Psychology Chapter 11 Study Guide

The genetic correlation between identical twins raised in the same household is typically around _______________ for all of the Big Five personality factors.

.50

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which individuals contribute to society and focus on being part of a family?

Generativity vs. stagnation

How can parents help their children achieve high congruence?

Giving them unconditional love

_______________ describes a proportion of difference among people that is attributed to genetics.

Heritability

The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test that:

In which people are presented with ambiguous images

A(an) _____________ complex refers to the feeling that one lacks worth and doesn't measure up to the standard of others or of society.

Inferiority

The id is motivated by the desire for ____________.

Instant gratification

Which theorist emphasized the importance of the collective unconscious in personality development?

Jung

Who suggested that men have womb envy because they cannot give birth?

Karen Horney

The behavioral theories of personality development tend to focus on ______________.

Learning

The ___________ is composed of a series of true and false questions in order to establish an individual's clinical profile.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

When Marcos is unhappy, he is mean to other children; he calls them names and behaves aggressively towards them. He often manipulates his peers into doing what he wants. What coping strategy is Marcos using?

Moving against people

When Fay feels anxious, she retreats to her closet with a flashlight, using the closet as a private hideaway. What coping strategy is Fay using?

Moving away from people

When Imogene feels anxiety, she clings to her mother and father for affection and reassurance. What coping strategy is Imogene using?

Moving toward people

Karen Horney described three coping styles when dealing with anxiety. Which of the following is not one of them?

Moving with people

According to Sigmund Freud, an adult who smokes, drinks, overeats, or bites her nails is fixated in the __________ stage of her psychosexual development.

Oral

A newborn baby is in what stage of psychosexual development?

Oral stage

Which of the following was one of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory?

Suggesting that our birth order shapes our personality

Which of the following is a potential issue associated with using standard tests for the Big Five in cross-cultural personality research?

The research may miss other personality factors, not found in Western cultures

The main conflict of the anal stage comes from:

Toilet training

Allana is generally an outgoing person. A ____________ psychologist would be most likely to suggest that Allana's personality is the result of being reinforced for outgoing behavior by her parents, teachers, or other people she interacted with in the past.

Behaviorist

Which perspective on personality development is most concerned with how one's learning history influences one's future permanent, adult personality?

Behaviorist

What was the main idea behind Erik Erikson's thoery of psychosocial development?

An individual's personality develops throughout the lifespan

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has ________.

An internal locus of control

Jung believed that there were two levels to the unconscious mind, the personal and the ____________.

Collective

Jung's theory suggests that the __________ is a collection of archetypes that represent concepts or figures common to all cultures.

Collective unconscious

The _____________ refers to the common psychological tendencies that have been passed down from one generation to the next.

Collective unconscious

Which research approach is probably the best for exploring the genetic contribution to personality?

Comparing identical twins who were reared apart

________________ is a state of being in which our thoughts about our real and ideal selves are very similar.

Congruence

Which of these research methods would a psychologist be likely to employ to study the influence of genetics on personality?

Examining correlations in personality between pairs of identical and fraternal twins

Which test or technique would a phrenologist use to access an individual's personality?

Examining the skull

A(an) _____________locus of control is the belief that our outcomes are outside of our control; an _______________ locus of control is the belief that we control our own outcomes.

External; internal

Who believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance?

Hans and Sybil Eysenck

What do twin studies indicate about the role of genes in personality?

Heredit plays an important role in personality

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teach. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say that Tammy has ___________.

High Self-efficacy

As the "third force" in psychology, ________ is touted as a reaction both to the pessimistic determinism of psychoanalysis and to the behaviorists' view of humans passively reacting to the environment.

Humanism

Luisa believes that people are generally good at heart, and that they usually do the right thing if you give them a chance. Which psychological perspective is most likely to appeal to her?

Humanistic

As a response to both behaviorism and psychodynamic theory, Abraham Maslow (among others) initiated a movement called _____, which emphasized the unique and positive qualities of human experience and potential.

Humanistic psychology

Blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile were collectively known as the four ___________.

Humors

During which period are sexual feelings dormant as children focus on other pursuits, such as school, friendships, hobbies, and sports.

Latency

The libido is dormant during the __________ stage.

Latent

Dan avoids applying to college because he doubts he can succeed. He is working a retail job, but he tends to focus on the things he does wrong. In fact, he has almost no confidence in his abilities, and when he experiences a setback at work he is ready to quit. Albert Bandura would say Dan has ________.

Low self-efficacy

Which statement summarizes the main idea of reciprocal determinism?

Our behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all influence each other

Self-efficacy is _________

Our level of confidence in our own abilities

According to Carl Rogers' ________________ perspective, people are basically good, and given the right environment their personality will develop fully and normally.

Person-centered

Carl Jung referred to the ____________ as the mask we adopt

Persona

What is the main idea of the behavioral perspective on personality?

Personality is significantly shaped by the reinforcements and consequences outside of the organism

An outdated approach claiming that behavior and personality were based on the sizes of various regions of the skull surface was called:

Phrenology

According to Freud, the ego is the __________ of personality

Realistic component

Who developed the first comprehensive theory of personality?

Sigmund Freud

Raymond Cattell advanced the study of personality by:

Using factor analysis

Which of the following is true about cross-cultural differences in personality?

While most cultures share the same Big Five personality factors, the prevalence of each trait often differs

Which question was central to the marshmallow test?

Would you be able to resist getting a small reward now in order to get a larger reward later?

In Hippocrates theory of personality, what bodily humor was associated with choleric temperament?

Yellow bile from the liver

Kim believed he failed his math class because the test was too hard, passed his psychology class because the professor passed every student in the class, and didn't get the internship because the manager didn't like him. Julian Rotter would say that Kim has ________.

