Psychology Chapter 6 Quiz, Psychology Chapter 7 Quiz, Psychology: Chapter 8 Terms, Psychology Chapter 9 Quiz, Psychology Chapter 10 Quiz, Chapter 11 Quiz
Recent research suggests that negative memories may be erased by
interfering with memory reconsolidation.
Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences
interpersonal, intrapersonal, body-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, mathematical
When a person experiences conflicting or ambiguous aspects of biological sex, this condition is called
intersexuality
Research has shown that the consolidation of memories
is aided by sleep.
Sunil wants to classically condition his dog to fear skunks so he does not get sprayed again. This task should be much easier than teaching him to fear a house plant because a dog _______.
is biologically prepared to fear animals that might cause it harm
analogical representations
mental representations that have some of the physical characteristics of object
Typically developing females have ________ and during puberty they experience ________.
ovaries;menarche
Positive punishment causes _______.
a decrease in behavior through the addition of a stimulus
Your college friend James has accepted a challenge to ask 20 randomly selected women on campus to have sex with him and see how many will accept his offer. If you were to apply research findings to make a prediction about James's success rate, how many women should you predict say yes to his request to have sex?
0
mental sets
a tendency to approach a problem in the same way that has worked in the past, which may make it harder to solve a problem
functional fixedness
a tendency to think of things based on their usual functions, which may make it harder to solve a problem
When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the way her house smells seems to trigger these memories. This is an example of
context-dependent memory
The Type B behavior pattern describes a person who is
easygoing and accommodating
The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the encoding environment and the recall environment are the same is called
context-dependent memory.
The three phases of memory include (1) changing external information into a neural code, (2) retaining the information, and (3) accessing it later on. In this order, these three memory steps are
(1) encoding, (2) storage, and (3) retrieval
Claire wants to write a paper about how often animals use observational learning. Which of the following should Claire NOT include as evidence to support her point that animals use observational learning?
A rat learns to run through a maze quickly to get the food at the end of the maze.
Dr. Wolfgang would like to conduct a study examining how children learn to use slang words based on listening to their peers. Dr. Wolfgang's research would benefit if he read the work of a psychologist who investigated observational learning: _______.
Alfred Bandura
Mario believes that his son is learning to be aggressive because he plays violent video games. In what way could observational learning explain the connection Mario sees between media and his son's behavior?
Children who watch violence in video games tend to show more aggressive thoughts and actions.
Susie wants to use operant conditioning to teach her cat to sit up for a treat. A psychologist who has conducted research that would be useful to her in this situation is _______.
Edward Thorndike
Reynold believes that reinforcement affects the performance of a behavior more than the acquisition of a behavior. Reynold's belief is consistent with the ideas of the cognitive theorist _______.
Edward Tolman
Michael has an introductory psychology assignment that requires him to observe and list any behaviors of the people in his dorm that indicate learning. Which of the following should be included on Michael's list?
Greg, who often whines until someone goes to the dining hall with him
When Jon visits his grandmother's house, he always thinks about his childhood. Something about the way her house smells seems to trigger these memories. This is an example of
context-dependent memory.
In a memory experiment, Group A is asked to listen to a list of words. Group B is asked to count the number of e's in the words. Group C is asked to use each word in a sentence. According to the levels of processing model, what will the results of the experiment be?
Group C will remember more words.
Assume that a negative event has occurred in your life. Which of the following conditions would make this event the most stressful?
It was unexpected.
Shanna wants to use an observational study to explore how classical conditioning works. Before beginning her own study, it would be most helpful for Shanna to read about the research of
Ivan Pavlov
Shanna wants to use an observational study to explore how classical conditioning works. Before beginning her own study, it would be most helpful for Shanna to read about the research of _______.
Ivan Pavlov
John is hanging out with a group of friends. According to the need to belong, which friend will pay the most attention to social information?
Jacob, who is shy and does not know very many people
In the musical The King and I, the lead character sings about whistling when she feels afraid to hide her fear, which eventually makes her not feel afraid. The idea that acting like you are not afraid keeps you from feeling afraid is similar to which theory of emotion?
James-Lange
Jerome's parents have noticed that he is not developing normal secondary sex characteristics for a male going through puberty, so they have taken him to their physician, Dr. Sanchez, for testing. Dr. Sanchez explains to Jerome's parents that Jerome has Klinefelter syndrome. What conclusion can we NOT draw from this information?
Jerome has higher than normal production of testosterone
If Dr. Raybel wants to observe how people learn to play a new game, he may want to consult the founder of behaviorism, _______.
John Watson
Which of the following people is most likely to develop coronary heart disease at some point in his life?
Louis, a competitive poker player who is aggressive, impatient, and competitive
Vincent is a brilliant artist and is very satisfied with his achievements. However, he has little to eat, lives in poverty, and spends most of his time alone working on his art. Why would Vincent's life be problematic in terms of Maslow's need hierarchy?
Lower needs must be met before higher needs.
Maggie's partner always feels hungry at 7:00 PM. Maggie decides to play a particular song for her partner at 7:00 PM for several nights in a row. One night, Maggie plays the song at 5:30 PM and her partner says, "Huh . . . I suddenly feel hungry." In this situation, classical conditioning occurred because _______.
Maggie paired a neutral stimulus, a song, with an unconditioned stimulus, a certain time of day when her partner always felt hungry
According to your textbook, which of the following statements is NOT a reason spirituality may contribute to overall well-being?
Many religions have strict rules that people feel compelled to follow.
When Mitch watches his brother Jacob stand on tiptoes to open the cabinet door, which of the following is most likely happening in Mitch's brain?
Mitch's mirror neurons are being activated.
William is an observant teenager who encounters many different types of people as he goes about his day. Which of the following people is William LEAST likely to model?
Mr. Schafer, the bus driver who is very talkative to the students he drives
Triarchic intelligence
The idea that people have 3 types of intelligence: practical, analytical, creative
Four witnesses see a truck hit a small car. If they all saw the same thing, who is likely to give the highest estimate of the truck's speed when testifying in court?
Tim, who was asked, "How fast was the truck going when it crushed the car?"
Marisol is a psychologist who conducts research on the sexual response cycle. To best familiarize herself with the research that has already been done on the sexual response cycle, Marisol should read the writings of
William Masters and Virginia Johnson
You are walking through the jungle and you see a very large snake. Which of the following explanations best represents the James-Lange theory of emotion?
You are afraid because you are shaking
After you finish a big meal, the level of glucose in your bloodstream increases. What happens next in order for your body to process the glucose?
Your pancreas produces insulin to manage the glucose.
