Psychology Chapters 1-6 Study Questions
Which of the following fractions is known as Weber's constant for light?
1/60th
Which of the following characterizes rapid eye movement (REM) sleep?
A level of arousal similar to that of a person's waking state
Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?
A refractory period
Which of the following is most likely to occur if an individual did not have a sense of smell?
An onion and an apple might taste the same.
_____ is the school of psychology that focuses on learning observable conduct.
Behaviorism
Which of the following diseases stems from food poisoning and prevents the release of acetylcholine?
Botulism
Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to perceive an object as being just as luminous even though lighting conditions change its intensity?
Brightness constancy
Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what is said to her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?
Broca's aphasia
_____ refers to the perception of objects that do not stimulate the known sensory organs.
Clairvoyance
Which of the following illustrates continuous reinforcement?
Clara gets a chocolate bar from her father every time she completes a household chore.
Which of the following substances is a stimulant?
Cocaine
Which of the following terms also refers to the waking state?
Conscious
Cynthia has an intense fear of cats. Her psychologist repeatedly paired her love for classical music with the gradual exposure of Cynthia to a cat until her fear for cats was cured. In this scenario, which of the following techniques did Cynthia's psychologist use to cure her fear of cats?
Counterconditioning
Which of the following statements is true in the context of color blindness?
Dichromats are sensitive to black-white and either red-green or blue-yellow colors.
Which of the following is an example of a nonconscious process?
Digestion of food
During a guided meditation session, Rachel was asked to picture a green valley under a clear blue sky. She was asked to "feel" the wind against her face and "hear" the birds chirping around her. Although none of these stimuli were actually present, Rachel felt very conscious of them. Which of the following phenomena best defines Rachel's experience?
Direct inner awareness
Will was driving down a road one night. Suddenly, he noticed a man trying to cross the road just a little away from the car. Will felt an intense fear and immediately became alert and slammed the breaks down hard, missing the man by inches. Which hormone was responsible for this reaction?
Epinephrine
_________ suggest that much human social behavior, such as aggressive behavior and mate selection, has a hereditary basis.
Evolutionary psychologists
________is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.
Extinction
A random sample is selected so that identified subgroups in the population are represented proportionately in the sample.
False
Consciously ejecting unwanted mental events from awareness is known as repression.
False
Dizygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between dizygotic twins are the result of nurture.
False
Genetic components do not contribute to an individual's sensitivity to basic tastes.
False
Instinctive behavior is absent when an individual is reared in isolation from others of its kind.
False
Mindfulness meditation provides clients with techniques they can use to attain spiritual enlightenment.
False
Norepinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is manufactured exclusively by the adrenal glands.
False
The organ of Corti is a membrane that lies coiled within the cochlea.
False
The pineal gland secretes a hormone called prolactin, which regulates maternal behavior in lower mammals such as rats and stimulates production of milk in women.
False
The somatic nervous system controls activities such as heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and dilation of the pupils.
False
Top-down processing involves assembling bits and pieces of information into a pattern.
False
A child who is afraid of water is tossed into a swimming pool with a floatation device to teach him how to swim. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to reduce his fear?
Flooding
Which of the following is a key feature of mindfulness meditation?
Focusing on the present
_________ psychologists may treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attorneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes.
Forensic
In the context of auditory perception, which of the following statements is true?
Frequency theory appears to account only for pitch perception between 20 and a few hundred cycles per second.
__________remove dead neurons and waste products from the nervous system, nourish and insulate neurons, and form myelin.
Glial-cells
Which of the following hallucinogens is derived from the resin of the Cannabis sativa plant?
Hashish
Derek's grandfather sleeps for three to five hours every night. However, he dozes off for short periods several times during the day. Derek took his grandfather to the doctor to check if he has a sleeping disorder. The doctor denied the possibility because Derek's grandfather did not display any of the known symptoms. According to the functions of sleep, what could be the likely reason for Derek's grandfather's short sleep at night?
He might feel the need to use the bathroom several times at night.
In the context of behavioral genetics, identify the correct statement.
Heredity is apparently involved in psychological disorders ranging from anxiety and depression to personality disorders.
