Psychology Chap. 6

To answer the questions in this test, which type of memory recall will you most frequently use?

recognition

Elizabeth Loftus' research determined that

what people see and hear about an event after the fact can easily affect the accuracy of their memories of that event.

Explicit memory begins to form after about age 2,

when the hippocampus is more fully developed.

Amnesia can be brought about by

...

Why do flashbulb memories seem so vivid and exact?

Emotional reactions seem to stimulate the release of hormones that have been shown to enhance the formation of long-term memories.

Which of the following best describes psychologist John Kihlstrom's comments when talking about Bartlett's book on memory?

Memory is more like making up a story than it is like reading a book.

In one study with depressed patients who were being treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), patients were tested for their memory of certain television programs both before and after the treatment. What was the result?

Patients forgot more recent programs but remembered older ones.

_________ is the ability to focus on only one stimulus from among all sensory input.

Selective attention

________ memory refers to the awareness of the meanings of words, concepts, and terms as well as names of objects, math skills, and so on.

Semantic

What is the best way for a person to overcome the tip of the tongue phenomenon?

Stop trying to remember the information you are trying to retrieve.

In a study discussed in the textbook that researched the effects of different types of information on memory, subjects viewed a slide presentation of a traffic accident. The actual slide presentation contained a stop sign, but in a written summary of the presentation the sign was referred to as a yield sign. What were the results of this study?

Subjects who were given misleading information after viewing the slides were far less accurate in their memories for the kind of sign present than were subjects who were given no such information.

Psychologists consider memory to be

an active system.

A research study found that people who look at real visual images and then are asked to simply imagine looking at visual images

are often unable to later distinguish between the images they had really seen and the imagined images.

The best way to remember the name of a person you meet at a party is to

associate the name with something about the person's appearance.

The information in short-term memory is

conscious

The removal of H. M.'s hippocampi made ______ impossible.

consolidation

When a memory is being formed, several changes take place in the brain in a process called

consolidation

Ebbinghaus's ________ shows that forgetting happens quickly, within the first hour after learning the lists, and then tapers off gradually.

curve of forgetting

According to Craik and Lockhart, information that is _______ will be remembered more effectively and for a longer period of time.

deeply processed

The phrase "use it or lose it" refers to which theory of forgetting?

disuse

The most efficient way of transferring short-term memory into long-term memory is by using

elaborative rehearsal

Brenda called Mike while he was in the middle of the meeting to ask him to pick up some milk on his way home from work. When Mike got home he didn't have the milk, and Brenda was angry. Mike may have experienced

encoding failure.

After his accident, Bryan had trouble remembering facts and events that were related to his personal life history. He was suffering from a loss of ________ memory.

episodic

Memories of childhood events, special birthdays or anniversaries, and things that happened to an individual on any given day are called

episodic memories

Long-term momory

has unlimited capacity

The _______ is the part of the brain that is responsible for the formation of new long-term declarative memories.

hippocampus

As opposed to _______ memories, ________ memories are easily made conscious.

implicit; explicit

In general, long-term memory is encoded

in a meaningful form.

Early memories before the age of 2 years tend to be implicit, which may explain

infantile amnesia

To help students learn new psychology terms, Professor Williams encourages the students to think deeply about the meaning of the words by asking them to provide examples of each term, and to use each one in a sentence. Professor Williams is using which model of memory?

levels-of-processing

The fact that everyone remembers that George Washington was the first president points to the primacy effect as a result of

long-term memory storage.

A(n) ________ is a memory expert or someone with exceptional memory ability.

mnemonist

The idea that memory formation is a simultaneous process is reflected in the

parallel distributed processing model.

Marcia dated Davio for several years. They recently broke up and Marcia went out on a date with a man named Oliver. While on the date, Marcia mistakenly called him Davio. This is an example of

proactive interference

If you move from the United States to England and have trouble adjusting to driving on the left side of the road, you are experiencing

proactive interference.

Mrs. Tuttle was 97 years old and suffered from forgetfulness and mental confusion. She was probably experiencing

senile dementia

In the information-processing model, the first stage of memory is ______ memory.

sensory

The ________ effect suggests that the first and last person interviewed for a job will be better remembered by the interviewer than all the people in the middle.

serial position

Little Georgie is learning the alphabet. When he recites the alphabet he says "A, B, C, D, W, X, Y, Z." This is an example of

serial position effect.

In a room filled with people, where several conversations are going on, you are able to hear your name being spoken. This is

the "cocktail-party effect"

Donyelle finds that she performs better on the exams that are given in her regular psychology classroom than in the large lecture room that is used to give midterms and finals to several sections at once. Donyelle's experience illustrates

the importance of retrieval cues in memory.

On the Internet, each website has its own specific information but is also linked to many other related sites. In addition, a person can have open more than one site at the same time. This pattern of organization may be very similar to how

the mind organizes the information stored in long-term memory.

An eyewitness was asked to testify in court about her memory of a crime that took place on her street. Prior to her testimony, an attorney provided her with a written statement from another neighbor who also viewed the crime. As a result of reading her neighbor's statement which was different from her own, the accuracy of her memory was altered, which eventually affected her testimony. This is an example of

the misinformation effect.

The storage time of a memory depends upon

the system of memory being used.