Psychology Chapter 5, 6, 7
Heather considers herself a "chocoholic." When she is having a bad day, she knows that a few bites of chocolate will always make her feel better. Which area of her brain is responsible for this effect? A Orbitofrontal cortex B Somatosensory cortex C Thalamus D Medulla
A
How does the brain process visual information? A Information travels from the retina to the thalamus and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe and the amygdala. B Information travels from the lens to the hippocampus and then sequentially to the primary visual cortex in the temporal lobe and the hypothalamus. C Information travels from the cornea to the amygdala and then simultaneously to the primary visual cortex in the parietal lobe and the thalamus. D Information travels from the pupil to the reticular formation and then sequentially to the primary visual cortex in the frontal lobe and the pons.
A
How does the input of olfactory information to the brain differ from other sensory input pathways? A Direct connections to the thalamus are not made before information reaches the cortex. B It does not require the cortex for higher-order processing. C The first direct connection is to the thalamus and not to the medulla. D Before making connections with the medulla, sensory input travels through the spinal cord.
A
Imaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) suggest that meditation represents a voluntary regulation of attention and ____ functions. A autonomic B somatic C sensory D central nervous system
A
In a 2001 study by Twenge et al., students who were told that a personality test revealed that they were "the type likely to end up alone later in life" were more likely to ____. A show less empathy and act aggressively B show signs of depression and anxiety C report low self-esteem and low self-efficacy D demonstrate introversion and neuroticism
A
Information about touch travels from the skin directly to the ____. A spinal cord B medulla C thalamus D somatosensory cortex
A
Michael sleeps every night with a loud and somewhat disruptive machine that uses a mask to regulate airflow into his lungs. Which diagnosis might Michael have received? A Sleep apnea B Insomnia C Narcolepsy D Somnambulism
A
Molly is hungry. She passes right by the fruit basket on her kitchen counter and, instead, grabs ice cream out of the freezer. What human food preferences does Molly's behavior demonstrate? A We retain the preferences of our ancestors for calorie-rich foods to ward off starvation. B Sugary, high-fat food stimulates orexin release to relieve stress. C Our digestive system is innately suited for sugary, high-fat foods. D Short bursts of elevated blood glucose lead to increased arousal.
A
Of the following, who displays characteristics most consistent with high levels of achievement motivation? A Devlin, who decides to skip going to the football game on Sunday and instead goes to the office to get ahead of the coming week's work B April, who tackles her quantum physics problems with a high level of abstract reasoning C Shaun, who is climbing the corporate ladder and knows to keep his friends close but his enemies closer D Calista, who worries constantly about whether or not her parents are happy with her grades
A
Our primary method for localizing sound in the horizontal plane is ____. A to compare the arrival time of sound at each ear B by echolocation at the tympanic membrane C via sound waves funneling through the pinna D via undulation differentiation in the basilar membrane
A
Rates of eating disorders are about six times higher among _____. A homosexual and bisexual men B homosexual and bisexual women C heterosexual men D heterosexual women
A
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) results from a gene variant that is active only during early prenatal development in the _____. A basal ganglia B hypothalamus C amygdala D nervous system
A
Seven-year-old Sam is not allowed to touch the television remote. Nevertheless, he uses the remote to change the volume from level 15 to 17. His parents, who are in the next room, seem unaware. The next day, Sam becomes bold and turns the volume from level 15 to 30. His father yells at him, "Stop playing with the remote!" What prevented Sam's father from noticing the volume change on the previous day? A The change on the first day failed to exceed his father's difference threshold. B The change on the second day was higher than his father's distinct threshold. C The change on the second day failed to exceed his father's fixed threshold. D The change on the first day exceeded his father's absolute threshold.
A
Since seizures are correlated with changes in consciousness, they provide evidence that _____. A cortical activity is correlated with consciousness B focal areas originate in the hypothalamus C seizures and RLS are connected D drugs that inhibit GABA can control seizures
A
The "grouping" principle developed by Gestalt psychologists applies to hearing; humans perceive sounds that _____ as being from the same source. A stop and start at the same time B are from different locations C are at similar hertz D start one after the other
A
The height to weight ratio used to identify healthy weight, underweight, overweight, and obesity is referred to as the ____. A body mass index B personal density index C body density index D personal mass index
A
The major psychoactive chemical in marijuana is ____. A tetrahydrocannabinol B tert-butylhydroquinone C tocotrienol D thiazolidinedione
A
The primary colors of light are ____. A red, green, and blue B red, yellow, and green C yellow, green, and blue D red, yellow, and blue
A
The world perceived by Matteo is very different than the world perceived by most; he can only see black, white, or shades of gray. What can we conclude about Matteo? A His retina is missing at least two types of cones. B His retina is missing at least two types of rods. C His retina is missing at least one type of rod. D His retina is missing at least one type of cone.
A
Three-year-old Joshua spits out his broccoli, scrunches his face, and shouts, "Yuck!" His mother can't understand why he has such a distaste for broccoli because she finds it to be rather bland. Why might Joshua and his mother have such different reactions to the taste of broccoli? A As we get older, the overall number of taste buds decreases. B Hyperstimulation of taste buds in young children may produce the sensation of burning. C The orbitofrontal cortex loses a significant number of neurons as we age. D Myelinated axons connecting to the medulla become unmyelinated as we age.
A
Top-down processing involves the ____. A brain imposing structure on incoming information based on previous experience B brain's ability to integrate several stimuli simultaneously C brain's use of incoming signals to construct perceptions D brain tuning into select information
A
What do motivation and emotion have in common? A They both arouse an organism to perform some type of behavior. B They both lead to general rather than specific behavioral changes. C They both cause a prolonged change in behavior. D They both stimulate behavioral changes in a specific manner.
