Psychology Chapter 8

encoding of sounds

acoustic encoding

recall of false autobiographical memories

false memory syndrome

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. flashbulb memory flashpoint hyperthymesia sensory memory

flashbulb memory

What is episodic memory? information about events we have personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts storage of facts and events we have personally experienced type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

information about events we have personally experienced

the information we process more deeply goes into long-term memory

levels of processing

set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time

memory

active rehearsal to move STM into LTM

memory consolidation

intrusion, inability to forget undesirable memories, ex. traumatic events

persistence

access information without cues

recall

process of bringing up old memories

reconstruction

tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance

self-reference effect

creation of a permanent record of information

storage

being able to name a color more easily if it is printed in that color

the stroop effect

________ encoding is the encoding of images. acoustic effortful semantic visual

visual

encoding of images

visual encoding

Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. bias blocking suggestibility transience

bias

formulation of new memories

construction

input of information into the memory system

encoding

exceptionally clear recollection of an important event

flashbulb memory

loss of information from a long-term memory

forgetting

memories that are not part of our consciousness, formed from our behaviors, can also be called non-declarative memory

implicit memories

Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher

memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running

distortion, source of memory is confused, ex. recalling a dream memory as a waking memory

misattribution

holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event

misinformation effect paradiagram

memory aids that help us organize information for encoding

mnemonic devices

encoding was associated with the left, retrieval of information was associated with the right

prefrontal cortex

identifying information that you have previously learned after encountering it again

recognition

involves learning information that you have previously learned

relearning

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? Atkinson-Shiffrin model self-reference effect sensory memory Stroop effect

self-reference effect

distortion, false memories, ex. result from leading questions

suggestibility

effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories

suggestibility

forgetting, accessibility of memory decreases over time, ex. forget events that happened long ago

transience

What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? engrams equipotentiality hypothesis Stroop effect visual encoding

Stroop effect

encoding of information that takes effort and attention

effortful processing

a technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

elaborative rehearsal

the group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of a memory"

engram

involved in normal recognition memory and spatial memory, project information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other connected memories, plays a part in memory consolidation

hippocampus

Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind

remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV

act of getting information out of memory storage and back into consciousness awareness

retrieval

when information learned more recently hinders that recall of older information

retroactive interference

encoding of words and their meaning

semantic encoding

Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. immediately applying new information to a practical problem organizing information into manageable bits or chunks sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory

Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. acoustic semantic sensory visual

visual

information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory

Atkinson-Shiffrin Model

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. Atkinson-Shiffrin model relearning effect self-reference effect Stroop effect

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.

Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

forgetting, forgetting caused by lapses in memory, ex. forget where your phone is

absentmindedness

loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma

amnesia

regulates emotions, such as fear and aggression, plays a part in how memories are stored due to stress hormones, involved in memory consolidation

amygdala

distortion, memories distorted by current belief system, ex. align memories to current beliefs

bias

forgetting, accessibility of information is temporarily blocked, ex. tip of the tongue

blocking

creates implicit memories, procedural memory, motor learning, classical conditioning

cerebellum

organizing information into manageable bits or chunks

chunking

has to do with the storage of facts and events we personally experienced, sometimes used interchangeably with explicit memories, two types, episodic and semantic memories

declarative memory

information about events we have personally experienced, also called autobiographical memories, what, where, and when of an event

episodic memory

if part of one brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function

equipotentiality hypothesis

continuous storage of information, no storage capacity, divided into explicit and implicit memories

long term memory

the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory

memory consolidation

strategies to make sure information goes from stm to ltm

memory enhancing strategies

When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm equipotentiality hypothesis levels of processing theory misinformation effect paradigm

misinformation effect paradigm

conscious repetition of information to be remembered

rehearsal

loss of memory for events that occurred prior to trauma, cannot remember some or even all of their past, have difficulty remembering episodic memories

retrograde amnesia

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

semantic memory

storage of brief sensory events such as sights, sounds, and tastes, storage lasts about a couple seconds

sensory memory

temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory, sometimes called working memory, takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory, storage lasts about 20 seconds

short term memory

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

encoding of details such as time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words

automatic processing

type of implicit memory, store information about how to do things, memory for skilled actions

procedural memory

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.

commonly caused by brain trauma, cannot remember new information, although you can remember information ad events that happened prior to your injury, unable to form new episodic or semantic memories, but are still able to form new procedural memories

anterograde amnesia

strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories

arousal theory

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. change the word "episodic" to the word "implicit" change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative" change the word "parts" to the word "components" change the word "semantic" to the word "short-term"

change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information

proactive interference

memories we try to consciously try to remember and recall, can sometimes be used interchangeably with declarative memories

explicit memories

Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. effortless processing encoding an engram relearning

relearning