Professor McCready wants to study animal learning by putting birds in a cage where they have to figure out how to peck a button to receive food. Professor McCready is using _______ to modify animal behavior.
a Skinner box
Professor McCready wants to study animal learning by putting birds in a cage where they have to figure out how to peck a button to receive food. Professor McCready is using ________ to modify animal behavior.
a Skinner box
George is traveling to visit his friend Ryan in a neighboring town but has to take a detour due to road construction. At first George feels lost, but then he notices a sign for Madison Street and immediately knows where he is and how to navigate to Ryan's house. In this situation, George has reached Ryan's by using _______.
a cognitive map
Kathy goes to a boarding school. When she is in the shower and someone flushes the toilet, the water turns hot and she gets burned. So, Kathy becomes classically conditioned to fear the toilet flushing when she is in the shower. Over the summer, Kathy returns home, and if someone flushes the toilet while she is in the shower, she does not get burned. But in August when she returns to school, she is once again in the shower and hears the toilet flush and immediately feels a surge of fear. This example best illustrates the fact that extinction is _______.
a form of learning that inhibits, not deletes, what is learned
Vaughn grew up the 1970s and always wears bell-bottom pants because he feels most comfortable in them. Vaughn works for a fashion magazine and constantly tries to influence his magazine's readers to bring bell-bottoms back into style. If successful, Vaughn will have influenced fashion by sharing knowledge about a culture, which is called _______.
a meme
concept
a mental representation of objects, events, or relations about common themes
Dante was sitting on a rock to rest during a hike. Suddenly, he felt immense pain and looked down to see a snake had bitten him in the leg. Because of this, Dante has learned to fear snakes. If his fear is out of proportion with the danger posed by snakes, then Dante has developed _______.
a phobia
Travis is taking a new medicine that has a side effect of disrupting his short-term storage. Based on this fact, you know that Travis will have difficultly recalling
a phone number he heard 15 seconds ago.
aptitude test
a psychometric test that is designed to test a person's ability to learn--that is, the person's future performance
achievement test
a psychometric test that is designed to test what knowledge and skills a person has learned
Hogan remembers the general information about a movie he saw a long time ago. He cannot remember the actors or the details of the movie, but knows that it was a romantic comedy. Hogan's memory of this movie is
a semantic memory.
heuristic
a shortcut (rule of thumb or informal guideline) used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make decisions
A rehabilitation center reinforces patients' good behaviors with Monopoly money, which they can then trade in for food, movies, or other privileges. When they behave badly, however, the patients lose Monopoly money. To modify the patients' behavior, the center is using
a token economy
A rehabilitation center reinforces patients' good behaviors with Monopoly money, which they can then trade in for food, movies, or other privileges. When they behave badly, however, the patients lose Monopoly money. To modify the patients' behavior, the center is using _______.
a token economy
exemplar model
a way of thinking about concepts: all concepts in a category are examples (exemplars); together, they form the category
prototype model
a way of thinking about concepts: within each category, there is a best example-- a prototype --for that category
Memory is an imperfect record of everything we see and experience primarily because our
ability to direct attention is limited.
Inattention and the shallow encoding of events can often result in __________, which leads to forgetting.
absentmindedness
symbolic representations
abstract mental representations that consists of words or ideas
You just taught your dog to roll over whenever you say "Play dead!" If the dog forms a memory about how to do this trick on command it will be because its brain
acquired the information and retained it so that it could access it later on.
Twins Malcolm and Molly are learning to ride a bike. Molly watches Malcolm's attempts for several minutes and then tries to ride her own bike. During this process, Molly's mirror neurons are _______.
active when she watches Malcolm and when she rides her own bike
When explaining to his wife how positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar, Jackson correctly says that both
add a stimulus
When explaining to his wife how positive reinforcement and positive punishment are similar, Jackson correctly says that both _______.
add a stimulus
You learned about classical conditioning in your introductory psychology class and are explaining it to your roommate. You tell him that a main outcome of Pavlov's research is that a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus _______.
after pairing it with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response
mental age
an assessment of a child's intellectual standing compared with that of same age peers; determined by comparing the child's test score with the average test score for children of each chronological age
intelligence quotient (IQ)
an index of intelligence originally computed by dividing a child's estimated mental age by the child's chronological age, then multiplying this number by 100
Yolanda has a brain tumor. As the tumor gets bigger, Yolanda can no longer form new memories in long-term storage. Yolanda most likely has __________ amnesia.
anterograde
After a plane crash, Shera wakes up in a hospital and can remember everything about her life prior to the crash. However, every time her doctor visits, she believes she has never met him before. Based on this information, the doctor will most likely diagnose Shera with
anterograde amnesia.
Scientists have created a drug that leaves your existing memory intact, but eliminates your ability to form any new memories. This drug seems to create
anterograde amnesia.
Ted has brain damage after an accident. Although he can clearly remember everything from before the accident, he forgets what people are saying to him within a few minutes. Ted is most likely experiencing
anterograde amnesia.
stereotype threat
apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to a person's own group
People with androgen insensitivity syndrome
are genetically male
Magdala blushes any time she makes even a slight social error. Magdala thinks this makes her unskilled in social situations and would love to be able to stop. The best information you can give Magdala is to tell her that people who blush do just fine in social situations because they
are more easily forgiven when they make a mistake
Ralph ate sushi for lunch, and an hour later he felt sick to his stomach. In this situation, classical conditioning might occur. In other words, Ralph might learn an association between sushi and feeling sick because the two events _______.
are paired closely in timing
You are taking part in an experiment on emotions. You are shown an isolated face and are certain that the face is expressing sadness. Then you are shown the same sad face paired with a fearful body posture. According to the research, how will you categorize the emotion?
as fear
Tammy is visiting the eye doctor. During her exam, a buzzer rings and a puff of air is blown into her eye, which makes her blink. This happens several times. Then Tammy blinks when she hears the buzzer because she expects that a puff of air will be blown into her eye. In this example, Tammy is showing _______ learning.
associative
decision making
attempting to select the best alternative among several options
Tina believes in John Locke's idea of tabula rasa. When Tina's baby is born, she expects the child will most likely _______.
be ready to learn new information based on sensory experiences
Riley ate too much chocolate cake during his birthday party and was sick all night. If classical conditioning occurred and he associated the cake with being sick, then when Riley sees cake today, he will most likely _______.
be turned off by the smell and the memory of the taste of cake
In history class, Kuo takes notes on a laptop. However, by doing this, she misses important details and performs poorly on exams. When she asks her instructor for advice, she is most likely to be told to
begin taking notes by hand
Spencer is an inmate at a state prison and works in the prison library stocking books. For each cart of books that he reshelves, he receives a chip. He is allowed to collect chips and then trade them in for candy, extra recreation time, or visitation time. The prison uses a token economy, which is a method of _______.
behavior modification
Which of the following states is NOT characterized as one of the three components of happiness?
being acknowledged by others as a successful person
Research has shown that social isolation increases the risk of illness by the same amount as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. This finding supports the idea that the need for ________ is a fundamental adaptive motive.
belonging
After finishing six pieces of toast with butter, Sally prepares a batch of brownies while eating large bowls of ice cream, yogurt, and cottage cheese. She then eats half a bag of cookies, a full pizza, and three baked potatoes, even though she does not feel hungry. After eating, she feels guilty, ashamed, and sad but does not vomit or make any other efforts to eliminate the calories she consumed. Sally appears to meet criteria for
binge-eating disorder
Bruce Reimer was born biologically male. However, he underwent surgery as an infant to remove his penis after it was damaged and then was raised as a female. Later in life Bruce declared that he truly identified as a male. Bruce's story most clearly illustrates that gender identity is a result of
biology, which can override gender role socialization
Keith is an adolescent male who has never had sex with anyone. Keith is emotionally and romantically attracted to females and wants to date a female friend from school. Keith is sexually attracted to males and becomes sexually aroused when he is near certain male friends he finds attractive. Based on this, Keith's sexual orientation is most likely
bisexual
Your roommate asks you which section of chemistry you are taking next semester. You have just registered for the class, and confidently turn to tell her the section. You are astonished to realize that you suddenly cannot remember which section you registered for. Your memory lapse is an example of
blocking.