The _____ perspective is grounded in the work of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
Humanistic-existential
_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which people are highly suggestible and behave as though they are in a trance.
Hypnosis
Which of the following terms best describes people who are easily hypnotized?
Hypnotic suggestibility
Which of the following scenarios illustrates subliminal stimulation?
In an experiment, an audio track was played at such low volume that the participants were not even conscious of it.
Which of the following is true about elaborative rehearsal?
It involves extending the semantic meaning of the letters that need to be remembered.
Which of the following is true about maintenance rehearsal?
It involves mentally repeating a list or saying the information to oneself.
Which of the following is true of insomnia?
It is a sleep disorder that is characterized by the inability to fall or stay asleep.
Which of the following statements is true about a schema?
It is a way of mentally representing the world that can influence perceptions.
Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?
It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."
Which of the following is a function of norepinephrine?
It is involved in general arousal and learning and memory.
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
It is the failure to remember the events that occurred after a physical trauma.
Which of the following statements is true about retroactive interference?
It is the interference of new learning with the ability to retrieve material learned previously.
Which of the following statements is true about explicit memory?
It is the memory of things that are clearly stated or explained.
Which of the following is true about the serial position effect?
It is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items on a list.
Which of the following is a function of the reticular formation?
It is vital in the functions of attention, sleep, and arousal.
Which of these is a function of the medulla of the brain?
It plays roles in sleeping, sneezing, and coughing.
Which of the following is true of psychokinesis?
It refers to mentally manipulating or moving objects.
Which of the following is a function of oxytocin?
It stimulates labor in pregnant women
Despite being blind, Brian has never had a problem understanding how to use his limbs. He has been able to accurately judge the position and motion of his body parts, and thus, he is able perform activities such as walking and eating quite normally. Which of the following senses is illustrated in the scenario?
Kinesthesis
Jeff was stuck in traffic, when he observed a quick succession of cars going together on the other lane. His first thought was that they were all a part of a convoy of some sort. Which law of perceptual organization best explains Jeff's assumption?
Law of common fate
Which of the following brain imaging techniques relies on subtle shifts in blood flow?
Magnetic resonance imaging
Which of the following refers to a process by which people suspend thinking and allow the world to fade away?
Meditation
Which of the following terms refers to an altered state of consciousness?
Meditation
Emily suffers from insomnia. When she went to see a doctor, she was told that her sleeplessness was caused by the deficiency of a particular hormone. The doctor then gave her sleeping pills containing the same. Which is the hormone in question?
Melatonin
Which of the following terms is related to one's genotype?
Nature
Which of the following substances is a depressant?
Nembutal
Which of the following is symptomatic of sleep apnea?
Obstruction of air passages
In the context of difference threshold, identify the correct statement
On average, people can tell when a tone rises or falls in pitch by an extremely small one-third of 1%.
In the context of pain, which of the following statements is true?
Pain is usually sharpest where nerve endings are densely packed.
Which of the following is a suggestion by cognitive psychologists about the behavior of people?
People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.
In the context of the limbic system, which of the following statements is true?
People with hippocampal damage cannot permanently store new information.
Which of the following terms best describes the process of becoming more sensitive to stimulation?
Positive adaptation
Which of the following terms best describes material that is not currently in awareness but is readily available?
Preconscious
Which of the following is true about primary reinforcers?
Primary reinforcers are effective because of an organism's biological makeup.
Which of the following characterizes hypnotic suggestibility?
Proneness to fantasy
_________ is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
Psychology
Which of the following is the function of the iris?
Regulating the amount of light that enters the eye
Which of the following is a difference between repression and suppression?
Repression is an unconscious process, whereas suppression is a conscious process.
Which of the following is a new basic taste that was recently added to the primary taste qualities?
Savory
Which of the following neurotransmitters is involved in emotional arousal and sleep?
Serotonin
In a painting that Shannon is observing, one object is perceived as a two-dimensional circle, and another appears to be a three-dimensional sphere. Which of the following monocular cues can account for this effect?
Shadowing
Which of the following sleep disorders is similar to experiencing nightmares?
Sleep terrors
_________ attempted to break conscious experience down into objective sensations, such as sight or taste, and subjective feelings, such as emotional responses, and mental images such as memories or dreams.