A
What is another name for the eardrum? A Tympanic membrane B Eustachian tube C Pinna D Organ of Corti
A
What is one of the differences between sensation and perception? A Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors, whereas perception is how we interpret those sensory signals. B Sensation is the emotional response you make of a situation, whereas perception is the logical response you make. C Sensation is the positive feelings you have toward a situation, whereas perception is the negative feelings you have. D Sensation is the sense that you make of a situation, whereas perception is the reception of signals to the brain
A
What is the evidence to suggest that exposure to sex hormones in the womb affects sexual orientation? A Females exposed to higher than normal levels of male hormones in the womb develop masculinized external genitalia and report more same-sex sexual activity. B Women who took drugs to stimulate ovulation had sons who were more likely to experiment with same-sex activity. C The testosterone hormonal patch used to stimulate sexual desire in females also leads to higher birth rates of babies who later identify themselves as lesbians. D Males whose mothers were on hormone replacement therapy while pregnant report more attraction to males than the general population.
A
What is the evidence to suggest that sleep plays an important role in repairing the body? A Human growth hormone is released during Stages 3 and 4 of N-REM sleep. B The immune cells phagocytes and lymphocytes mature during Stage 1 N-REM sleep. C Melatonin is manufactured during REM sleep. D Levels of the wound-healing chemical prothrombin are depleted during consciousness.
A
What is the physiological basis for night terrors? A The transition from Stage 4 N-REM sleep upward into REM goes awry. B Sleep spindles and K-complexes do not form during Stage 4 N-REM sleep. C Hyperstimulation of beta waves occurs during the REM state. D Dreaming begins in N-REM stages rather than in the REM state.
A
What is the role of the amygdala in processing visual information? A It makes quick emotional judgments about visual stimuli. B It decodes the color of the stimulus. C It interprets the contours of an object. D It perceives the intensity of the stimulus.
A
What plays an especially significant role in the perception of music and speech? A Grouping B Fragmentation C Tone D Rhythm
A
Which feature of the eye is analogous to the hole in the center of a doughnut? A Pupil B Retina C Cornea D Iris
A
Which is NOT true of a person in a state of coma? A A person may respond to pain and light. B A person is incapable of voluntary behavior. C A person does not have sleep-wake cycles. D A person cannot be awakened.
A
Which model or theory of emotion proposes that general arousal leads to assessment, which in turn calls for another assessment that leads to subjective feelings? A Schachter-Singer two-factor theory B James-Lange theory C Somatovisceral afference model of emotion D Cannon-Bard theory
A
Which of the following phrases describes the different mental states of students in your class, whether it be drowsy, full of energy, or somewhere in-between? A State of awareness B Content awareness C Preconscious awareness D Stream of consciousness
A
Which scenario supports the James-Lange theory of emotion? A Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile from broadly and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy. B Bethany feels very depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better. C Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita. D Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat.
A
egetative state often follows a period of coma. A true B false
A
A major advantage provided by emotion is ____. A that it promotes self-actualization and empathy B its ability to produce arousal C its ability to produce an internal drive for survival D that it creates the desire for affiliation
B
A sense of feeling full and not requiring further food is known as _____. A homeostasis B satiety C leptin D set point
B
According to the 1908 Yerkes-Dodson law, ____. A heightened arousal leads to heightened performance on complex tasks B performance and arousal function independently of each other but both areimpacted by task complexity C dampened arousal disinhibits instinctive behaviors but inhibits acquired behaviors D the ideal amount of arousal interacts with the complexity of a task to determine performance
B
According to the 1991 work of Simon LeVay, gay men and women have similarities in their ____. A basal ganglia brain structure B hypothalamic brain structure C levels of estrogen D levels of oxytocin
B
Activity in the ________ of the brain corresponds to mind wandering, thinking about the self, and preparing for conscious thought. A behavioral inhibition system (BIS) B default mode network (DMN) C prefrontal cortex (PFC) D reticular activating system (RAS)
B
After cardiac arrest, Teresa's father, Ike, is in a coma. Ike's doctor explains to Teresa that his brain activity shows ____. A alpha and theta waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern B only alpha waves that are distinct from those of a normal sleeping pattern C only alpha waves that are consistent with sleep D alpha and theta waves that are consistent with sleep
B
After suffering an eye injury during a lacrosse match, Gregg is forced to wear an eye patch. In addition to problems with depth perception, Gregg's ophthalmologist tells him that his blind spot will be more evident. Which structure of the eye has been affected with regard to his blind spot? A fovea B Optic disk C Cornea D Lens
B
Among the brain structures that are believed to participate in consciousness are the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and _____. A hippocampus B reticular formation C prefrontal cortex D occipital lobe
B
Caesar ingests a large meal, causing his blood glucose levels to rise. In response, Caesar's pancreas releases insulin to remove glucose from the blood stream. This automatic response from Caesar's body is meant to restore _____. A his drive B homeostasis C his set point D body temperature
B
Callie recently began wearing prescription glasses after her ophthalmologist informed her that she is affected by astigmatism. She learns that this is caused by ____. A an irregular eyeball shape B an uneven surface of the cornea C the degeneration of the retina D the loss of elasticity of the lens
B
Celeste moved into her college dorm room today. She turns off her light before going to bed and notices glow-in-the-dark stickers on the ceiling, presumably left behind from the previous occupant. What process best exemplifies her recognition of the light generated by these stickers? A Top-down processing B Bottom-up processing C Outward-in processing D Inward-out processing
B
Doug lost his left leg in an automobile accident several months ago. He tells his wife that when he was shaving his face one morning, he felt the same scraping sensation on his missing leg. What may account for Doug's phantom limb sensation? A Motor cortex redirecting its outputs B Misappropriated top-down processing C Spinal cord axons attempting to reinnervate the site of the injury D Reorganization of the somatosensory cortex
B
Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in ____. A Stage 1 N-REM B Stage 2 N-REM C REM sleep D Stage 3 or 4 N-REM
B
For lower achievers, messages that emphasize the ____ aspects of a task might be more likely to elicit the best outcomes. A competitive B fun and relaxing C challenging D fearful
B
From an evolutionary perspective, why is the conscious awareness of ongoing sensations advantageous for animals? A It allows animals to respond instinctively to oncoming threats. B It provides the opportunity to choose responses rather than to respond instinctively. C It facilitates the development of complex motor and sensory control. D It enables animals to have a sense of mortality and a strong will to pass on their genes.