If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his 3-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs, he should _______.
blow an air horn to make her afraid every time she pets their own dog
If Carlos wants to use classical conditioning so his 3-year-old sister learns to be afraid of dogs, he should
blow an air horn to make her afraid every time she pets their own dog.
Samantha is looking outside her window when she sees a man stealing a bike from a bike rack located outside her apartment complex. When the police question her, Samantha might remember more details about the crime if she talks to the police
by the window where she watched the man steal the bike.
The sexual strategies theory holds that women should be choosier than men in selecting mates because women
can produce a limited number of offspring.
Events that are particularly stressful for humans are those that are
catastrophic and uncontrollable
Implicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the
cerebellum.
Marianna takes the bus to school every day. One morning, a different bus is used on her route. Marianna does not notice the switch, even though her usual bus is blue and the new bus is red. Marianna most likely did not notice the different bus due to
change blindness.
Yelinda is talking to a salesman in a store when she steps away to answer her cell phone. When Yelinda turns back to the salesman, she fails to notice that the salesman she had originally been speaking to has been replaced by a different salesman. Yelinda's failure to notice that the salesman has changed is best explained by
change blindness.
Fatima is a new student on campus. Everywhere she goes, she is asked for her 12-digit student number. To memorize her new student number, she thinks of it as three different years. Fatima is using __________ to aid her memory.
chunking
The string of 16-digits 1776149217872014 is difficult to remember. If a person breaks them up into four groups of four digits (1776, 1492, 1787, and 2014), these numbers are easier to remember, due to the effect of
chunking.
To remember her nine-digit Social Security number, Alyssa uses her working memory to place the numbers into three groups. In addition, each group of three or four digits is easy to remember because it is meaningful. Alyssa has made her Social Security number easier to remember by using
chunking.
To remember her nine-digit social security number, Alyssa uses her working memory to place the numbers into three groups. In addition, each group of three or four digits is easy to remember because it is meaningful. Alyssa has made her social security number easier to remember by using
chunking.
Fallon is afraid of loud sounds, like thunder. He associates lightning with thunder because it regularly precedes thunder. Thus, when Fallon sees lightning, he braces himself for hearing a big boom several seconds later. Fallon has experienced learning by associating two stimuli, which is called _______.
classical conditioning
stereotypes
cognitive schemas that allow for easy, fast processing of groups, based on their membership in certain groups
Alanna knows that a startling noise will always make people blink their eyes. If Alanna has learned to associate a blue light with a startling noise, causing her to blink when she sees the blue light, then this eye blink is a(n) _______.
conditioned response
At lunch one day, a spider walks onto your table. It looks just like the one that bit you last year and made you very sick. You immediately start to panic, which in this situation is most likely a(n)
conditioned response
You are having a great time at a work picnic. Then, a spider walks onto your picnic blanket. It looks just like the one that bit you last year and made you very sick. You immediately start to feel panic, which in this situation is most likely a(n)
conditioned response
Professor Kraig is known for his difficult pop quizzes, which naturally make the students feel anxious. Immediately before he springs a quiz on his students and they start to feel anxious, he always shuts down his laptop to remove his lecture slides from the overhead screen. Students soon notice that they start to feel anxious when Professor Kraig reaches for his laptop and shuts it down. In terms of classical conditioning, Professor Kraig closing his laptop is a(n) _______.
conditioned stimulus
Sleep disturbances interfere with the __________ of memories.
consolidation
If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied elsewhere. This outcome occurs because of ________ memory.
context-dependent
If you study in the same room in which you take an exam, you will probably do better on the exam than if you had studied elsewhere. This outcome occurs because of __________ memory.
context-dependent
Ashley studies for her upcoming psychology exam while sitting on her sunny front porch. When she takes the exam in a dimly lit lecture hall, she does poorly on the exam. Which of the following could have influenced her ability to recall the necessary exam information?
context-dependent memory
Carson tries to convince his instructor to give the final exam in the same room where the class is held because he learned that it would improve his chances of getting a better grade. Which memory concept is Carson using?
context-dependent memory
Lenny needs to quickly train his cows to use one specific field when they graze. The reinforcement that will allow the cows to learn most quickly is _______ reinforcement.
continuous
Dr. Shaw has a patient who has a phobia of spiders and also loves doing puzzles. Dr. Shaw exposes the patient to spiders briefly while having the patient complete a fun puzzle. Dr. Shaw is using _______ to treat his patient's phobia.
counterconditioning
Jacob has to write an essay for his writing course and decides to write about a boy who is actually a wizard. When his teacher reads the essay, she realizes that Jacob got the idea from a popular book. Jacob denies this, honestly believing that he thought of the idea himself. Jacob is experiencing
cryptomnesia.
When Ellen learns that her roommate will be an international student from Britain, she is worried that her roommate will be stiff and reserved. Ellen is surprised when Diana turns out to be upbeat and friendly. Diana's behavior goes against Ellen's beliefs about how people from Britain express emotions and have violated her
cultural display rules
While explaining affect-as-information theory to her roommate, Bianca should most likely say that we use
current moods to make judgments, even if we do not know the source of our moods.
Positive punishment causes a(n) ________ in behavior through the ________ of a stimulus.
decrease; addition
Harry is reading the textbook for his astronomy class and is trying to relate the material to his own life experiences. According to the levels of processing model, Harry is more likely to remember the information over the long term because he is using
deep processing.
Janice wants to write an erotic novel that has parts that will appeal strongly to men and parts that will appeal strongly to women. Based on this, Janet should include
descriptions of both suggestive and explicit sexual acts
A person's psychological experience of wanting to engage in sexual activity is called
desire
Japanese students were shown film clips designed to provoke strong emotions. When Toko watched the clip with other people present, she showed little outward emotion. When Toko watched the clips alone, she showed the same strong emotions observed in American college students. The difference in what Toko considers to be acceptable emotional expression shows the influence of
display rules
The most positive aspect of e-cigarettes is that they
do not contain tobacco
A coping strategy that involves comparing oneself to those worse off is known as
downward comparison
When he misses lunch, August knows he is experiencing a state of deficiency. Pretty soon, he starts to feel hungry and he goes to a deli to eat. August was motivated to eat because he experienced the psychological state called a(n) ________, which will reduce his state of deficiency.
drive
Fadeke is studying for her English literature test. For each novel she reads, she tries to think of how the novel relates to her own life. In order to remember the novels, Fadeke is using the memory strategy called
elaborative rehearsal.