Structuralism
Which of the following terms refers to consciously ejecting unwanted mental events from awareness?
Suppression
Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. Which of the following techniques did the therapist use to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?
Systematic desensitization
Which of the following is a bulb-shaped structure at the end of axons?
Terminal buttons
Which of the following monocular cues is based on the perception that closer objects appear to have rougher surfaces?
Texture gradient
Which of the following pituitary hormones regulates the adrenal cortex?
The Adrenocorticotrophic hormone
Which of the following biological views suggests that acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming?
The activation-synthesis model
Which of the following structures in the brain is known to be connected with vigilance?
The amygdala
Which of the following is a consequence of regular usage of opiates?
The brain stops producing the pain-relieving endorphins.
Which of the following events occurs during the fourth stage of sleep?
The delta waves slow to about 0.5 to 2 cycles per second, and their amplitude is greatest.
Which of the following is contained in the middle ear?
The eardrum
Which of the following terms best describes the nucleotides found along just one of the rungs of a molecular ladder?
The genetic code
In Robert Rescorla's experiment, what happened to the group of dogs to whom a shock was consistently presented after a tone?
The group of dogs learned to show a fear response at the sound of the tone.
Which of the following structures contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus that stimulates the pineal gland to decrease the output of melatonin?
The hypothalamus
In which of the following theories did Ewald Hering propose that there are three types of color receptors, but they are not sensitive only to red, green, and blue?
The opponent-process theory
Which of the following represents an interaction of one's nature and nurture?
The phenotype
Amy and George were practicing singing for their university cultural program. Their music teacher insisted that Amy sing the verses in a high pitch as it sounded better. Which of the following could be a reason for the music teacher's decision?
The pitch of a woman's voice is usually higher than that of man's voice.
Which of the following causes Down syndrome?
The presence of an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
Dana can only remember a few of the first and last items on her grocery list. Which of the following is this an example of?
The serial-position effect
In the context of immediate versus delayed reinforcers, which of the following statements is true?
The short-term consequences of behavior often provide greater incentive than the long-term consequences.
Which of the following is a difference between the thalamus and the hypothalamus?
The thalamus serves as a relay station for sensory stimulation, whereas the hypothalamus controls the regulation of body temperature, concentration of fluids, storage of nutrients, and motivation and emotion.
Which of the following statements is true about taste aversions?
The unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.
In the context of dreams, which of the following statements is true?
There is no evidence to suggest that dreams express impulses we censor during the day.
Which of the following is true of amphetamines?
They are often abused for the euphoric rush that high doses can produce.
Which of the following is a likely consequence of low thyroxin secretion in adults?
They feel tired and sluggish and may put on weight.
Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?
They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed.
In which of the following ways do receptor neurons transmit information about odors to the brain?
Through the olfactory nerve
What is the purpose of a split brain operation?
To confine seizures to one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
Which of the following is a function of the middle ear?
To increase the pressure of air entering the ear
According to the notion that the hemispheres of the brain are involved in very different kinds of intellectual and emotional functions and responses, left-brained people are primarily logical and intellectual
True
Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to receive sensory input from the object.
True
Frequency and amplitude are independent.
True
Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions of a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.
True
Pain is sharpest in areas of the body where nerve endings are densely packed.
True
Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of her students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "Well done" and "Keep it up." Her behavior provides an example of reinforcement.
True
Psychologists are thinking in terms of behavioral genetics when they ask about the inborn reasons why individuals may differ in their behavior and mental processes.
True
Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.
True
Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.
True
In the context of sleep, which of the following statements is true?
Under deprivation of rapid eye movement sleep, animals and people learn more slowly.
Which of the following senses is known to be dominant in human beings?
Vision
Which of the following terms denotes a trick of perceptual constancies on the eye?
Visual illusion
Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?
We tend to organize information in order of their hierarchy.
Which of the following is true of Weber's constant?
Weber's constant for light is inaccurate when extremely bright or dull lights are compared.
John recently suffered a blow to the head. Since then, he has found it quite difficult to express his thoughts. Although his ability to think has not been impaired, he cannot find the right words to say what he wants to say. However, he speaks freely and with proper syntax. John most likely suffers from__________.
