperm count and change hormonal cycles.
Marijuana
can trigger spontaneous unrelated ideas; distorted perceptions of time and place; increased sensitivity to sounds, tastes, smells, and colors; and erratic verbal behavior. The drug can also impair attention and memory.
Marijuana
comes from the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant.
Marijuana
is the dried leaves and flowers of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa, which originated in Central Asia but is now grown in most parts of the world.
Marijuana
is the drug most widely used by high school students.
Marijuana
Behavioral effects of THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG include improved attention and alertness, reduced anger and anxiety, and pain relief
Nicotine
Tolerance develops for THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG both in the long run and on a daily basis, so that cigarettes smoked later in the day have less effect than those smoked earlier.
Nicotine
Withdrawal from THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG often quickly produces strong, unpleasant symptoms such as irritability, craving, inability to focus, sleep disturbance, and increased appetite. Withdrawal symptoms can persist for months or longer.
Nicotine
is the main psychoactive ingredient in all forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco.
Nicotine
stimulates the brain's reward centers by raising dopamine levels.
Nicotine
ALSO KNOWN AS NARCOTICS
Opiates
For several hours after taking THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG the person feels euphoric and pain-free and has an increased appetite for food and sex.
Opiates
THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG affect synapses in the brain that use endorphins as their neurotransmitter
Opiates
THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG are highly addictive, and users experience craving and painful withdrawal when the drug becomes unavailable.
Opiates
The most common OF THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG ARE morphine and heroin
Opiates
These drugs are used as powerful painkillers.
Opiates
When these drugs leave the brain, the affected synapses become understimulated.
Opiates
consist of opium and its derivatives and depress the central nervous system's activity.
Opiates
is the physiological need for a specific drug. Without that drug the person exhibits withdrawal symptoms.
Physical dependence
act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
Psychoactive Drugs
THESE increase dopamine levels in the brain's reward pathways
Psychoactive drugs
are substances that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.
Psychoactive drugs
is a strong desire to repeat the use of a particular drug for emotional reasons.
Psychological dependence
is the strong desire to repeat the use of a drug for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and reduction of stress.
Psychological dependence
affects the brain's pleasure centers, so it is not surprising that it is difficult to kick the THIS habit.
caffeine
are psychoactive drugs that increase the central nervous system's activity.
Stimulants
work by increasing the level of activity in the central nervous system.
Stimulants
Unlike other psychoactive drugs, _____does not affect a specific neurotransmitter. Rather, _____disrupts the membranes of neurons and affects the functioning of a variety of neurotransmitters and hormones.
THC ; Marijuana
is a stimulant and a natural component of the plants that are the sources of coffee, tea, and cola drinks.
caffeine
In small doses THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can induce a feeling of calm; higher doses can lead to drowsiness and confusion.
Tranquilizers
Tolerance for THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can develop within a few weeks of usage, and these drugs are addictive.
Tranquilizers
Valium and Xanax, ARE WHAT KIND OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG?
Tranquilizers
Widely prescribed in the United States to calm anxious individuals, THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG can produce withdrawal symptoms when use is stopped
Tranquilizers
are depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.
Tranquilizers
are depressants that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation.
Tranquilizers
are usually prescribed to calm an anxious, nervous person.
Tranquilizers
is present in chocolate, in many nonprescription medications, and in energy drinks such as Red Bull.
caffeine
is the world's most widely used psychoactive drug.
caffeine
Experts on drug abuse use the term ______ to describe either a physical or psychological dependence, or both, on the drug
addiction
For drug use to be considered an_______ there has to be a physical and/or psychological dependence on the drug.
addiction
Activities that involve intellectual functioning and motor skills become impaired under the influence of.....
alcohol
After caffeine, THIS is the most widely used drug in the United States
alcohol
Next to caffeine, _____ is the most widely used drug in the United States.
alcohol
acts as a depressant and slows down the brain's activity. People may act more free and loosen up a bit, because the area of the brain involved in inhibition and judgment slows down.
alcohol
Among the most widely used depressants are.....
alcohol, barbiturates, tranquilizers, and opiates.
Fifty to 60 percent of people who become _____ do so because of some genetic disposition.
alcoholics
With increased usage, _____ can lead to impaired memory and decision making.
barbiturates
is a depressant drug that decreases the level of activity of the central nervous system.
barbiturates
were originally prescribed as sleep aids.
barbiturates
It is further believed that the ____, which are involved in compulsive behaviors, may lead to a greater demand for alcohol, regardless of reason and consequences
basal ganglia
People often perceive the stimulating effects of THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG as beneficial for boosting energy and alertness, but some experience unpleasant side effects.
caffeine
When individuals who regularly consume beverages WITH THIS PSYCHOACTIVE DRUG from their diet, they typically experience headaches, lethargy, apathy, and concentration difficulties. These symptoms of withdrawal are usually mild and subside after several days.
caffeine
releases enormous amounts of dopamine in the brain, producing intense feelings of pleasure. The drug is highly addictive. The extreme high of THIS AMPHETAMINE leads to a severe "come down" experience that is associated with strong cravings.
crystal methamphetamine
are psychoactive drugs that slow down mental and physical activity.
depressants
Three main categories of psychoactive drugs are....... WHICH . All have the potential to cause health or behavior problems or both.
depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens
Psychoactive drugs cause an increase in ______ levels in the brain's reward system pathways, especially in the ____ and the______, the centers of the brain implicated in pleasure.
dopamine;ventral tegmental area (VTA); nucleus accumbens (NAc);
Researchers believe that the ___ holds a memory of the pleasure involved in prior alcohol use and contributes to continued drinking.
frontal cortex
Researchers believe that the____ holds in memory the pleasure involved in prior alcohol use and therefore contributes to continued drinking.
frontal cortex
Alcohol also increases the concentration of the neurotransmitter _____ which is widely distributed in many brain areas, including the cerebral cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens (
gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA),
The plant's dried resin is known as....
hashish
The behavioral effects of______include improving attention and alertness, reducing anger and anxiety, and providing pain relief.
nicotine
is highly addictive. It stimulates the brain's reward centers by raising their dopamine levels.
nicotine
is the main psychoactive ingredient in all forms of smoking and smokeless tobacco.
nicotine
For many hours after taking _____, a person may feel euphoric and pain-free and have an increased desire for food and sex.
opiates
The way ____ work is that when they leave the brain, the synapses become under stimulated.
opiates
consisting of opium, depress the central nervous system's activity.
opiates
the physiological need for a drug that causes unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as physical pain and a craving for the drug when it is discontinued.
physical dependence
Although different drugs have different mechanisms of action, each drug increases the activity of the ______ by increasing ____ transmission.
reward pathway; dopamine
Continued use of psychoactive drugs leads to......
tolerance
the first time someone takes 5 milligrams of the tranquilizer Valium, the person feels very relaxed. However, after taking the pill every day for six months, the individual may need to consume twice as much to achieve the same calming effect. example of?
tolerance
the need to take increasing amounts of a drug to get the same effect
tolerance
When a person has to take more and more of a given drug to achieve the same desired effect, they have become ....
tolerant
THE REWARD PATHWAY THAT INCREASE DOPAMINE LEVELS IN PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS IS LOCATED IN?
ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc)
The _____and ____are important locations in the reward pathway for psychoactive drugs. Information travels from the ____to the _____ and then up to the ____. The ____ is located in the midbrain just above the pons, and the ____ is located in the forebrain, just beneath the prefrontal cortex.
ventral tegmental area (VTA); nucleus accumbens (NAc); VTA ; NAc; prefrontal cortex; VTA; NAc