To work at Burger Shack, Meghan must memorize all of the menu items. To do this, Meghan thinks about which friend would want to order each item. Meghan is likely to retain the menu items in long-term storage very well because she used
elaborative rehearsal.
When you are reading your textbook, your brain changes the words you are reading into a meaningful neural code that it can use. In memory, this process is
encoding.
If someone asks you to describe your first day of school, you would most likely retrieve a(n) __________ memory.
episodic
Which of the following is a type of explicit memory?
episodic
If you can remember exactly what you did yesterday but have trouble remembering the names of all 50 states, then you have excellent __________ memory but may have poor __________ memory.
episodic; semantic
Sue and Mary are talking about knitting. Sue is trying to remember the first thing she ever knitted. Mary is trying to remember what the word knitting means. Sue is trying to recall a(n) __________ memory and Mary is going to recall a(n) __________ memory.
episodic; semantic
If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus, the metronome, without the unconditioned stimulus, the food, the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called
extinction
If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus, the metronome, without the unconditioned stimulus, the food, the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called _______.
extinction
Sarah wants to do well in class because she is earning credit toward graduation, which is her goal. Joe wants to do well in class because he gets pleasure from learning new material. Sarah is influenced by ________ motivation. Joe is influenced by ________ motivation.
extrinsic;intrinsic
problem solving
finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal
Albert has a beautiful garden in his backyard and notices that hummingbirds come to feed on the flowers at the same time each day in order to get the sweetest nectar. The hummingbirds are being rewarded for their feeding behavior on a _______ schedule of reinforcement.
fixed interval
Reinforcement that comes after a predetermined amount of time is called _______.
fixed interval
The Acme Chemical Company has some employees who work in a production plant and some who work in a sales office. The plant workers get paid every Friday; however, the office workers get paid for every fifth sale that they make. The plant workers are paid on a _______ schedule, whereas the office workers are paid on a _______ schedule.
fixed interval; fixed ratio
You vividly remember where you were when you heard about the Boston Marathon bombing. What you remember is a(n) __________ memory and is likely to be __________ a memory for an ordinary event.
flashbulb; as accurate as
Yu vividly remembers the day her husband surprised her with an emotional and dramatic marriage proposal. Research suggests that this __________ memory is __________ ordinary memories.
flashbulb; as accurate as
Patient H.M. had part of his medial temporal lobes, including the hippocampus, removed to eliminate seizures. After his surgery, H.M could no longer
form new explicit memories.
Jonathan was in a motorcycle accident and sustained an injury to his hippocampus. He now has anterograde amnesia, which means that he has difficulty
forming new memories.
A male who is only attracted to other males is most likely to call himself ________, and a female who is only attracted to other females is most likely to call herself ________.
gay;lesbian
The relationship between religiousness and health can be described as
generally positive
Crystallized intelligence
intelligence that reflects both the knowledge a person acquires through experience and the ability to use that knowledge
In an experiment, you are asked to memorize a list of 30 words. At first, this seems like a challenging task. Then you remember that you can hold more words in short-term storage if you
group words together in meaningful ways.
Robert becomes anxious during exams. He has found that chewing on the eraser on his pencil while he thinks helps him to calm down. Over time, Robert's pencil chewing is likely to become a(n)
habit
Billy hates it when his upstairs neighbor wakes up early to take a shower. He is typically abruptly awakened when the water starts, but then he gets used to the noise and goes back to sleep. In this example, Billy is showing learning through _______.
habituation
Every day after class, Jerome smells delicious pizza from Steel's Pizza House on his walk home and his mouth starts to water. One day, Jerome is riding the bus home from class and sees the Steel's Pizza House sign, and even this makes his mouth start to water. Jerome has most likely experienced all of the following EXCEPT _______.
habituation
Monica hears that George goes to a lot of parties. When a friend asks Monica what George is like, she tells him that George drinks a lot of alcohol. Even though Monica only knows that George goes to parties, she believes that George drinks a lot because she
has a schema about going to parties that includes drinking alcohol.
The final project for your class is due in a few days. You ask a classmate how his project is going. He tells you that he has not started, because no matter how hard he tries, he can never get a good grade. Based on this statement, it is likely that your classmate
has low self-efficacy
Juanita has contracted a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Juanita may have contracted the STI from any of the following activities EXCEPT
having a PAP test
Donato and Quincy are identical twins who were separated at birth. Donato tends to be fearful of many things. According to the research on genetics and negative emotions, you would expect Quincy to have ________ levels of fear.
high
Mauricio does not get enough milk to drink and begins to eat chalk from his classroom to replace the missing calcium. Mauricio eating chalk in order to replenish the calcium in his body is an example of
homeostasis
reliability
how consistently a psychometric test produces similar results each time it is used
framing
how information is presented affects how that information is perceived and influences decisions
validity
how well a psychometric test measures what it is intended to measure
One day, Bill surprises his friend Ted by jumping out from behind a tree. Ted is startled and falls backward, hitting his head on a rock. The next day, Ted cannot stop eating and eats as much food as possible. Ted may have damaged the part of his brain called the
hypothalamus
From an evolutionary perspective, we can see that pleasure ________ the likelihood of survival and reproduction because it ________.
increases; promotes adaptive behaviors
Aldo cannot get the answer to a chemistry problem even after sitting at his desk for an hour. He gets up and goes for a walk. Suddenly, even though he appears to have stopped thinking about it for a while, the answer comes to him. Aldo has most likely solved the problem based on _______.
insight learning
While it appears to be negative, guilt can actually serve to protect and strengthen our interpersonal relationships. All of the following are examples of this protective concept EXCEPT when guilt
is used to deceive others.
Genevieve wants her students to learn how to read their textbooks to answer questions about the material. She has her students do an ungraded in-class activity where they read sections of the book and answer questions about what they read on an activity sheet. A few weeks later, Genevieve assigns an activity sheet to go with her students' reading, but this time they receive a grade for finding the answers in the text. If the students do a good job and earn high grades on their answers, then their performance is most likely a result of _______.
latent learning
You carpool with a friend to school every morning and he always drives. One day, your friend is sick and you have to drive yourself. Even though you have never actually driven to school, you know the exact route to take in order to get there from your house, which is most likely the result of _______.
latent learning
Recently, people have started laughter groups. These groups get together on a regular basis to laugh for a period of time. Even though the laughter occurs without humor, group members show improved mental and physical health. This happens because
laughter has physiological effects that are similar to exercise.
Simone's desk at her new job is right next to an air conditioner. After a week of being chilly, she brings a sweater to work. Simone's change in behavior, which is based on her prior experience, is an example of _______.
learning
Sandra is a nutritionist who knows that long-term regulation of body fat primarily involves the hormone called
leptin
If cigarettes did not contain nicotine, the brain's dopamine neurons would be
less affected by smoking
Tamera and Kai found a house they want to buy. The day they found it, they had been having a wonderful time house hunting and planning their life together. A few days later, after having a miserable day at work, Kai goes back to look at the house again. Tamera predicts that Kai will like the house
less because of affect-as-information theory.
