Psychology Chapter 8
encoding of sounds
acoustic encoding
recall of false autobiographical memories
false memory syndrome
For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. flashbulb memory flashpoint hyperthymesia sensory memory
flashbulb memory
What is episodic memory? information about events we have personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts storage of facts and events we have personally experienced type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things
information about events we have personally experienced
the information we process more deeply goes into long-term memory
levels of processing
set of processes used to encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time
memory
active rehearsal to move STM into LTM
memory consolidation
intrusion, inability to forget undesirable memories, ex. traumatic events
persistence
access information without cues
recall
process of bringing up old memories
reconstruction
tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance
self-reference effect
creation of a permanent record of information
storage
being able to name a color more easily if it is printed in that color
the stroop effect
________ encoding is the encoding of images. acoustic effortful semantic visual
visual
encoding of images
visual encoding
Forgetting anything good that happened on your trip to France because you just broke up with your French fiancée and now can't bear the thought of anything French is a good example of ________: Memories are distorted by your current belief system. bias blocking suggestibility transience
bias
formulation of new memories
construction
input of information into the memory system
encoding
exceptionally clear recollection of an important event
flashbulb memory
loss of information from a long-term memory
forgetting
memories that are not part of our consciousness, formed from our behaviors, can also be called non-declarative memory
implicit memories
Researchers demonstrated that the hippocampus functions in memory processing by creating lesions in the hippocampi of rats, which resulted in ________. another area of the brain compensating for the damage, enabling the brain compensate for the damage memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running rats that could not complete puzzles even when food was offered as a reward rats that feared the researchers and avoided the cage that was closest to the researcher
memory impairment on various tasks, such as object recognition and maze running
distortion, source of memory is confused, ex. recalling a dream memory as a waking memory
misattribution
holds that after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
misinformation effect paradiagram
memory aids that help us organize information for encoding
mnemonic devices
encoding was associated with the left, retrieval of information was associated with the right
prefrontal cortex
identifying information that you have previously learned after encountering it again
recognition
involves learning information that you have previously learned
relearning
What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance? Atkinson-Shiffrin model self-reference effect sensory memory Stroop effect
self-reference effect
distortion, false memories, ex. result from leading questions
suggestibility
effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories
suggestibility
forgetting, accessibility of memory decreases over time, ex. forget events that happened long ago
transience
What did a researcher identify by timing participants on how long they took to name colors when the semantic meaning of the word differed from the color it was presented in? engrams equipotentiality hypothesis Stroop effect visual encoding
Stroop effect
encoding of information that takes effort and attention
effortful processing
a technique in which you think about the meaning of new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
elaborative rehearsal
the group of neurons that serve as the "physical representation of a memory"
engram
involved in normal recognition memory and spatial memory, project information to cortical regions that give memories meaning and connect them with other connected memories, plays a part in memory consolidation
hippocampus
Which of the following is a good example of semantic encoding? being able to hum the tune to a song after hearing it only once dreaming about a beach and deciding to take a vacation remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV thinking about a car you plan to buy and having the image of the car appear in your mind
remembering the colors of the rainbow with the acronym ROY-G-BIV
act of getting information out of memory storage and back into consciousness awareness
retrieval
when information learned more recently hinders that recall of older information
retroactive interference
encoding of words and their meaning
semantic encoding
Elaborative rehearsal involves ________. immediately applying new information to a practical problem organizing information into manageable bits or chunks sleeping immediately after learning new information to allow your mind to process it thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
thinking about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
Felipe looks over his presentation, and he notices that some of the words are written in bold and some are written in italic. His ability to remember these differences is an example of ________ encoding. acoustic semantic sensory visual
visual
information passes through three distinct stages in order for it to be stored in long-term memory
Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. Atkinson-Shiffrin model relearning effect self-reference effect Stroop effect
Atkinson-Shiffrin model
Which of the following examples illustrates that the Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm? Jerome can perfectly describe and diagram a medical illustration of a dog, even though he has never seen it before. Jerome is asked to name all the body parts of a dog in alphabetical order. Instead, he names the parts of a dog beginning in the front and moving backward toward the tail. Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list. Jerome is told to memorize 15 words that describe what a dog does. He is then able to repeat them back in the order he memorized them.
Jerome is required to memorize 15 words associated with dog. When he is asked to repeat the words he has learned, dog is among them, even though dog was not a word on the original list.
Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.
John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.
forgetting, forgetting caused by lapses in memory, ex. forget where your phone is
absentmindedness
loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
amnesia
regulates emotions, such as fear and aggression, plays a part in how memories are stored due to stress hormones, involved in memory consolidation
amygdala
distortion, memories distorted by current belief system, ex. align memories to current beliefs
bias
forgetting, accessibility of information is temporarily blocked, ex. tip of the tongue
blocking
creates implicit memories, procedural memory, motor learning, classical conditioning
cerebellum
organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
chunking
has to do with the storage of facts and events we personally experienced, sometimes used interchangeably with explicit memories, two types, episodic and semantic memories
declarative memory
information about events we have personally experienced, also called autobiographical memories, what, where, and when of an event
episodic memory
if part of one brain involved in memory is damaged, another part of the same area can take over that memory function
equipotentiality hypothesis
continuous storage of information, no storage capacity, divided into explicit and implicit memories
long term memory
the process of transferring new learning into long-term memory
memory consolidation
strategies to make sure information goes from stm to ltm
memory enhancing strategies
When Benito was five he cut his leg on some glass and needed stiches. Years later, his mother tells him the scar came from being bit by a dog. Now, when people ask about his scar he distinctly remembers the dog biting him. This is an example of the ________. Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm equipotentiality hypothesis levels of processing theory misinformation effect paradigm
misinformation effect paradigm
conscious repetition of information to be remembered
rehearsal
loss of memory for events that occurred prior to trauma, cannot remember some or even all of their past, have difficulty remembering episodic memories
retrograde amnesia
knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts
semantic memory
storage of brief sensory events such as sights, sounds, and tastes, storage lasts about a couple seconds
sensory memory
temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory, sometimes called working memory, takes information from sensory memory and sometimes connects that memory to something already in long-term memory, storage lasts about 20 seconds
short term memory
Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes
using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes
encoding of details such as time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words
automatic processing
type of implicit memory, store information about how to do things, memory for skilled actions
procedural memory
How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.
Which of the following statements about eyewitness testimony is correct? Eyewitness testimony is always reliable. Eyewitness testimony is never reliable. Eyewitness testimony is reliable for events that do not involve crime. Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
Eyewitness testimony is vulnerable to the power of suggestion.
commonly caused by brain trauma, cannot remember new information, although you can remember information ad events that happened prior to your injury, unable to form new episodic or semantic memories, but are still able to form new procedural memories
anterograde amnesia
strong emotions trigger the formation of strong memories, and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories
arousal theory
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Long-term memory has two parts: semantic memory and episodic memory. change the word "episodic" to the word "implicit" change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative" change the word "parts" to the word "components" change the word "semantic" to the word "short-term"
change the word "long-term" to the word "declarative"
What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"
change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"
when old information hinders the recall of newly learned information
proactive interference
memories we try to consciously try to remember and recall, can sometimes be used interchangeably with declarative memories
explicit memories
Kenethia enjoys knitting. When she begins college, she has less time for knitting and finally stops altogether. After graduation, she wants to knit again, so she practices with her needles until she is good at it again. This is an example of ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system. effortless processing encoding an engram relearning
relearning