Wernicke-s-aphasia
In which of the following situations do people usually require more sleep than normal?
When people are under stress
In which of the following conditions do receptors for warmth fire?
When skin temperature increases
Paul is a fifty-five-year-old man who has been having some difficulty recalling important details. On visiting a doctor, he was told that he was in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. The deficiency of__________is most likely to be linked to Paul's condition.
acetylcholine
__________is a neurotransmitter that controls muscle contractions.
acetylcholine
Bobby was standing in line to purchase a movie ticket. All of a sudden, the man in front of him took a few steps back and stepped on Bobby's foot. Bobby had an immediate sensation of pain. This sensation was transmitted via the spinal cord to the brain through__________.
afferent-neurons
The__________refers to the fact that a neuron fires an impulse of the same strength whenever its action potential is triggered.
all-or-none-principle
Which of the following reflects alternating periods of wakefulness and sleep?
circadian rhythm
Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature.
cognitive
Peter took his bicycle for a ride one morning. He was not wearing a helmet and fell off a ridge, into a steep valley. Apart from fracturing his arm and acquiring several bruises, Peter severely injured his head. The doctor noticed a swelling on the right side of his head and suspected it to be a blood clot. He advised Peter to get a(n)__________done to further investigate his injuries.
computerized-axial-tomography-scan
Most organizations of health professionals agree that media violence_____.
contributes to aggression among people
Nicotine, alcohol, and many other drugs are pleasurable because they heighten levels of__________.
dopamine
Being left-handed has been associated with an above average probability of having__________.
dyslexia
Using the phrase "Elvis's Guitar Broke Down on Friday" to remember the lines (EGBDF) in a musical treble clef is an example of _____.
elaborative rehearsal
Abe and Rose, who have been married for 13 years, are discussing the events that led to their very first date. Rose distinctly remembers giving Abe her telephone number at a party, but Abe is certain that he got her number from her best friend, Linda. Abe and Rose have different _____ of the event.
episodic memories
Dr. Kennett is a neurologist who is conducting research using brain imaging techniques. He wants to study pictures of his subjects' brain while they are speaking or using a language. The pictures will help Dr. Kennett understand the parts of the brain that are being used to speak and other processes that occur simultaneously in the brain. Based on the nature of study, the most suitable technique for Dr. Kennett's research would be to use__________.
functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging
Bethany taught her dog to jump when she raised her right hand. Later, her dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. The response of Bethany's dog to her action similar to the original action to which the dog's response was conditioned is known as _____.
generalization
In Pavlov's experiment, he conditioned his dog to salivate when it was shown a circle. Later, the dog salivated when it was shown other closed geometric figures—even squares. Through his experiment Pavlov demonstrated _____.
generalization
Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes that help her clients reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) _____.
health psychologist
Alicia recently had a bad car accident. Since then, she cannot recall events that occurred after the accident. However, she can recall events that took place before the accident. She recognizes her family and friends and important dates, such as her birthday and her marriage anniversary, but has to be constantly reintroduced to new people in her life. Alicia has most likely sustained damage to her__________.
hippocampus
Erik works as a counselor. He strongly believes in an individual's capacity for self-fulfillment, self-awareness, and decision making. He works on the principle that people are free to choose their own ethical conduct and are also responsible for choosing their conduct. Erik can be said to be following the _____ perspective.
humanistic-existential
A(n) _________ is a mental representation of a visual stimulus that is held briefly in sensory memory.
icon
Katie is a very skilled in-line skater and a tap dancer. Her skills are a part of her _____.
implicit memory
Dana always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Dana's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _____.
infantile amnesia
1 / 1 pts A(n)__________is a stereotyped pattern of behavior that is triggered in a specific situation.
instinct
The__________minimizes leakage of the electrical current being carried along the axon, thereby allowing messages to be conducted more efficiently.
myelin-sheath
While industrial psychologists focus on the relationships between people and work, _________ psychologists study the behavior of people in workplaces such as businesses.
organizational
Allen was adopted at an early age by a Japanese-American couple. As a result, he grew up speaking both Japanese and English fluently. In terms of genetics, this manifestation of Allen's ability to speak is called__________.