Eva and Garnet survived a traumatic bus accident. During the accident, Eva's amygdala was severely damaged while Garnet experienced no injuries. When compared with Garnet, you would expect Eva to be ________ to develop a conditioned fear to buses.
less likely
Short-term storage has a(n)
limited capacity
Mason can recite the first 100 digits of the number pi. He spent many hours studying to learn the exact order of the numbers, which has resulted in strengthened synaptic connections in his brain. Mason's ability to learn the numbers is most likely a result of _______.
long-term potentiation
Olivia takes a drug that is supposed to help her be able to memorize material for her class more easily. The drug works by increasing neural communication in the hippocampus, and when taken repeatedly, it may also support _______.
long-term potentiation
Professor Smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research-related information. Professor Smith's belief about his memory is INCORRECT because
long-term storage holds unlimited amounts of information.
Professor Smith refuses to learn his students' names because he believes the names will take up space in his memory that he needs to store research-related information. Professor Smith's belief about his memory is incorrect because
long-term storage holds unlimited amounts of information.
Kumar is trying to remember the name of his psychology professor from last semester. To answer this question, Kumar must search for information in his
long-term storage.
Morgan is currently taking a course on public speaking. Next year, he will most likely remember only general facts from the course, because semantic information is maintained in
long-term storage.
During the famous experiment with "Little Albert," Albert learned to fear rats when researchers used classical conditioning and presented a _______.
loud sound as the unconditioned stimulus
When you are hungry, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is________. After you finish a big meal, the level of the glucose in your bloodstream is ________.
low;high
Reveille just got a new bank account password: 979tamu. She repeats the code over and over, keeping the information maintained in short-term storage by using
maintenance rehearsal.
Nora and Miles are medical students studying for an exam. Nora makes flash cards to memorize new terms and repeatedly reads them to herself. Miles links new terms to the ones he already knows based on their meanings. Nora is using __________ and Miles is using __________ to learn the terms.
maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
Nora and Miles are studying for an exam. Nora makes flash cards to memorize new terms and repeatedly reads them to herself. Miles links new terms to the ones he already knows based on their meanings. Nora is using ________ and Miles is using ________ to learn the terms.
maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
When people are going into military combat, adjusting to a new marriage, or starting a new job they are most likely experiencing
major life stressors
Emotional intelligence:
managing our own emotions, using our emotions to guide out thoughts and actions, recognizing other people's emotions, understanding emotional language
When you are studying for an exam, the part of the brain that is responsible for coordinating and strengthening the connections among neurons is the
medial temporal lobe.
Yesterday, you caused an argument by insulting another person. Today, you remember the argument as being the other person's fault. You do not remember that you were actually to blame for the argument because of
memory bias
When we make our memories consistent with our current beliefs or attitudes, we are experiencing
memory bias.
Yesterday, you caused an argument by insulting another person. Today, you remember the argument as being the other person's fault. You do not remember that you were actually to blame for the argument because of
memory bias.
Declan has developed a mobile app that allows users on the same college campus to meet up for sexual encounters. Declan asks his psychology professor who is most likely to use this app. As an answer to this question, the professor tells Declan about research that shows that
men are more likely than women to go to bed with a stranger.
Sasha finds it funny that when she makes a silly face, her infant daughter Penelope tries to make the same silly face. As a psychologist who studies learning, Sasha knows that when Penelope observes Sasha's face, Penelope's _______ is (are) active.
mirror neurons
Billy has watched many movies in which the hero smokes cigarettes. Billy identifies with these heroes and begins to smoke himself. Billy's new smoking behavior is best explained by _______.
modeling
Thayer is holding her infant cousin and she smiles at the baby. The baby observes Thayer smiling and imitates the smile by smiling back. The baby most likely learned to smile in this situation based on _______.
modeling
Your history professor wants to help students learn how to write a high-quality research paper, so he posts an example of an "A" paper on the course website. You use this example as a template when writing your own paper. You have used _______ to write a good research paper.
modeling
Elaborative rehearsal is a more effective memory strategy than maintenance rehearsal because the information is processed
more deeply.
A month ago, Jenny was pulled over for speeding, and because it was her third ticket this year, her license was suspended. Jenny just received her license back and vows never to speed again. In this situation, having her license suspended has served as _______.
negative punishment
In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called _______.
negative reinforcement
Tripp is serving a 10-year prison sentence when he is informed by his parole board that he is getting out of jail early for good behavior. If the early release has the effect of increasing Tripp's good behavior in the future, then early release is an example of _______.
negative reinforcement
Samuel always receives a painful shock when he turns on the lamp in his study. After a while, Samuel refuses to touch the switch on the lamp. The lamp switch was a(n) ________ that elicited a(n) _______ after a period of time.
neutral stimulus; conditioned response
According to the idea that information is held in long-term storage in networks of associations, each specific piece of information in memory is located in
nodes.
Gavin is a 3-year-old who used to color on the walls with his crayons. Gavin's father told him, "We color on paper, not on walls," and gave him a time-out. Gavin does not color on the walls anymore, which is most likely a result of all of the following EXCEPT
non-associative learning
Gavin is a 3-year-old who used to color on the walls with his crayons. Gavin's father told him, "We color on paper, not on walls," and gave him a time-out. Gavin does not color on the walls anymore, which is most likely a result of all of the following EXCEPT _______.
non-associative learning
The body mass index (BMI) of an adopted child will be ________ related to the BMI of the adoptive parents and ________ related to the BMI of the biological parents.
not at all; strongly
Your psychology instructor is preparing her lecture on learning and wants to include an analogy about memes. She starts by writing "Memes are to genes as . . ." but cannot figure out how to finish the sentence. Which of the following would best complete her thought?
nurture is to nature
Ian, who is 3 years old, was watching his father hammer a nail to join two pieces of wood together. If Ian learns how to hammer wood together after this experience, it is most likely the result of _______.
observational learning
Jonathan is traveling to Italy, and his motto for his trip is "When in Rome, do as the Romans do!" This phrase suggests that Jonathan is most likely to learn how to behave in Rome based on _______.
observational learning
Miranda is learning how to play tennis. She has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot, but after a lesson with a professional instructor, Miranda changes her backhand technique because the technique she saw her instructor use is more efficient. Miranda has learned to improve her tennis due to
observational learning
Miranda is learning how to play tennis. She has a unique way of hitting a backhand shot, but after a lesson with a professional instructor, Miranda changes her backhand technique because the technique she saw her instructor use is more efficient. Miranda has learned to improve her tennis due to _______.
observational learning
Yang watched her family pray before eating all of her life, so Yang has learned to pray before eating a meal. Yang's praying is most likely a result of _______.
observational learning
Dr. Brimfield believes that humans learn best when they are given the opportunity to act on their environments and make associations between their behavior and the effects it produces. Dr. Brimfield is most likely to use _______ to teach his daughter to play the violin.
operant conditioning
You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out. You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door. By creating consequences for your dog's behavior, you have used _______ to train him.
operant conditioning
You want to teach your dog to stop scratching at the door when he wants to go out. You do so by swatting his nose with a newspaper each time he scratches the door. By creating consequences for your dog's behavior, you have used ________ to train him.
operant conditioning
If you are trying to use classical conditioning to train your pet mouse to be afraid of a flashing light, you will most likely be successful if you _______.
pair the light with an electric shock
In the wild, when Arctic wolves hunt, their efforts are only sometimes reinforced because finding food is difficult. The fact that the wolves are only sometimes reinforced for hunting is an example of _______ reinforcement.
partial
Researchers have found that the physical expression of pride tends to be more biologically based than culturally specific. Each of the following research findings support this claim EXCEPT
people in isolated communities cannot identify expressions of pride on the faces of people who are outside of their culture.
