Psychology Chapter 8

What is semantic memory?

facts and general knowledge

A public opinion poll was administered to 50 people before the election of President Barack Obama. Polls taken before election night showed 50% of the people polled believed Barack Obama would be elected president. After the election results, the same people were asked if they believed Barack Obama would be elected president, and this time 75% of the people said yes. This may be an example of ________ bias.

hindsight

Which part of my brain is probably damaged if I am unable to recognize basic objects around my house?

hippocampus

What is the main idea of levels of processing theory?

if you want to remember something, you should think about it more deeply and link it to pther information and memories to make it more meaningful.

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________.

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

According to Baddeley and Hitch, ________.

short-term memory itself has different forms

Why do strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

strong emotional memories can trigger the release of neurotransmitters and hormones that strengthen memory

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in?

stroop effect

What is the set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time?

memory

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia?

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia?

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

What is the main idea of the Stroop effect?

The brain's reaction time slows when it must deal with conflicting information.

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds.

acoustic

What does the equipotentiality hypothesis suggest would happen if the hippocampus was damaged?

another part of the brain would compensate for the damage by taking over the memory function normally managed by the hippocampus

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event.

flashbulb memory

Quincy is struck on the back of the head and finds, while she can remember her life up to the time she was struck on the head, she can no longer make new memories. Quincy has ________ amnesia.

anterograde

Which theory/hypothesis suggests that strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weak emotional experiences form weak memories?

arousal theory

Encoding information occurs through ________.

automatic processing and effortful processing

Which of the following is a good example of acoustic encoding?

being able to hum the tune to a song when you can't remember the lyrics

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system.

bias

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories?

cerebellum

Which of the following is a way police have changed their interrogation techniques to lower the risk of false memory syndrome? Police have ________.

changed the way witnesses are questioned

The formulation of new memories is sometimes called ________, and the process of bringing up old memories is called ________.

construction; reconstruction

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory?

explicit are memories we constantly try to remember and recall. implicit memories are those that are not of our consciousness.

What type of memories do we consciously try to remember and recall?

explicit memories

When people say you never forget how to ride a bike, they are referring to ________ memory, also called non-declarative memory.

implicit

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

Chuck was in a car accident. He wishes he could put it behind him, but every night he has dreams about it, and every time he sees a car he remembers how he felt that day. Which category of memory failure associated with the seven sins of memory is exemplified?

intrusion

People may not intend to distort facts, but ________.

it can happen in the process of retrieving old memories and combining them with new memories.

Which of the following statements about the amygdala is correct?

it is the process of transferring new learning into long term memory

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory.

long term

According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, ________.

memories are processed the same way that a computer processes information

________ encoding is the encoding of images.

visual

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system.

re-learning

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer.

recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________.

rehearsal

The act of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness is known as ________.

retrieval

Elaine wakes up in the hospital with a head injury. She gets to know her doctors and nurses over time, but it soon becomes clear that she has no memories from before she woke up in the hospital. Elaine has ________ amnesia.

retrograde

When experiencing ________ amnesia, you experience loss of memory for events that occurred prior to the trauma. When experiencing ________ amnesia, you cannot remember new information.

retrograde; anterograde

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding?

rmemebring th colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY G BIV

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

self-reference effect

Ben is asked to memorize the words canine, feline, and avian. He remembers the words by associating them with their synonyms: dog, cat, and bird. This is an example of ________ encoding.

semantic

The encoding of words and their meaning is known as ________ encoding.

semantic

What are the two components of declarative memory?

semantic memory and episodic memory

What kind of memory involves storage of brief events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

sensory

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________.

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory.

transience

What is procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device?

using the acronym HOMES to remember the names of the five great lakes

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding.

visual