phenotype
Traits such as sociability and aggressiveness are thought to be _________.
polygenic
The__________is a bulge in the hindbrain that lies forward of the medulla and transmits information about body movement.
pons
Studies involving brain imaging reveal that _____ makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity.
priming
Sofia doesn't like eating vegetables. To ensure that Sofia eats vegetables, her mother offers her an extra helping of dessert every time Sofia finishes her vegetables. In the context of behaviorism, this is known as _____.
reinforcement
While on a bus on the way back home, Jenny overheard a father telling his young son an interesting story to Jenny found the story to be so captivating that she found herself listening intently to it. In fact, she was listening to the story so intently that she missed her stop. This is an example of _____.
selective attention
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because _____.
spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur
As a child, Peter was bitten by a big, white dog due to which he developed a fear of dogs. Over the years, his fear of dogs got gradually extinguished. Recently, on his way to work, he saw a similar big, white dog barking ferociously at a cat. Suddenly, he felt the fear of dogs again. This recurrence of Peter's fear of dogs is known as__________.
spontaneous-recovery
As we enter _________ sleep, our brain waves slowdown from the alpha rhythm and enter a pattern of theta waves
stage 1
Ashton was struggling to focus on an assignment that was due the next day. This was because he was constantly thinking about a fight that he had gotten into with his friend earlier in the day. However, he consciously tried to push these thoughts away by instructing himself to focus on the assignment. Ashton was using__________to put away the disturbing thoughts.
suppression
While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill after eating some shrimps. To this day, he feels nauseous at the sight of shrimps and cannot eat them. Psychologists refer to Benjamin's response to shrimps as a _____.
taste aversion
In positron emission tomography, to trace the metabolism of glucose, a radioactive compound called a(n)__________is mixed with glucose and injected into the bloodstream.
tracer
Contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when _____.
the conditioned stimulus provides information about the unconditioned stimulus
_________ refers to the tendency to perceive a broken figure as being complete or whole.
Closure
_____ psychologists define learning as the process by which organisms change the way they represent the environment because of experience.
Cognitive
_________ is defined as a way of evaluating the claims and comments of other people that involves skepticism and examination of evidence.
Critical thinking
_____ is the loss of memory of personal information that is thought to stem from psychological conflict or trauma.
Dissociative amnesia
_________ is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli.
Echoic memory
_________ is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes.
Eidetic imagery
_____ notes that for us to perceive lower pitches, we need to match the frequency of the sound waves with our neural impulses.
Frequency theory
_____ defines one's nature, which is based on biological structures and processes.
Heredity
_________ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.
Humanism
_________ is the inability to recall events that occur prior to the age of three or so.
Infantile amnesia
_____ processes cannot be experienced through sensory awareness or direct inner awarenessNonconscious
Nonconscious
_________ are nonsense syllables presented in pairs in experiments that measure recall.
Paired associates
_________is defined as a simple unlearned response to a stimulus.
Reflex
_________ of stored information means locating it and returning it to consciousness.
Retrieval
_________ is the failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the effects of the trauma.
Retrograde amnesia
_________ refers to focusing one's consciousness on a particular stimulus.
Selective attention
_________ is the stimulation of sensory receptors and transmission of sensory information to the central nervous system.
Sensation
_________ is the type or stage of memory that is first encountered by a stimulus.
Sensory memory
_________is the recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time.
Spontaneous recovery
_____ was a founder of the school of functionalism.
William James
Ben is a drug addict who does not have much money. He often acquires his drugs by promising to pay the dealer later. Recently, the dealers have not been supplying Ben with drugs on loan. Ben has been going without drugs for the past week, which has led to the appearance of several physical symptoms. He begins to shake and sweat profusely. In this case, Ben is experiencing _____.
a craving
Jason, straining his eyes on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using _____
a visual code
Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _____.
acoustic code
Lisa is a fabric specialist. Recently, she was invited to an exhibition of Persian silks. Being an expert on fabrics, Lisa continuously moved her hand along the surface of the different pieces of fabric to get an exact feel of it. This continuous feeling provided sensory input from the object and was known as _____.
active touching
Low amplitude brain waves that are emitted when we close our eyes and begin to relax before going to sleep are known as _________.