Posttraumatic stress disorder is an example of
persistence
Dr. Coelho is writing a report on a new patient. She diagnoses the patient, a 16-year-old male, with gender dysphoria. Based on this diagnosis, the patient is likely to display all of the following symptoms EXCEPT
physical pain
Jason and Cora are riding on a roller coaster, which is producing high levels of arousal. They attribute their aroused state to romantic feelings for each other and feel they are falling in love. The effect the roller coaster has on Jason and Cora is associated with the ________ of emotion.
physiological processes
Which of the following actions is an example of prospective memory?
planning to pick up a library book on your way home
Jurors are listening to an eyewitness describe a crime. Research on eyewitness testimony suggests that jurors will be
poor at judging the accuracy of the testimony.
If getting $1 for every correct answer on this test makes you study harder for the next test, then being given $1 is a form of _______.
positive reinforcement
Whenever baby Colin cries, his mother picks him up. This stops Colin from crying. In turn, this makes Colin's mother pick him up more often. In this example, his mother picking him up serves as a _______ reinforcer for Colin. Colin stopping crying is a _______ reinforcer for the mother.
positive; negative
Whenever baby Colin cries, his mother picks him up. This stops Colin from crying. In turn, this makes Colin's mother pick him up more often. In this example, his mother picking him up serves as a ________ reinforcer for Colin. Colin stopping crying is a ________ reinforcer for the mother.
positive; negative
Dion keeps having nightmares and flashbacks about his time in the military. His chronic anxiety is most likely due to which disorder?
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Sophia's daughter Melanie is getting "D" grades in several of her classes. To get Melanie to study more, her parents should _______.
praise Melanie when she practices good study habits
Joffrey's wife asked him to go to the store and buy milk, bacon, apples, juice, butter, and cereal. Joffrey did not write down the items, and ended up only remembering to buy milk and bacon at the store. The fact that Joffrey only remembered milk and bacon demonstrates the __________ effect.
primacy
Channing believes that the best way to get his boyfriend to clean up after himself is by initiating sex as soon as his boyfriend cleans up the apartment. Channing knows that sex is a _______ reinforcer that will likely _______ the probability that his boyfriend will clean the apartment in the future.
primary; increase
Channing believes that the best way to get his boyfriend to clean up after himself is by initiating sex as soon as his boyfriend cleans up the apartment. Channing knows that sex is a ________ reinforcer that will likely ________ the probability that his boyfriend will clean the apartment in the future.
primary; increase
Beth recently changed her e-mail password. For the first few days after changing her password, she kept trying to log in with the old password. Which of the following was Beth experiencing?
proactive interference
Ali's previous boyfriend was named Sam and her new boyfriend is named Stan. When she accidentally calls her new boyfriend Stan by the name Sam, she explains to him that her mistake was due to
proactive interference.
You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. You have trouble learning Portuguese because of the Spanish you learned in high school. This effect is most likely due to
proactive interference.
Aman has anterograde amnesia. However, he can still remember how to ride a bicycle and how to tie his shoes, because his __________ memory is still intact.
procedural
Becca is trying to teach her 3-year-old son Cole how to ride a bicycle. Although she knows how to ride a bike, Becca is having a hard time verbalizing the steps to her son. Becca is struggling with trying to explain her ________ memory of riding a bike.
procedural
Becca is trying to teach her 3-year-old son Cole how to ride a bicycle. Although she knows how to ride a bike, Becca is having a hard time verbalizing the steps to her son. Becca is struggling with trying to explain her __________ memory of riding a bike.
procedural
Remembering how to ice skate is most likely an example of __________ memory.
procedural
Tami's father used to roller skate as a child, but has not skated for many years. When he goes skating with Tami he will most likely remember how to skate due to his __________ memory.
procedural
Which of the following is a type of implicit memory?
procedural
Igor has not been skiing in 10 years. However, when he gets on his skis, his body remembers exactly how to ski. The kind of memory that makes it possible for him to remember how to ski is
procedural.
Jim and Phil are changing the oil in Jim's car. Jim is trying to remember all the actions involved in changing the oil. Phil is trying to remember the first time he ever changed the oil in his car. Jim is trying to recall a __________ memory and Phil is trying to recall a(n) __________ memory.
procedural; episodic
People find it very easy to put on a button-down shirt but much harder to write down the steps involved in putting on a button-down shirt. This difference suggests that __________ memory is typically an __________ memory.
procedural; implicit
Ellie hates it when her teenagers leave their dirty clothes on the floor. If Ellie decides to use the Premack principle to help her teens change their behavior, she should _______ to reward them for doing a less valued activity.
promise them a more valued activity
Health psychologists investigate
promoting health and well-being.
On his way to work, Jon's wife reminds him that he needs to pick up milk on his way home from work. To remember to pick up milk on his way home, Jon should use his __________ memory.
prospective
If Sheila wants to decrease her dog barking at the cat next door, she should most likely use _______.
punishment
A father takes his young daughter to the park. The girl grabs a red flower and is stung by a bee. The next day, the girl's grandmother brings her a bouquet of red flowers. When the girl sees the flowers, she becomes afraid and runs away. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the _______.
red flowers
Prospective memory limits the cognitive resources available for other tasks because it
reduces the number of items we can maintain in short-term storage.
Fluid intelligence
reflects the ability to process information, particularly in novel or complex circumstances
Percy wants to teach his daughter good manners. To increase the likelihood of her saying "Excuse me" when bumping into someone in a store, he should use a stimulus called a(n) _______.
reinforcer
George has to recall the names of the first 20 presidents of the United States for his history test. According to the levels of processing model of memory, to remember the most names, George should
relate the names to information he already knows.
Samantha tells her roommate that negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar because they _______.
remove a stimulus
Joaquim just reached orgasm and now he cannot get an erection. Based on this, Joaquim is most likely experiencing what phase of the sexual response cycle?
resolution
When Karl was a child, he loved to sit in his grandmother's kitchen watching her cook Italian food. Now, whenever he smells Italian food, he instantly remembers those childhood times. For Karl, the smell of Italian food is a __________ for memories about his grandmother.
retrieval cue
You study Spanish during high school but then take Portuguese when you are in college. Now, whenever you try to remember a word in Spanish, you can only remember that word in Portuguese. This effect is most likely due to
retroactive interference.