B
How does motivation offer a survival advantage? A It dictates the formation of social bonds. B It prevents the waste of precious energy resources. C It fosters ambition and perseverance. D It stimulates competition and ingenuity.
B
In 1912, what did Cannon and Washburn hypothesize to be the cause of hunger cues? A Hunger is mainly influenced by blood glucose levels. B Hunger correlates with the extent of stomach contractions. C Hunger originates from psychological factors. D Hunger is influenced by visual and social cues.
B
In a person with sleep apnea, breathing can stop for _____ during sleep, leaving the sleeper gasping for air. A 30 seconds B a minute or two C 45 seconds D 10 seconds
B
In the most general terms, the study of sensation and perception is called ________, a term that was coined by Gustav Fechner. A sensory psychology B psychophysics C S-P psychology D psychobiology
B
Isabella is a judge at the campus's annual Fine Foods Fair. She has an excellent palate and is able to easily distinguish among the four major categories of taste (sweet, sour, bitter, and salty) as well as the fifth, less familiar, category of taste, known by the ____. A German term geschmack B Japanese term umami C Indian term raita D French term gourmand
B
Juliet is only 2 days old. She is shown several different pictures. Which would she be most likely to stare at for the longest? A A picture of herself B A picture of her mother's face C A picture of a spiral D A picture of random shapes
B
Martha gets up early, turns on the light in the bathroom, and watches herself in the mirror as the black centers of her eyes constrict. What is this black center called? A Iris B Pupil C Cornea D Retina
B
Megan is contemplating trying lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) at a party. As her friend, what warning would you give her? A It is strongly addictive. B It can cause hallucinations days after using the drug. C It can cause symptoms of schizophrenia. D It can lead to major depressive episodes.
B
Of the five different human sensory systems, famed philosopher Immanuel Kant considered ________ to be the most dispensable. A gustation B olfaction C vision D audition
B
One theory of color vision is based on the existence of different types of cones for the detection of short, medium, and long wavelengths. What is this theory? A The tricolor detection scheme B The trichromatic theory C The primary paradigm D The tiered wavelength model
B
Patients who recover after a cardiac arrest or some other life-threatening condition often report _____. A feeling nauseous B similar experiences C feeling heavy D feeling pain
B
Patients with narcolepsy have damaged or missing cells in their ____, which disrupt the production of ________. A amygdala; neuromodulators B hypothalamus; orexin C medulla; oxytocin D hippocampus; neurotransmitters
B
Regina wakes her husband in the middle of the night and asks, "Where am I? This isn't our bedroom." After a visit to the emergency department, Regina learns that she likely suffered a partial seizure originating in her ____ lobe. A occipital B temporal C parietal D frontal
B
Some cases of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) may include biological vulnerabilities in the function of which neurotransmitter? A Dopamine B Serotonin C Norepinephrine D Glutamate
B
Some researchers restrict the possibility of self-aware consciousness to species that ____. A are at the top of the food chain B exhibit complex social behavior C demonstrate cognitive complexity D show strong individualism
B
Tasha runs a day care center. She places birthday hats on a group of children to celebrate 1-year-old Chantal's birthday. Tasha notices that when Chantal passes by a mirror she grabs for the hat by reaching for the mirror instead of reaching for her own head. Tasha picks up the baby and helps her find her hat. What aspect of consciousness has Chantal not yet reached? A Meta-cognition B Self-awareness C Awareness of sensation D Reflective awareness
B
The Student Union is holding its weekly Friday night "De-stress 'til Dawn" mixer. Brandon is hungry, Shelby is tired, and Tina feels cold. Which brain structure controls the internal biological clocks responsible for regulating these processes? A Amygdala B Hypothalamus C Cingulate cortex D Hippocampus
B
The activation-synthesis theory of dreaming suggests that the content of dreams reflects _____. A self-awareness B ongoing neural activity C a prediction of the future D the unconscious mind expressing itself symbolically
B
The methods of psychophysics allow us to establish the limits of awareness or _____. A criteria B thresholds C conduction velocity D intelligence
B
The movement of hair cells in the vestibular system results in the production of signals in the auditory nerve. Where do the axons of the auditory nerve then form connections? A Somatosensory cortex and cerebellum B Medulla and cerebellum C Medulla and thalamus D Somatosensory cortex and thalamus
B
What brain structure is responsible for raising or lowering the thresholds of conscious awareness? A Substantia nigra B Reticular formation C Corpus callosum D Medial parietal cortex
B
What does it mean if you have perfect pitch? A You can tune a guitar or other instrument perfectly. B You can name a note after hearing it. C You can sing with perfect tone. D You can recognize the tempo of any song.
B
What is one of the differences between sensation and perception? A Sensation is secondary; perception is primary. B Sensation is automatic; perception is effortful. C Sensation is preprogrammed; perception is automatic. D Sensation is intentional; perception is instinctive.
B
What is the evidence that hearing begins well before birth? A Hours after birth, newborns begin to curl their tongue in preparation for generating specialized sounds. B Newborns as young as 2 days old recognize their mother's voice. C Ultrasound waves stimulate the auditory nerve in fetuses as young as 7 months. D Fetuses as young as 6 months move more often when their mother speaks than in response to a stranger's voice.