alpha waves
In_____, people receive reinforcement in the form of information.
biofeedback training
Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution Brandon's beliefs are consistent with the _____ perspective.
biological
Psychologists with a _________ perspective focus on the evolution of behavior and mental processes.
biological
During a survey conducted in a primary school, it was found that most of the students feared snakes, insects, thunderstorms, and darkness. According to Arne Öhman and SusanMineka, the students might be _____ by evolutionary forces to develop these fears.
biologically prepared
A(n) _________ is a stimulus or group of stimuli that are perceived as a discrete piece of information.
chunk
After a single presentation, Megan can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she combined the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called _____.
chunking
The tendency to perceive a complete or whole figure even when there are gaps in the sensory input is known as _________.
closure
In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals,while other rats were allowed to roam freely for 10 days in the same mazes without food goals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze,the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly asthe rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This shows that the rats had the ability to form_____ of their surroundings.
cognitive maps
The colors across from one another on the color wheel are labeled _________.
complementary colors
Christine uses an electric can opener to open cans of dog food. Her dog starts to salivate just at the sound of the electric can opener in anticipation of the food. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the electric can opener has become an effective _____ for the dog.
conditioned stimulus
When Claire was baking an apple pie, the odor of the pie triggered some memories of her childhood. She remembered playing with her younger brother in the living room while her mother baked apple pies. Her memory is an example of a(n) _____.
context-dependent memory
Jack was teaching his son, Philip, types of geometric shapes. As part of an exercise, Jack asked Philip to identify the different shapes drawn on a sheet of paper. Jack noticed that a part of the image of circle was erased accidentally, and there was a blot of ink left on that spot. Nevertheless, Philip identified the shape as a circle. This response of Philip is best explained by the law of _________.
continuity
A person appears to have certain adjustment issues with new people in his classroom. He does not have any serious psychological disorders but seems to be have trouble making new friends. The psychologist most likely to be called upon to help the person would be a _____ psychologist.
counseling
The Atkinson-Shiffrin model of stages of memory intends to _____.
determine whether and for how long information is retained in memory
The knowledge of our own thoughts, images, emotions, and memories that we experience without the use of our sensory organs is known as _____.
direct inner awareness
Jeff's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car engine pulling into the driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Jeff's car engine. In the context of conditioning, the reaction of Jeff's dog to the sound of his car's engine is known as _____.
discrimination
The term _________ in memory theory, means to cause information to be lost from short-term memory by adding new information.
displace
At a painting exhibition, Martha had admired a painting that depicted a farm. Half an hour later, when she was having lunch with a friend, Martha was able to recall several details depicted in the painting. She remembered correctly the colors that were used, the animals that were drawn, and even the number of trees in the painting. Martha's ability to remember these details would be known as _____.
eidetic imagery
Ralph conducted a study to determine the effects of certain visual stimuli on individuals. For his study, he used two groups of students. The first group watched a violent war film, while the other group did not. Later, both groups were asked to write an essay on war. It was found that the essays written by the first group were more strongly opinionated against war. In this scenario, the first group would be considered a(n) _____.
experimental group
When the relationship between objects and their surroundings seems ambiguous, people's perceptions tend to be unstable and shift back and forth, and this is known as _____ perception.
figure-ground
Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this context, Max is on a _____.
fixed-interval schedule
Joe is paid $15 for every five doghouses he paints. In the context of operant conditioning, this is an example of a _____.
fixed-ratio schedule
Jane is a practicing psychologist who assesses the mental status of people charged with crimes and shares her findings with the courts. Jane is a(n) _____ psychologist.
forensic
Visual acuity (sharpness and detail) is greatest at the _________.
fovea
1 / 1 pts In conditioning, _________is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.
generalization
After being conditioned to fear a white rat due to a childhood incident, Albert began fearing all furry objects, such as rabbits and fur coats. Albert's fear of furry objects is due to _____.
generalization
Johnny has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Johnny also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. This development of Johnny's fear of bright lights after he started associating it with the dentist's cabin is known as _____.
higher-order conditioning
Tracy had taken tennis lessons when she was very young and was a good tennis player in her school. However, she had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. At the tennis class, a moment after she picked up her racket, Tracy realized that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's _____ made this possible.