After falling off your horse, you seem to have lost all memory of the past three years of your life. Based on this symptom, the doctor will most likely diagnose you with
retrograde amnesia
A person who has experienced the loss of past memories may be experiencing
retrograde amnesia.
Kyung is studying for his psychology exam. He is correctly trying to remember that people learn gender roles through gender ________and people learn gender identity through ________.
role socialization; cognitive development theory
After he was robbed, Marcus kept replaying the incident in his mind. "Why did I leave the door unlocked? Some of my stuff was irreplaceable and I can never get it back." By continually focusing on this negative event, Marcus is coping with his feelings through
rumination
Sampson is a dolphin trainer who trains his dolphins to perform tasks by blowing a high-pitched whistle, the sound of which dolphins enjoy, immediately after the dolphins do the task. Sampson is using _______ reinforcers to train the dolphins.
secondary
If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) ________ memory.
semantic
If someone asks you to describe what a school is, you would most likely retrieve a(n) __________ memory.
semantic
You are driving to school when suddenly an ambulance rushes past you with its sirens blaring, so you quickly pull your car to the side of the road. A few minutes later, when you hear sirens in the distance, you get ready to quickly pull the car over again. You have learned to respond quickly to the sirens because of _______.
sensitization
Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of the faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his
sensory storage
Chris is looking for his friend in a crowd of people at a concert. As he scans the crowd, he often blinks but still retains a brief visual image of many of faces in the crowd for a very brief time. Chris is able to maintain this visual information due to the function of his
sensory storage.
Liora is reading her textbook. As her eyes scan the page, each visual image is retained for less than a second in her
sensory storage.
Lisa is driving to school when she sees a yellow traffic light ahead of her. According to the three-part memory storage system, Lisa will first maintain information about the yellow light in her
sensory storage.
Makenna is starting her first job as a teacher. To effectively motivate her students, Makenna should
set challenging and specific goals that are not too difficult or too easy, to encourage persistence and concentration during lessons
Vincent wants to use systematic desensitization to treat his patient's phobia of elevators. Vincent's first step in this process should be to _______.
show the patient a picture of an elevator until he can look at it and feel calm
Tia is studying for her introductory psychology exam and is having trouble understanding the James-Lange theory of emotion. Her friend Brian took the course last semester and is most likely to explain the relationship between fear and trembling as
someone feels afraid because he or she is trembling.
A conditioned stimulus is _______.
something that causes a response after learning takes place
Laden has a memory of getting a teddy bear at a childhood birthday party. However, she cannot remember who gave it to her or at which birthday she received it. Laden is experiencing
source amnesia.
Last year, Martina was in love with Robert, but they eventually broke up. Today in the mall, Martina smells someone wearing the same cologne that Robert always wore. She is immediately filled with positive feelings, which is most likely due to _______.
spontaneous recovery
Last year, Martina was in love with Robert, but they eventually broke up. Today in the mall, Martina smells someone wearing the same cologne that Robert always wore. She is immediately filled with positive feelings, which is most likely due to
spontaneous recovery.
If someone says the word doctor, it may trigger a memory of your last trip to the doctor, or it may bring to mind other concepts related to doctors, such as an examination room or a stethoscope. This fact is best explained by the __________ model of memory.
spreading activation
When explaining the purpose of homeostasis, Dr. Murphy would most likely suggest that it
stabilizes conditions in the body
According to the textbook, being encouraged by peers and enhancing one's self-image are reasons why people
start smoking
The increased ability to retrieve memories that occurs when the internal states during encoding and the internal states during recall match is called
state-dependent memory.
Whenever Mandy gets angry with her boyfriend, she easily remembers all of the other times she has been angry with him in the past. Mandy's ability to retrieve this information was most likely influenced by
state-dependent memory.
Common beliefs about people of particular genders based on many people's similar gender schemas are called gender
stereotypes
The Kidz World toy store used to have a section labeled "Toys for Boys" that included footballs, chemistry sets, and toy trucks, and a separate section labeled "Toys for Girls" that included dolls, play kitchen sets, and costume jewelry. Last month the store's manager combined these two sections into one, and removed the gender labels. The manager hoped it would help people change their ideas about which toys are appropriate for a child. The manager is trying to change people's gender
stereotypes
A cat has been classically conditioned to purr when it hears the door open to the refrigerator where its food is kept. But the cat does not purr when it hears the sound of the pantry door opening, where none of its food is kept. The fact that the cat shows the conditioned response, purring, only for the sound associated with the conditioned stimulus is most likely a result of _______.
stimulus discrimination
Rachel's dog loves meat and salivates when he sees it. Rachel repeatedly shows her dog a picture of a circle before showing him a piece of meat. Soon, the dog salivates to the picture of the circle. When Rachel shows her dog a picture of an oval without then showing him a piece of meat, the dog does not salivate, which is best explained by _______.
stimulus discrimination
Jack uses classical conditioning to teach his dog Luna to sit whenever Jack says, "Sit." But now, anything that Jack says that is similar to "Sit" causes Luna to show the conditioned response of sitting. This is most likely the result of _______.
stimulus generalization
Pederson's teacher blows a whistle when it is time for his class to come in from recess. Pederson is afraid of being left on the playground alone, so he starts to go inside any time he hears a sound like the teacher's whistle, such as the school bell ringing. Pederson's behavior is an example of
stimulus generalization
Pederson's teacher blows a whistle when it is time for his class to come in from recess. Pederson is afraid of being left on the playground alone, so he starts to go inside any time he hears a sound like the teacher's whistle, such as the school bell ringing. Pederson's behavior is an example of _______.
stimulus generalization
Every day Manuel buys coffee from the same woman on the way to work. Even though he always sees her, when a friend asks he cannot remember what color her hair is. Manual most likely experienced a problem in the __________ process of memory.
storage
After reading your textbook, you are able to maintain the bold, key words in coded representations in a network of neurons in your brain. In memory, this process is called
storage.
After repeated studying, Cressida is able to remember all of the state capitals. Now when she hears the word Michigan, she quickly thinks of the word Lansing. Cressida's learning is most likely due to long-term potentiation, which _______.
strengthens synaptic connections
The most central goal of the positive psychology movement is to
study and understand psychological well-being.
Behavioral genetics
study of the genetic basis of behaviors and traits such as intelligence (identical twins and adoption studies)
Alex sees a girl in a red shirt steal a candy bar. Later, during questioning, the police ask what candy the girl in the blue shirt stole. Months later, when Alex testifies in court, he describes the girl as having worn a blue shirt. This is an example of
suggestibility.
Katie is afraid of clowns. She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a relaxed state and then looking at pictures of clowns. After months of this exposure, she is no longer afraid when she sees a clown. Katie has been using _______ to overcome her fear.
systematic desensitization
Timothy believes that his infant son Jamie was born as a blank slate, knowing nothing about the world. This information suggests that Timothy most likely believes in _______.
tabula rasa
Explicit memories are stored in the part of the brain called the
temporal lobe.