B
What percentage of adults in the United States experience restless legs syndrome? A 10% B 15% C 5% D 35%
B
What physiological response may be responsible for the phenomenon of a near-death experience characterized by out-of-body experiences, the perception of light at the end of a tunnel, and the state of calmness? A Deactivation of adrenal medullary pathways B Release of chemicals to minimize cell loss in the brain C Increased inhibition of action potentials in brainstem neurons D Activation of the nigrostriatal pathway
B
Which model or theory of emotion proposes that a range of physical sensations, from precise to general, requires varying degrees of cognitive processing before experiencing subjective feelings? A Schachter-Singer two-factor theory B Somatovisceral afference model of emotion C Cannon-Bard theory D James-Lange theory
B
Which model or theory of emotion proposes that physical sensations lead to subjective feelings? A Catharsis theory B James-Lange theory C Somatovisceral afference model of emotion D Cannon-Bard theory
B
Which model or theory proposes that emotions act as a reservoir that fills up and spills over, and that expressing these emotions will reduce arousal? A Cannon-Bard theory B Catharsis theory C James-Lange theory D Schachter-Singer two-factor theory
B
Which of the following individuals is likely to have a longer than usual circadian rhythm? A Lisa, who has to get up every morning at 6:30 a.m., just before sunrise, to teach classes that begin at 8:00 a.m. B Dan, who has worked on a submarine far below the surface of the water for the past 3 months. C Ira, who spends most of his days working inside the bird house at his city's local zoo. D Jennifer, who works a usual 9 to 5 shift most days but is occasionally asked to an overnight shift.
B
Which of the following may be an effective treatment for recurring, upsetting nightmares? A Medication such as Ambien B Training in lucid dreaming C Lowering bedroom temperature D Sleeping longer than 9 hours per night
B
Which of these responses to sound does NOT originate in the midbrain? A Turning toward the source of a loud noise B Recognizing a Bach quintet C Localizing a sound D Identifying the source of a sound
B
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of a night terror? A Chandra, who suffers from sleep apnea, dreams that she is sinking to the bottom of a lake and wakes up gasping for air. B Hector demonstrates acute distress even though he is asleep. When his roommate wakes him up, he is confused and does not remember being upset. C Pierre dreams that a serial killer stands over his bed with a machete in his hand and is certain that he faces imminent death. D Pauline has recurring nightmares in which her brother is trapped in a sinking car; because of this she worries obsessively about her brother's safety.
B
Women entering menopause have significant hormonal changes but often maintain (or increase) their sex drive. What does this suggest? A Fertility drugs that increase gonadotropin levels have little impact on female sexual interest. B Menopause produces significant hormonal changes in women but has little impact on their sexual interest and activity. C Women report more pain during sex and less sexual interest while ovulating. D Women report increased sexual activity during ovulation but only if they are trying to get pregnant.
B
____ is defined as a brief combination of physical sensations and conscious, subjective feelings that prepare an individual for action. A A drive reduction B An emotion C A motivation D A set point
B
_____ are uncontrolled electrical disturbances in the brain that are often correlated with changes in consciousness. A Sleep terrors B Seizures C Dreams D Comas
B
_____ is a value that is defended in order to maintain homeostasis. A Metabolism B A set point C An emotion D An extrinsic balance
B
_____consists of a set of behaviors that are the opposite of those produced by a drug. A Tolerance B Withdrawal C Addiction D Euphoria
B
he ability to detect the difference between two different weights is an example of _____. A correct rejection B difference threshold C signal detection D absolute threshold
B
n contrast to patients in a coma, patients in a vegetative state look _____. A unrested B normal C unhealthy D shocked
B
A cultural norm that specifies when, where, and how a person should express an emotion is referred to as a ____. A normative action B controlled expression C display rule D conformative law
C
According to Maslow, what is at the pinnacle of human striving? A Affection B Belongingness C Self-actualization D Esteem
C
An area of the retina that is specialized for seeing fine details is referred to as the ____. A lens B optic disk C fovea D cornea
C
Anorexia nervosa is characterized by the maintenance of unusually low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and ____. A cycles of binge eating and purging B the need to defy conventional norms C a distorted view of the body as obese D the extreme need for control
C
At what age do humans show evidence of responding preferentially to their native language? A 1 week B 8.5 months C 2 days D 6 months
C
Baby Alec squints, squeezes his fists, and tightens up his body muscles. His mother immediately runs over to try to soothe him. Alec's actions demonstrate that ____. A complex emotions require maturity B without language, emotions are abstractions C emotions are easily communicated through nonverbal means D emotions drive classical conditioning
C
Brain death is characterized by ____. A a persistent vegetative state lasting longer than 18 months B a continuous comatose state lasting longer than 12 weeks C two flatline EEG recordings taken 24 hours apart D EEG recordings void of beta waves for at least 48 hours
C
Brain death is identified as _____. A an imbalance of brain activity B an unresponsive body C a complete and irreversible lack of measurable brain activity D only minimal, periodic response from a person
C
College roommates Michelle, Renee, and Kate are curtain shopping for their new off-campus apartment. They find the perfect set of curtains but disagree as to their actual color. Michelle says they are jade, Renee is leaning toward teal, and Kate insists that they are turquoise. What causes each roommate to have a different interpretation of the color of the curtains? A Sensory adaptation B Sensation C Perception D Transduction
C
Consuela stands in front of her U.S. history class to give a presentation. She suddenly loses consciousness and suffers a sleep attack referred to as ____. A cataplexy B dyspnea C narcolepsy D ataxia
C
Decreased sensitivity in _____ and taste might affect overall appetite as we age. A audition B the brain C olfaction D vision
C
Dr. Goddard is studying the behavioral effects of MDMA (Ecstasy) using a rat model. He would measure increased release of which hormones in response to MDMA treatment? A Prolactin and glutamate B Progesterone and adrenaline C Serotonin and oxytocin D Testosterone and noradrenaline
C
Drive theories of motivation are often described as ____ theories because internal drives move an organism toward a goal. A catch B pull C push D throw
C
In combat veterans, the experience of posttraumatic stress disorder appears to interact with which sense? A Vision B Audition C Olfaction D Taste
C
In terms of object recognition, the simplest patterns of lines are gratings, which can vary in two dimensions: ____. A hue and contrast B hue and depth C frequency and contrast D frequency and depth
C
In the middle ear, the purpose of three tiny bones located in the middle ear is to ____. A buffer sound waves before entering the inner ear B directly stimulate the auditory nerve C transfer sound energy to the fluid of the inner ear D decode the frequency and amplitude of sound waves
C
In what orientation are images projected onto the retina? A Upside down but not reversed B Tilted left in the right eye, and tilted right in the left eye C Upside down and reversed D Mirrored but right side up
C
Internal biological clocks interact with external stimuli, referred to by the ____. A Dutch term maalgeven B Italian term lezionadare C German term zeitgebers D French term temps-donner
C
Jenni's 72-year-old grandfather has difficulty understanding her when she speaks, but he seems to understand her father much better. Why might this be? A People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing lower-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a lower-pitched voice than her father does. B People over 70 typically have difficulty with sounds under 6000 Hz. C People over 70 typically have difficulty hearing higher-pitched voices, and Jenni probably has a higher-pitched voice than her father does. D Jenni's grandfather's auditory processing mechanisms have become used to Jenni's father's voice, but Jenni's voice is relatively novel.
