Psychology Chapter 6 Practice Quiz

For professional baseball players, swinging at a pitched ball is reinforced with a home run on a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

Infants by age _____ months will imitate acts modeled on television.

14

The law of effect is MOST clearly highlighted by:

B. F. Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

_____ is/are evolved biological tendencies that predispose animals' behavior and learning.

Biological constraints

Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?

He realizes that his nausea is caused by the drug, not simply the cigarette

Which statement does NOT describe one of Ivan Pavlov's major contributions to the field of psychology?

His methods demonstrated the importance of subjective judgments.

For his studies of digestion, _____ earned Russia's first Nobel Prize.

Pavlov

To determine if watching television violence and playing violent video games CAUSE children to act more aggressively, which research study would you conduct?

Randomly assign some children to play violent video games and some children to play educational games and then measure aggressive behaviors.

Irene is having trouble convincing her husband that spanking is not necessarily the best way to control their child's behavior. Which argument should she NOT use to support her position?

Spanking increases the frequency of the behavior.

In his experiments, Ivan Pavlov found that spontaneous recovery often occurred after a conditioned response was extinguished if:

after a few hours without the conditioned stimulus or the unconditioned stimulus, the tone was presented again.

Learning that certain events occur together is called:

associative learning

The acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language is called:

cognitive learning

Walter was bitten by a dog when he was 5 years old. To this day, he will not pet dogs; however, he will pet cats. This reaction BEST illustrates:

discrimination

Brenda studies frequently for her class in hopes of earning an A in the class. She is trying to keep her grade point average as high as possible. She is motivated by:

extrinsic motivation.

In classical conditioning, this is the tendency to respond similarly to stimuli that resemble the conditioned stimulus. In operant conditioning, it occurs when our responses to similar stimuli are reinforced.

generalization

Marco loves to play the drums. He enjoys it and does it for fun. He is motivated by:

intrinsic motivation

John B. Watson and Ivan Pavlov agreed that:

laws of learning are the same for all animals.

In Albert Bandura's experiment, those children who observed the model's aggressive outburst were _____ to lash out at the doll compared to children not exposed to the adult model.

much more likely

Nannette's daughter refused to brush her teeth and threw her toys across the room. Nannette gave her daughter a 20-minute time-out. This is an example of:

negative punishment.

Tina is a 7-year-old girl who frequently witnesses her father's anger and physical abuse toward her mother. In Tina's room, she is playing with her toys and begins to yell at them and hit them for "being so stupid and not having dinner ready." Her behavior is a clear example of:

observational learning.

At work, there is a vending machine that gives extra candy bars when a worker selects either the "A" or "B" choices. This worker continues to frequent this machine regularly and selects the "A" or "B" choices to make sure they get extra candy bars. This BEST illustrates:

operant conditioning

Positive, constructive, and helpful behavior is called _____ behavior.

prosocial

This is the opposite of antisocial behavior.

prosocial

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens behavior is called a(n):

reinforcer.

Most learning involves the process of associations. In classical conditioning, an organism learns to associate:

two stimuli.

In classical conditioning, this is the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

unconditioned response (UR)