Under stress, females are likely to show the ________, whereas males are more likely to show the ________.
tend-and-befriend response; fight-or-flight response
Jean wants her daughter to eat her vegetables so she is healthy. Jean tells her daughter that after she eats her vegetables she can play outside, which is one of her daughter's favorite things to do. In this situation, Jean is using _______ to increase her daughter's eating of vegetables.
the Premack principle
intelligence
the ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental changes.
On his way to buy a snack, Jed sees an ad that simply shows one juicy hamburger. Rather than getting ice cream as he had planned, Jed buys French fries instead. According to the spreading activation model, the hamburger most likely made Jed want French fries because
the hamburger activated the node for French fries.
general intelligence
the idea that one general factor underlies intelligence----writing, math, drawing, problem-solving
multiple intelligences
the idea that people have many different types of intelligence that are independent from one another
Derek is conducting research with chimpanzees and realizes that when the chimps' behaviors lead to some sort of satisfaction, they repeat those behaviors. Derek's observations are most consistent with _______.
the law of effect
Derek is conducting research with chimpanzees and realizes that when the chimps' behaviors lead to some sort of satisfaction, they repeat those behaviors. Derek's observations are most consistent with
the law of effect.
thinking
the mental manipulation of representations of information we encounter in our environments
Sandra is toilet training her son and only rewards him some of the time when he uses the toilet. Sandra knows that using partial reinforcement creates behaviors that are more enduring than does continuous reinforcement, which is a result of _______.
the partial-reinforcement extinction effect
Addie told Callum her top 10 favorite movies. When he tries to recall the list later on, he can only remember the last two movies Addie mentioned. The fact that Callum only remembers the last two movies is most likely due to
the recency effect.
Amanda is telling Connie about a movie she saw last night, when Connie asks who starred in the movie. Amanda gets frustrated because she cannot think of the actor's name, even though she can describe the actor and list other movies in which he has starred. Amanda is most likely experiencing
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
You are working on a crossword puzzle. Even though you know the answer to a question, you cannot remember the actual word. You remember the shape of the word, the first letter of the word, and other related words and ideas, but cannot remember the word itself. You are experiencing
the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Xue Lan is preparing a class presentation on the variables that influence sexual desire. Xue Lan's presentation should correctly mention that
there are cultural differences in sexual behavior.
restructuring
thinking about a problem in a new way in order to solve it
Amanda was telling Connie about a movie she had seen, when Connie asked who starred in the movie. Amanda became frustrated because she could not think of the actor's name, even though she could describe the actor and list other movies he has starred in. Amanda is most likely experiencing
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Ophelia believes that as a woman her role is to stay home and care for children while her husband works. Ophelia could have learned this gender role in all of the following ways EXCEPT by
traveling widely to many nontraditional cultures.
If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be ________ to remember anything from before the incident and ________ to form new memories.
unable; able
If the Wicked Witch of the West flew down and struck you with retrograde amnesia, you would be __________ to remember anything from before the incident and __________ to form new memories.
unable; able
In Pavlov's research, classical conditioning occurred when the dogs learned the metronome predicted the arrival of food because this process began with a(n) _______ stimulus.
unconditioned
At a football game, you cannot help but feel excited whenever your team scores a touchdown. Because this is an unlearned response, in terms of classical conditioning, it would be called a(n) _______.
unconditioned response
Advertisers use classical conditioning in their commercials by showing ads. For example, they pair something that reflexively elicits pleasant feelings, such as the face of the actor Brad Pitt, with a product, such as the perfume Chanel No 5. If Brad Pitt elicits a response from you that is innate and does not require any prior learning, he is being used as a(n) _______.
unconditioned stimulus
Eleanor wants to use classical conditioning to teach her students to run to the closet when the "intruder alert" sounds at their school. To be successful, Eleanor must begin the learning process with a(n) _______.
unconditioned stimulus
In Pavlov's research, dogs learned that the sound of a metronome predicted the arrival of food, so the dogs salivated at the sound of the metronome. In this research, classical conditioning occurred in part because the _______ elicited a(n)
unconditioned stimulus (food); innate, unconditioned response (salivation)
Joseph used classical conditioning to teach his sister to be afraid of squirrels. If he is successful, the conditioned stimulus, the squirrel, must have been paired with a(n) _______, such as _______.
unconditioned stimulus; a loud noise
reasoning
using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable
In memory, the storage phase of information processing lasts
variable amounts of time.
Taylor's parents are very inconsistent with their child-rearing practices. Some days, Taylor can get away with climbing onto the back of the couch and jumping off, but other days she is punished. Taylor's parents are reinforcing her behavior on a _______ schedule.
variable interval
Professor Jackson wants his students to complete their reading assignments before he lectures on the material in class. He periodically gives them pop quizzes on the reading assignments. To encourage students to complete the reading assignments, the schedule of reinforcement he should use for the pop quizzes is a _______ schedule.
variable ratio
Parvati is a competitive gymnast at the Olympic trials. She is highly motivated to perform her absolute best. Given your knowledge of the effects of arousal on performance, the best advice you can give Parvati is that she should calm down because
very high arousal can hurt her performance.
Braxton's friend Shayla is caught cheating on a test and receives an "F." Braxton learns the consequences of cheating by watching Shayla be punished for this action. Braxton has learned through _______.
vicarious conditioning
Rayvonte, a recent college graduate, is impressed when his cousin puts his résumé on their university's job board and then receives many job interviews. Rayvonte decides to post his résumé in hopes of finding his first professional job. He most likely posted his résumé on the job board as a result of _______.
vicarious conditioning
You are paying close attention to the basketball game on the TV. Suddenly, you are distracted by your roommate talking to someone on the phone about the upcoming psychology exam in the class you both take. This conversation most likely captured your attention because it
was personally important.
When you first bought your pet hamsters Fudge and Brownie, only Fudge would let you pet him. After a few weeks of Brownie watching you pet Fudge, Brownie started to let you pet her. In this case, Brownie's new behavior is most likely the result of learning by _______.
watching others
While driving home, the car in front of you starts driving dangerously, so you concentrate on watching it. When you arrive home, you realize that you cannot remember anything from your drive home other than that car. Your memory is most likely due to the fact that we do not remember information that
we do not pay attention to.
The major difference between emotion-focused coping and problem-focused coping involves
whether one attempts to reduce the emotions associated with the stressor or solve the problem directly.
Filter theory helps explain all of the following memory phenomena EXCEPT
why we tend to process personally irrelevant information.
Your friend starts talking about a new puppy that she just rescued. This discussion about her new puppy activates your knowledge about dogs. Based on the fact that information is maintained in long-term storage in a network of associations, when you hear about the puppy
words highly associated with "dog" will be activated first.
Your friend starts talking about a new puppy that she just rescued. This discussion activates your knowledge about dogs. Since this knowledge is maintained in long-term storage in a network of associations, when you hear about her new puppy
words highly associated with "dog" will be activated first.
At Starbucks, a cup of coffee costs $2.82. To use exact change, you must hold the number 2.82 in your head, while sorting through your wallet and calculating what coins you have. To be successful in actively processing this information, you must keep the information maintained in short-term storage by using your
working memory.