implicit memory
Research shows that playing violent video games is associated with a(n)_____.
increase in aggressive thoughts and behavior
A(n) _____ psychologist focuses on the relationship between people and their work.
industrial
David is a sixty-year-old man. He has suffered from pain in the joints for several years now. As a result, he finds it difficult to get sleep. He is further troubled by autonomic activity and muscle tension when he tries to consciously fall asleep. And now, he simply tries to relax his body without the effort of trying to fall asleep. David most likely suffers from _________.
insomnia
The cognitive tradition has roots in Socrates' advice to "Know thyself" and in his suggested method of _____.
introspection
Learning that is hidden or concealed is known as _____.
latent learning
According to behaviorists, _____ is a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior that arises from practice or experience.
learning
The _________ adjusts or accommodates to the image by changing its thickness.
lens
To remember the names of all the countries in Asia, Jennifer is mentally repeating all the country names several times. This scenario illustrates _____.
maintenance rehearsal
A(n) _________ is an assumed change in the nervous system that reflects the impression made by a stimulus.
memory trace
If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) _____.
memory trace
As a little girl, Dana liked to watch her mother prepare dinner. As an adult, Dana now enjoys preparing gourmet meals for her family. Dana learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Dana's mother was a _____ for her.
model
We learn to perceive objects that appear to move with us as being at greater distances due to a phenomenon known as _________.
motion parallax
Stewart is a stage performer who wants to control his weight. He regularly smokes cigarettes and is also addicted to many other tobacco products. He thinks that it helps him relax and improve his performance on stage. In this case, Sandy is likely addicted to _____.
nicotine
Circulation of blood is an example of a _________ process.
nonconscious
William's father was a gardener. As a child, William often watched his father at work. As an adult,William takes care of his garden himself. Though he was never taught the art of gardening, he is very good at it and prides himself on having the best garden on the block.William acquired the knowledge and skills of gardening by the process of _____.
observational learning
In operant conditioning, an organism learns to do or not do thingsbecause_____.
of the consequences of theirbehavior
Justin plays for his high-school soccer team. He practices scoring touchdowns every day. During matches against other schools, he manages to score an average of three out of every five touchdowns he attempts. In this context, Justin gets _____ for his efforts.
partial reinforcement
Liz was involved in a car accident that led her to sustain a head injury. When she was fully awake, the doctor approached her and asked her some questions ranging from "What is the last thing you remember?" to "when were you born?" to "what is your mother's maiden name?" Liz was able to answer all of this correctly. Such information constitutes her _________ material.
preconscious
Once we have learned the multiplication tables, the recall of six times six is relatively automatic due to _____.
priming
Jonah loves learning new languages. In high-school, he learned French and in college, he learned Italian. Sometimes, when he has a problem remembering Italian words, French words come to mind instead. This is an example of _____.
proactive interference
When Shae was going through a book, she noticed a page on which several stars were drawn. Even though all the stars were identical and equal in size, some of them were closer to each other while the others were far away. This led Shae to immediately perceive the stars as belonging to two different groups. This perception of groups can be best explained by the law of _________.
proximity
Sean believes that many of our unconscious ideas and impulses stem from our childhood conflicts. Based on his beliefs, it can be said that Sean is a _____.
psychoanalyst
In the context of the human eye, the size of the _________ is also sensitive to an individual's emotions.
pupil
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, _________ is the ejection of anxiety-evoking ideas from conscious awareness.
repression
Joy speaks Spanish as she has learnt the language in school. She is now learning to speak French. She often notices that sometimes when speaking in Spanish, French words come to mind. This is an example of _____.
retroactive interference
Stephen was recently involved in a car accident due to which he was critically injured. He is unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Stephen is suffering from _____.
retrograde amnesia
Sarah was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _____.
savings
A(n) _________ is a way of mentally representing the world, such as a belief or an expectation, which can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations.
schema
While sitting in class, Paul heard two people whispering about an upcoming college event. Since this sounded more interesting to him than the lecture that was going on, Paul started listening intently to what the two people were talking about, while completely ignoring the lecture. This is an example of _________.