C
Jordan typically has at least three cups of coffee throughout the day. She decides to cut her coffee habit cold turkey but experiences severe lethargy despite having a good night's sleep. Jordan is experiencing ____. A sensitization syndrome B the desensitization effect C withdrawal symptoms D recoil narcosis
C
Kendyl was born with a congenital disorder that prevents her eyes from sensing light; her fraternal twin brother, Gabe, was born with normal vision. Compared with Gabe, Kendyl will likely have ____. A no circadian cycle B the same circadian cycle C a longer circadian cycle D a shorter circadian cycle
C
Maslow's view of motivation is best described as a ____. A web of ambition B pinwheel of desire C pyramid of needs D tree of power
C
More than 8 million Americans have reported ____. A an insomnia experience B a vegetative state experience C a near-death experience D a coma experience
C
Natalia, who suffers from epilepsy, experiences a seizure in which she completely loses consciousness, stops breathing, and thrashes about uncontrollably. Natalia experienced which type of seizure? A Partial myoclonic B Partial tonic-clonic C Generalized tonic-clonic D Generalized myoclonic
C
Nicole tells her gynecologist that lately she has had no sexual desire. Nicole and her gynecologist discuss the possibility of using a hormone patch to address her sexual dysfunction. This hormone patch likely uses which hormone? A Progesterone B Estrogen C Testosterone D Follicle-stimulating hormone
C
No other sensory modality is as dramatically affected by culture, context, and experience as our sense of _____. A smell B taste C pain D hearing
C
Noelle has perfect pitch. Compared with other people, Noelle is likely to have ____. A more white matter B less white matter C areas of her left hemisphere that are larger D areas of her right hemisphere that are larger
C
Patients who self-administer morphine for pain require ____ medication than patients who receive injections from hospital staff. A more B the same amount of C less D stronger
C
People who _____ are able to tolerate higher levels of pain than those who do not. A exercise regularly B live in warm climates C participate in contact sports D strive for perfection
C
Preeti discovers that her roommate Shari recently experimented with methamphetamine. Preeti, worried about her roommate, informs Shari that there are risks associated with methamphetamine use, such as the induction of symptoms associated with ____. A bipolar disorder B generalized anxiety disorder C psychosis D obsessive compulsive disorder
C
Sam has recently been given a prescription for a mild opiate medication by her physician. This drug is most likely being used to help control which of the following ailments? A A fungal infection of the foot (athlete's foot) B Acne of the face and body C A persistent, nagging cough D Urinary incontinence
C
Sensations of body position, touch, skin temperature, and pain are referred to as ____. A autonosensation B parietal sensation C somatosensation D sympathetic sensation
C
Study participants who were selectively deprived of Stages 3 and 4 N-REM sleep reported ____. A blurred vision B headache and nausea C muscle and joint pain D sore throat and itchy eyes
C
The clear surface at the front of the eye that begins the process of directing light to the retina is the ____. A pupil B retina C cornea D iris
C
The hormone _____ plays a key role in providing a feeling of satiety. A melatonin B estrogen C leptin D testosterone
C
The smallest amount of stimulus that can be detected at least 50% of the time is known as the ________ threshold. A fixed B difference C absolute D distinct
C
What do twin studies tell us about genetics and the ability to read emotions? A Genetics plays a moderate role in reading emotions. B Genetics plays a negligible role in reading emotions. C Genetics plays a very large role in reading emotions. D Genetics plays a small but significant role in reading emotions.
C
What does the parietal lobe do in the processing of visual information? A It helps you to see low-contrast objects. B It helps in processing colors. C It helps process movement. D It helps in recognizing faces.
C
What is the relationship between caffeine and Parkinson's disease? A It prevents one from acquiring Parkinson's disease. B It positively correlates with Parkinson's disease. C It negatively correlates with Parkinson's disease. D It causes Parkinson's disease.
C
What type of medication, when combined with cognitive behavioral therapy, is helpful for people with anorexia? A Phenothiazines B Amphetamines C Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D Catecholamine reuptake inhibitors
C
Which of the following is a correct statement about the default mode network (DMN) in the brain? A It maintains a consistent source of energy usage in the brain. B It focuses the brain on detailed tasks. C It maintains unconscious activity that prepares the brain for conscious thought. D It lights up the brain so that you make fewer mistakes.
