Psychology chapter 3

Which method is NOT one by which leftover neurotransmitters leave the synapse?

slow degradation over time

_____ syndrome refers to a phenomenon in which amputee patients continue to experience sensations where the missing body part would be.

Phantom limb

Dmitry holds his hand close to a fire. His _____ neurons allow him to feel the heat, while his motor neurons allow him to move his hand away from the fire.

Sensory Neurons

There is a dance event going on with students attending from two different elementary schools. Students from one school are wearing purple shirts and students from the other school are wearing silver shirts. Imagine that the students in the purple represent potassium ions and the students in silver represent sodium ions, while the gymnasium represents the neuron. If their distribution is similar to what occurs at the resting potential for a neuron, which students would be moving in and out through the gym doors MOST often?

The students in the purple shirts would be moving through the doors most often.

A person who suffers damage to their cerebellum would likely have trouble with:

walking on a tightrope.

Which factor is NOT an all-or-none event?

accelerating to 60 miles per hour in a car

Cheryl is suffering from depression. Her doctor may give her an SSRI, which is a serotonin _____ that works to increase levels of this neurotransmitter in the synapse.

agonist

Cocaine, which prevents the reuptake of dopamine, resulting in more dopamine in the synapse, would be classified as a(n):

agonist

The _____ nervous system is a set of nerves that conveys information into and out of the central nervous system.

autonomic

Unlike the _____ nervous system, humans have voluntary control over the _____ nervous system.

autonomic; somatic

Katie has a rare neurological disease in which her neurons can receive new information and process it but some of them just cannot pass the information along. This disease likely affects the _____ of the neuron.

axon

Patients with damage at a certain point of the spinal cord lose sensation and abilities in body parts _____ the level of the injury.

below

A basketball star's ability to dribble the ball down the court, jump up toward the basket, and dunk the basketball can be credited to an area of the hindbrain called the:

cerebellum

Denton can pitch a baseball in what looks like one effortless and smooth movement. The part of the hindbrain MOST associated with this highly coordinated motion is the:

cerebellum

Javier was a professional football player for 12 years. During his career, he experienced several concussions which caused severe headaches near the end of his career. Javier has been retired for 10 years and is experiencing memory and comprehension problems, excruciating migraines, and bouts of depression. Javier may be diagnosed with:

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Which condition is a form of progressive brain damage that can cause cognitive and emotional deficits and has been linked to repeated concussions?

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Robert was a professional hockey player for 12 years. During his career, he experienced several concussions which caused severe headaches near the end of his career. Robert has been retired for 10 years and is experiencing memory and comprehension problems, excruciating migraines, and bouts of depression. Robert may be diagnosed with:

chronic traumatic encephalopathy.

Within a neuron, information is transmitted as a(n) _____ travels from the dendrites to the cell body and throughout the axon.

electrical signal

The first stage of communication between neurons consists of a(n) _____ signal down the axon, and the second stage consists of a(n) _____ signal across the synapse.

electrical; chemical

Nicole went to the doctor because she suffered a seizure while she was at work. She was happy to hear the doctor tell her that the seizure came from too much of the neurotransmitter(s) _____, and not from a particular brain area.

glutamate

Samuel is talking to his housemate about his psychology class. Today, his instructor discussed _____, which are chemicals released into the bloodstream. Samuel explains to his housemate that this process is an important part of the endocrine system.

hormones

Lately, Kenneth has not been eating or drinking very much because he never feels hungry or thirsty. It is possible that Kenneth is having a problem with his:

hypothalamus

Lately, Spencer has had an uncontrollable appetite and still feels hungry after eating. It is possible that Spencer is having a problem with the subcortical structure called the:

hypothalamus.

The automatic nervous system is a set of nerves that:

is responsible for involuntary processes such as heart beat and blood flow.

When an action potential travels down an axon, it _____ from node to node, rather than traveling the entire axon.

jumps

Kelsey is interested in how different parts of her brain are responsible for different behaviors. One of the most basic things she should know is that tasks such as her ability to eat and breathe are performed at "_____" levels of her brain, and her ability to do mathematics and ponder the meaning of life are performed at "_____" levels.

lower; higher

Francisco is a long-distance runner, and it is important for his vital organs and function such as breathing to be well-coordinated. The structure in the hindbrain called the _____ keeps these synchronized to help him function as a successful runner.

medulla

Which factor has been related to low levels of serotonin?

mood disorders

Amber steps on a piece of glass. Her sensory neurons allow her to feel the pain from the cut, while her _____ neurons allow her to lift her leg, so the foot can move off the glass.

motor neurons

The _____ is made up of _____ and helps to insulate the axon.

myelin sheath; glial cells

If a neuron receives stimulation but this stimulation is just under the threshold for the neuron:

no action potential will occur.

Maria sees a rat in her kitchen and runs into the living room to get away. After reaching the living room, her heart rate and breathing begin to slow down because of her _____ nervous system.

parasympathetic

Last night, Rylee was reading about the organization of the endocrine system. She realized that the _____ is really like the chief executive officer of a large company because it dictates the release of hormones by the other glands.

pituitary gland

Areas of the cortex will sometimes take over adjacent areas. The ability of the brain to change is this way is referred to as _____.

plasticity

During the _____ potential, the inside of the neuron naturally has a negative charge.

resting

In one study, stimulation of the _____ in sleeping cats caused them to awaken immediately

reticular formation

Jason was in a serious automobile accident in which he suffered significant head trauma. He has been in a coma for the last 3 months. Jason's coma was likely caused by damage to the area of the hindbrain known as the:

reticular formation

In the last month, Tommy has had trouble sleeping and never gets excited about things anymore. He was recently in a car accident, and based on his behavior, it is possible that he may have suffered damage to his:

reticular formation.

Lately, Steph has had a very odd sleeping pattern and has not been feeling very hungry. After doing a number of tests, her doctor has determined the problem is likely in her brain. Which neurotransmitter might her doctor associate with Steph's problems?

serotonin

Margie recently had a brain tumor removed and now has paralysis in her left leg. If she wants to increase the likelihood that other areas of her brain will take over for the brain area previously allocated to her hand, she might try to:

sleep more than 8 hours a night

Which response would likely NOT occur following stimulation of the hypothalamus?

sleepiness

When Nick reaches for his fork to take a bite of his pasta, he can consciously do so because he is using the _____ nervous system.

somatic

Shawntae arrived home at night and, upon entering the house, her boyfriend jumped out from behind the door to scare her. She immediately reacted by screaming and running out the front door. Shawntae reacted this way because of her _____ nervous system.

sympathetic

The thalamus receives information from the sensory systems including:

taste, vision, touch, and sound

When Mary wakes up in the morning, she naturally turns toward the sun shining through the window. This behavior is likely guided by an area of her midbrain called the:

tectum

Marcie is at a concert and is listening to music and watching the band's light show. In this experience, the area of Marcie's brain that receives and relays this sensory information to the cortex is the:

thalamus.