An external locus of control

If parents are too lenient in the _________ stage, the child might become messy, careless, disorganized, and prone to emotional outbursts.

Anal

Carl Jung suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called ________.

Archetypes

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's second stage of psychosexual development, in which a sense of independence in many tasks develops?

Autonomy vs. shame

Joe works hard to avoid embarrassing himself or his family. Given what researched have found about people from different cultures, he is most likely from _____________.

China

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

Defense mechanisms

Ina can no longer read the street signs, but she refuses to admit she needs glasses to drive. What defense mechanism does this exemplify?

Denial

Marques loves to go to parties, and while there he can have a conversation with just about anyone, whether he knows them or not. Which of the following Five Factors would Marques probably rate highly on based on this information?

Extraversion

The ___________ dimension of the NEO PI-R describes the extent to which people are outgoing or shy.

Extraversion

Walter prefers to stay home on a Friday night and read a good book to hanging out with other people. In fact, he tends to be fairly reclusive in general. If Walter took the NEO PI-R, he would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension.

Extraversion

Research indicates that ___________ college students are likely to achieve high status in student groups such as fraternities and sororities but are also more prone to risk taking and substance abuse problems

Extraverted

According to Eysenck, people who have decreased reactivity the limbic system (the emotional circuits), reticular activating system, and cortex are more likely to be ______________.

Extraverts

Hans and Sybil Eysenck viewed people as having two specific personality dimensions: ________.

Extroversion/introversion Neuroticism/stability

A technique called ___________ reveals statistical similarities among a wide variety of items.

Factor analysis

Cattell used the statistical technique called ______________.

Factor analysis

Amir is constantly worrying about things, even though he really doesn't have anything to worry about. He is also very insecure and can become very upset when he thinks his friends are making a joke about him. If Amir took the NEO PI-R, he would likely have a ____________ score on the ____________ dimension.

High; neuroticism

What is the developmental task of Erik Erikson's eighth stage of psychosocial development in which an individual assesses and makes sense of their life and the meaning of their contributions?

Integrity vs. despair

Ingrid is energized by being alone, speaks slowly and softly, and avoids attention. Carl Jung would call her a(an) ______________

Introvert

Who proposed the locus of control concept?

Julian Rotter

What is the main difference between Sigmund Freud and the neo-Freudians?

Neo-Freudians reduced the emphasis on sex

Which of these is an acronym that could help you remember the Big Five traits?

OCEAN

According to Freud, habits such as fingernail biting, or gum chewing could result from a fixation in the __________ stage.

Oral

You notice your classmate Hannah chewing on her pencil as she takes her psychology final. Which psychosexual stage may not have been resolved?

Oral

Dr. Grimse conducts a ___________ by requesting that his patient respond to ambiguous stimuli, thus revealing hidden feelings, impulses, and desires

Projective test

Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality?

Projective tests

Which theory of personality is most concerned with understanding people's unconscious motivations?

Psychodynamic

Which of the following is not part of Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory?

Reaction formation

What is Albert Bandura's term for the relationship among the three factors that influence personality?

Reciprocal determinism

When anxiety provoking memories are prevented from reaching conscious awareness, such as not remembering lying to a parent, it is called ____________.

Repression

The ______________ Inkblot Test employs a series of symmetrical inkblot cards that are presented to a client by a psychologist in an effort to reveal the person's unconscious desires, fears, and struggles.

Rorschach

According to Abraham Maslow, the highest need is _________.

Self-actualization

The key difference between Maslow's and Rogers's work was the former's focus on ________ and the latter's focus on ________.

Self-actualized individuals; the self concept

In Carl Rogers's theory, our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics is known as

Self-concept

In Carl Jung's view, the task of integrating unconscious archetypal aspects of the self is part of __________ in the second half of life.

Self-realization process

Freud placed much more emphasis on __________ than either Adler or Horney.

Sexuality

__________ is the personality theorist whose work is now reflected in the psychodynamic schools of thought.

Sigmund Freud

Identical twins reared apart will often have:

Similar personalities

Which of the following is NOT one of the dimensions of the Big Five

Sociableness

The role of reciprocal determinism in personality development was highlighted by the ______________.

Social-cognitive theorists

Which of the following is one of the three components of the Freudian personality structure?

Superego

Unlike the strict behaviorists' view, Bandura's theory of reciprocal determinism:

Acknowledges that people shape and determine their environments

Which psychodynamic theorist introduced the concept of the inferiority complex into discussions of psychological adjustment?

Adler

Most of Candice's relationships with other people are hostile. She frequently gets in fights with strangers and even close friends. If Candice took the NEO Personality Inventory, she would likely have a low score on the ____________ dimension.

Agreeableness

Which of the following theorists is not neo-Freudian?

Albert Bandura

Who developed social-cognitive theory?

Albert Bandura

According to Freud, defense mechanisms are unconscious attempts to reduce our feelings of ___________.

Anxiety

Many cultures have stories about a hero who goes on a quest, such as Hercules, King Arthur, and Gilgamesh. What would Carl Jung say this exemplified?

Archetype

Because we have developed certain response tendencies, _______________ believed we demonstrate consistent behavior patterns.

B.F. Skinner

According to Galen, the ____________ person is passionate, ambitious, and bold.

Choleric

One of the most well-known humanistic theorists was ____________.

Carl Rogers

Creative, fair-minded, and impulsive are examples of _____________.

Personality traits

The Oedipal complex is most likely experienced in the __________ stage.

Phallic

Immanuel Kant used the terms persistent, steadfast, and calm to describe a ___________ person

Phlegmatic

Which of the following is a projective test?

Rorschach

A person's responses to a projective test are thought to reflect

Unconscious thoughts and feelings