C
Which of the following is an example of perception? A How a sound wave affects the organ of your ear B How a tap on your back draws your attention away from a conversation C How you identify a song when you hear it D How light affects your eyes
C
Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in REM sleep? A Deep sleep with disorientation before waking B Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli C Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep D An EEG similar to a drowsy, waking person
C
Which of the following would be characteristic of someone in Stage 1 N-REM sleep? A Deep sleep with disorientation before waking B Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli C An EEG similar to that of a drowsy, waking person D Brain activity similar to an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep
C
Which of these would be characteristic of someone in Stage 4 N-REM sleep? A Brain activity similar to that of an awake person but with the external appearance of deep sleep B Sleeping through familiar stimuli but waking to unexpected stimuli C Deep sleep with disorientation before waking D An EEG similar to a drowsy, waking person
C
Which structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors? A Tympanic membrane B Auditory nerve C Cochlea D Pinna
C
Zolpidem (Ambien) can help both onset and maintenance sleep, but it has significant side effects. Which of the following is a known side effect of Ambien? A Increased coordination and concentration B Excitability or mania during the day C Driving or walking while asleep D Significant weight loss
C
____ occurs when a healthy infant simply dies while asleep. A RLS B Apnea C Sudden Infant Death Syndrome D Dyspnea
C
A person showing _____ activity is awake but relaxed. A gamma B delta C beta D alpha
D
Achievement motivation is usually defined as ____. A the fulfillment of culturally dictated goals B meeting the needs of those we seek to please C the need to reach a level of self-perfection D a desire to excel or outperform others
D
After a night of eating a gallon of ice cream and potato chips, Stephen takes laxatives to purge the ingested food from his body. Stephen, like many others who suffer from bulimia nervosa, is likely to feel what after purging? A Relief and calm B A heightened sense of control C Elation and arousal D Depression and disgust
D
Although athletes and nonathletes share similar pain ____, these groups are quite different in their _____ of pain. A experiences, perception B remedies, concept C signals, level D thresholds, tolerance
D
Although tolerance and withdrawal are two hallmark symptoms of physical dependence on a drug, not all addictive drugs display these features. For example, _____ is quite addictive despite its lack of withdrawal symptoms. A alcohol B caffeine C marijuana D cocaine
D
Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. Daisy was most likely in ____. A Stage 1 N-REM B REM sleep C Stage 2 N-REM D Stage 3 or 4 N-REM
D
Being conscious means to know or be aware of _____, both internally and in the world around us. A completed activities B possible future paths C things that have happened in the past D ongoing experiences
D
Carl's wife, Juanita, is unhappy that her husband's new shift as a security guard is from 11:00 p.m. to 8:00 a.m. She complains to her husband that since he started his new job, he has been having health, personality, mood, and interpersonal problems. What condition might Carl have? A Dysfunctional cycle condition B Circadian abnormality disorder C Rapid eye movement (REM) behavior disorder D Shift maladaption syndrome
D
Children who are highly responsive and show strong emotional reactions to novel stimuli are more likely to be ____ adults. A psychopathic B highly intelligent C depressed D cautious and anxious
D
Clarice wakes up in a daze and remembers that she has to do laundry. On her way to the laundry room, she encounters an enormous black spider, which causes her heart to race. Despite this, she continues to the laundry room and stays until all of her clothes are washed and dried to her satisfaction. What aspect of Clarice's day demonstrates motivation? A Encountering the spider B Waking up in a daze C Feeling her heart race D Doing her laundry
D
Combat veterans with PTSD experienced anxiety after being exposed to the smell of _____. A food B flowers C cologne D diesel
D
Consciousness requires complex interactions between the cerebral cortex and the ____. A amygdala B hippocampus C midbrain D thalamus
D
Debi lights up a cigarette before her creative writing class. How is the nicotine in the cigarette likely to affect Debi? A She will be more alert and less relaxed. B She will be less alert and less relaxed. C She will be less alert and more relaxed. D She will be more alert and more relaxed.
D
Dora has no problem falling asleep each night, but she wakes up frequently in the middle of the night and often cannot fall back asleep. From what type of insomnia does Dora suffer? A Continuance insomnia B Duration insomnia C Interval insomnia D Maintenance insomnia
D
During ___ activity, a person is actively thinking and alert. A delta B gamma C alpha D beta
D
In experienced meditators, EEG recordings of the frontal lobes of the brain during meditation feature increased levels of which type of brain waves? A Beta waves B Delta waves C Alpha waves D Theta waves
D
Marla suffers from a rare genetic disorder that does not allow incoming light from her eyes to be transmitted to her brain. Because of Marla's disorder, which process is directly disrupted? A perception B sensation C sensory adaptation D transduction
D
Newborns seem relatively oblivious to ____ tastes. A bitter B sour C sweet D salty
D
Nicotine mimics the action of which neurotransmitter? A Dopamine B Serotonin C Norepinephrine D Acetylcholine
D
Noreen gazes out at the city lights from her 23rd-floor apartment; Jonah feels a stinging pain after falling from his bike and scraping his elbow; Matt hears the loud wail of sirens outside his dorm room window. The process that allows Noreen, Jonah, and Matt to detect these external or internal stimuli is termed ____. A adaptation B transduction C perception D sensation
D
Patti finds her husband, Derek, asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in ____. A Stage 3 or 4 N-REM sleep B Stage 2 N-REM sleep C REM sleep D Stage 1 N-REM sleep
D
Proprioception is _____. A the ability to predict what another person is going to say B an animal's ability to sense when to mate C the tendency to put our own needs ahead of others' needs D the knowledge of where one's body is in space
D
Rates of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in the United States were cut in half between 1992 and 2003, when the American Academy of Pediatrics began telling parents to put infants to sleep on their ____. A blankets B sides C stomachs D backs
D
Sam suffers from restless legs syndrome. From what other disorder is Sam likely to suffer? A Bipolar disorder B Generalized anxiety disorder C Obsessive compulsive disorder D Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
D
Seeing light from a candle flame 30 miles away on a dark night is an example of _____. A signal detection B correct rejection C difference threshold D absolute threshold
D
Sleep ________ is a sleep disorder in which a person stops breathing while asleep. A dyspepsia B dystonia C ataxia D apnea
D
Small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds are referred to as ____. A corpuscles B keratin protrusions C gustatory bulbs D papillae
D
Thad returns home from class on a hot summer's evening, turns on the air conditioner full blast, and sits down to watch television. His roommate Sean returns home an hour later and wonders how Thad can hear the television above the loud noise of the air conditioner. Thad remarks that he doesn't even notice the sound. Which process causes the air conditioner to seem louder to Sean than to Thad? A Perception B Sensation C Transduction D Sensory adaptation
D
The body monitors fat stores by assessing levels of the hormone ____, which is produced and secreted by fat cells. A insulin B glucocorticoid C calcitonin D leptin
D
The mathematical approach to object recognition suggests that we ____. A consolidate hues and saturation B integrate gradients of light C subtract background images D analyze patterns of lines
D
The part of the brain that has been found to be most active during lucid dreaming is the ________, which suggests that such dreams occur when this brain area just wakes up during sleep. A bed nucleus of the stria terminalis B ventromedial superior colliculus C the substantia nigra D dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
D
The place theory of perception uses the analogy of ____ to explain how we hear different pitches. A a raindrop hitting a puddle B sonar technology C a jet producing a sonic boom D stringed instruments
D
Trauma to the _____ interferes with the ability to feel satiated, which leads to an increase in food intake and weight gain. A lateral amygdala B ventromedial amygdala C lateral hypothalamus D ventromedial hypothalamus
D
Undergraduate student Gabrielle is writing a research paper on the physiological effects of commonly used drugs, such as caffeine. As her well-informed friend, you tell Gabrielle that caffeine is known to ____. A upregulate serotonin levels and receptors in the brain B block dopamine uptake in the brain C stimulate the ventral tegmental area in the brain D interfere with adenosine-induced inhibition in the brain
D
Vanessa crams for her anatomy and physiology final by staying up the entire night before the exam. What is a likely consequence of Vanessa's actions? A Vanessa will need to have at least two nights of normal sleep before experiencing normal mental functioning. B Vanessa will experience a brief surge of energy during the test followed by a prolonged crash phase. C Vanessa will need to rest her eyes periodically during the exam or risk temporary vision impairment. D Vanessa will likely perform significantly below her fullest potential because shedecreased her capacity to remember the material.
D
What does the temporal theory state? A Human perception of sound correlates with the part of the basilar membrane showing a peak response. B Humans perceive sounds differently at different times of day. C Human perception of sound is limited only to the vibrations from the base of the basilar membrane to its apex. Human perception of sound is limited only to the vibrations from the base of the basilar membrane to its apex. D Humans localize sound by matching neural firing to the sound.
D
What does the vestibular system do? A It controls the body's response to pain. B It limits the body's reflex responses. C It allows us to perceive unusual tastes. D It provides us with information about body position and movement.
D
What type of stimuli are responsible for olfaction and gustation? A Mechanical B Electrical C Waveform D Chemical
D
What were the results of a study that tracked the eye movements of American and Chinese college students as they scanned photographs? A The Chinese students were more likely to focus on the figure; American students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background. B The American students sporadically surveyed several images with their eyes, regardless of the image; Chinese students used the same pattern of eye movement. C The Chinese and American students both scanned from left to right. D The American students were more likely to focus on the figure; the Chinese students gave approximately equal viewing time to figure and background.
D
When asked to identify what is most important to their happiness, an overwhelming majority of people typically rated ____ at the top of their list. A wealth B fame C physical health D intimacy
D
When experienced practitioners are asked to describe the subjective experience produced by meditation, they describe ____. A an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a blissful emotional state B a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a numb emotional state C an unconscious state with discrete visions, accompanied by a numb emotional state D a conscious state without thought, accompanied by a blissful emotional state
D
Which of the following is a possible explanation for why animals have evolved to have various states of alertness? A Sleep allows animals to respond instinctively. B Sleep keeps animals from being at risk for attack. C Sleep enables animals to specialize in daytime or nighttime activity. D Sleep allows animals to repair their bodies and conserve energy.
D
Which of the following is the best statement of the distinction between a mood and an emotion? A A mood is a positive state, while an emotion is a negative state. B A mood stimulates motivation, while an emotion does not. C An emotion involves physical changes, while a mood does not. D A mood is a more general state than an emotion.
D
Which of these is NOT an external cue for hunger? A The sights and smells of favorite foods B The time of day C A need for specific nutrients Correct D A demand to "clean your plate"
D
Which researcher supports an incentive theory of motivation? A Dr. Chen, who believes motivation is an innate characteristic based on instinctive behaviors B Dr. Morgan, who believes unpleasant internal forces are the biggest factors that drive motivation C Dr. Lopez, who believes animals tend to wait passively for a need to arise before being motivated to achieve D Dr. Stern, who believes rewards play a central role in shaping motivation
D
Which scenario best illustrates the concept of drive reduction? A A wave of fear washes over Luisa as she narrowly misses the car in front of her. B Julio expects to receive a sizable bonus and is ecstatic when he finally gets it. C Deshaun has an intense itch on his back, but he ignores it because he knows he will be unable to reach it. D The sun is bothering Mary's eyes, so she moves into the shade of a nearby tree.
D
Which scenario supports the catharsis theory of emotion? A Tony approaches his friend Juanita, who is walking her dog. As the dog begins to bark, Tony's heart races; he thinks about why this is the case and realizes he has a crush on Juanita. B Aaron relaxes in his hammock. Suddenly, he feels an earthquake, causing him to feel afraid; at the same time, his heart beats rapidly and his palms sweat. C Micah wakes up feeling glum. He forces himself to smile broadly and laugh out loud, and then he begins to feel happy. D Bethany feels very depressed about her recent breakup with her boyfriend. She slumps on her couch and cries for an hour straight, and then she begins to feel better.
D
Which statement is most consistent with the Gestalt psychology point of view? A We perceive our environment through separate but equal senses. B The world is best understood by breaking it down into individual elements. C Where one sense is lost, another is gained. D The whole is something else than the sum of its parts.
D
While hanging up a picture, Joy hits her thumb with a hammer, causing agonizing pain. Joy immediately puffs out her cheeks and blows air onto her thumb over and over again. Her roommate Bethany laughs and then remarks, "Are you drying nail polish or hoping to blow away the pain?" However, Joy's thumb does in fact feel better. Why? A She is simply buying time until the pain receptors enter a refractory period; blowing air onto the thumb plays only a psychological role. B She is hyperstimulating the pain receptors in her skin, causing the sensation of pain to fade away quicker. C She is redirecting her attention toward a random behavior, which will activate areas of the cortex involved in higher-order processing. D She is activating a competing sensory pathway, which dilutes the amount of pain information getting to the brain.
D
Why are Westerners more likely than people from New Guinea or India to see the Müller-Lyer illusion? A Western philosophy maintains that spatial or mathematical problems have only one correct answer. B Those of Western descent tend to have more cones than rods, decreasing their ability to see faint contrast. C Westerners tend to rely more on their visual senses than their auditory or olfactory senses. D Westerners are more accustomed to environments that consist of right angles, rectangles, and straight lines.
D
_____ allows us to organize, recognize, and use the information provided by the senses. A Transduction B Detection C Sensation D Perception
D
_____ insomnia is when a person lies in bed for a long period and is unable to go to sleep. A Unhealthy B Early evening C Maintenance D Onset
D
_____ waves accompany the processing of sensory input, particularly visual stimuli. A Delta B Alpha C Beta D Gamma
D
A radiologist correctly identifying cancer from a mammogram is an example of _____. A signal detection B absolute threshold C difference threshold D correct rejection
A
A state of tension and arousal triggered by cues important for survival is referred to as ____. A drive B motivation C mood D emotion
A
A stroke affecting a single hemisphere typically does not lead to coma. A true B false
A
According to 2007 research by van Anders et al., who is likely to have the highest testosterone levels? A Sergio, who has been married for 14 years to Sara but also has a mistress, Donatella, whom he has been seeing for the past 10 years B Don, who just proposed to Sandra, his girlfriend of 2 years, but who secretly longs for his former girlfriend, Jen, whom he dated for 6 years C Eric, who cannot seem to stay in a long-term relationship and was called a "commitment-phobe" by his last girlfriend D Eduardo, who has been married for 11 years and has four boys ages 2 through 7 but is secretly relieved that he has no daughters
A
According to the somatovisceral afference model of emotion (SAME), which scenario is likely to elicit the slowest emotional response? A Tyrone looks over his annual progress report from his boss; the comments are mostly positive, and he is proud of his accomplishments. B While hiking, Daria sees a mountain lion off in the distance; she has never been so scared, and stops dead in her tracks as her heart beats uncontrollably. C Doug is finishing up his term paper when his roommate accidentally drops a pint of beer on his laptop; Doug starts to shake uncontrollably with anger. D Tiana receives a rare phone call from her husband who is away at war; she grins happily from ear-to-ear.
A
An animal's light-dark cycle, which for humans is 24 hours, is otherwise known as its _____. A circadian rhythm B chronometric temperance C contrast arousal D cerebrodynamic cycle
A
An important gateway to perception is the process of ____, which is defined as a narrow focus of consciousness. A attention B cognition C adaptation D interpretation
A
Aurora talks to her therapist about a recurring dream in which she encounters a ferocious lion that has just escaped from local zoo. She works with her therapist to learn how to form a conscious awareness of the dream and to control the dream by turning the lion into a kitten. What technique is Aurora using A Lucid dreaming B Cogent dreaming C Autonomous dreaming D Directive dreaming
A
Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the ____. A pinna B oval window C cochlea D eustachian tube
A
Carlos stands in front of his Thursday night slam poetry group to recite his most recent work. He suddenly experiences temporary muscle paralysis but does not lose consciousness, a condition called ____. A cataplexy B dyspnea C narcolepsy D ataxia
A
Clarice wakes up in a daze and remembers that she has to do laundry. On her way to the laundry room, she encounters an enormous black spider, which causes her heart to race. Despite this, she continues to the laundry room and stays until all of her clothes are washed and dried to her satisfaction. At what point does Clarice experience an emotion? A When she encounters the spider B When she wakes up in a daze C When she starts her laundry D When she remembers that she has to do laundry
A
Compared with other cultures, how do Americans tend to differ in their odor categorization? A Americans tend to find body odor offensive. B Americans tend to clump all natural odors into one category. C Americans tend to separate odor into broader categories. D Americans are not as skilled at sorting odors into fruit or flower categories.
A
Consider the following scenarios. Which person displays characteristic signs of a persistent vegetative state? A Andrew is in a coma; his mother is hopeful because he occasionally opens his eyes and sometimes smiles or cries, but Andrew's doctors tell her that these actions are random. B Muriel was in a deep coma; she now squeezes her mother's hand when she hears her voice but cannot open her eyes or speak. C Sienna is learning to walk after her automobile accident; however, she still cannot communicate and suffers significant cognitive impairment. D Brian is in a persistent state of unconsciousness; he cannot be awakened and does not respond to painful stimuli.
A
Corrina finds a quiet cubicle at the library and prepares for a long night of studying. While she studies, she is also aware of the conversation taking place at the next table. What aspect of consciousness describes Corrina's awareness of both her textbook material and the other conversation? A Content of awareness B Stream of consciousness C State of awareness D Preconscious awareness
A