selective attention
Christopher knows a lot of facts about the planet earth. He knows that the circumference of the earth is 40,030 km even though he did not personally measure the circumference of the earth. This knowledge is referred to as _____.
semantic memory
The _________ is the tendency to recall more accurately the first and last items in a series.
serial-position effect
Hailey is teaching her dog to roll over on its back. She starts by givingit a treat every time it performs an action close to rolling over. At first, she gives it a treat for lying on its stomach, then for lying on its back, and eventually for rolling over. This procedure used by Hailey to teach her dog to roll over on its back is known as _____.
shaping
causes of _________ include anatomical deformities that clog the air passageways, such as a thick palate, and problems in the breathing centers in the brain.
sleep apnea
Ray often wakes up at night chattering loudly and incoherently. He is usually pacified for about five minutes after which he returns to sleep. During the morning, he is unable to recall his behavior. However, he vaguely recalls his chest being pressed. Ray seems to suffer from _____.
sleep terrors
Kira, an eight-year-old girl, sometimes walks around the house in her sleep. During these times, her parents generally find her roaming about in the living room or the kitchen. Though in sleep, she responds to questions during these phases. But when she wakes up in the morning, she is completely unaware of her night-time excursions. This phenomenon is referred to as _____.
somnambulism
As a child, Peter was bitten by a big, white dog due to which he developed a fear of dogs. Over the years, his fear of dogs got gradually extinguished. Recently, on his way to work, he saw a similar big, white dog barking ferociously at a cat. Suddenly, he felt the fear of dogs again. This recurrence of Peter's fear of dogs is known as _____.
spontaneous recovery
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because _____.
spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur
Delta waves are strong, slow brain waves usually emitted during _____ sleep.
stage 4
While watching a comedy show, Amanda remembered many funny incidents from her own college life. This is an example of _____.
state-dependent memory
Wilhelm Wundt and his students founded the school of psychology called _____.
structuralism
Visual stimuli that is flashed below a person's absolute threshold for conscious perception is an example of _________.
subliminal stimulation
Carl is teaching his dogs to jump through a hoop. At the onset of training, Carl gives the dogs treats for each movement toward the hoop. Then, he gives them treats as they near the hoop. Eventually he gives them treats only when they jump through the hoop. In this scenario, Carl reinforces_____of the goal.
successive approximations
While on the way to write his final exam, Darren was disturbed by thoughts of failing because he hadn't studied the night before. He brushed these thoughts away and instead tried some last-minute preparation. Darren was demonstrating _____.
suppression
While on vacation, twelve years ago, Benjamin became extremely ill after eating some shrimps. To this day, he feels nauseous at the sight of shrimps and cannot eat them. Psychologists refer to Benjamin's response to shrimps as a _____.
taste aversion
If the __________ is damaged, a person can form visual memories but not verbal memories.
thalamus
To help a child who watches violent programs act less aggressively, one should inform the child that_____
the aggressive behaviors he or she watches reflect camera tricks, special effects,and stunts
Michelle is walking on the road when she suddenly hears an intermittent ringing of church bells. She is unable to detect the source of the sound and looks around. She continues to walk ahead and slightly turns her head to the right. The intensity suddenly increases in her left ear. In this case, the sound of the church bells is most likely coming from _____.
the front
Caleb had read in the newspaper that a popular corporation had appointed a new CEO. When he was talking about this to a friend, Caleb could only remember the first letter and the last letter of the new CEO's name. This illustrates _____.
the serial-position effect
The ----_____ is the feeling that information is stored in memory although it cannot be readily retrieved.
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Elly attends a spiritual therapy session once a week. During these sessions, she concentrates on specific sounds or words known as "mantras". Through these sessions, Elly wishes to attain an altered state of consciousness which includes spiritual experiences. Elly is most likely to be practicing _________.
transcendental meditation
In a variable-interval schedule, reinforcement is provided after a _____.
variable amount of time has passed
During fishing trips, Laurence casts his hook and waits for a fish to take the bait. He waits patiently as the fish can bite at any time. In this scenario, Laurence is on a _____.
variable-interval schedule
In the context of operant conditioning, gamblers at slot machines win on a _____
variable-ratio schedule
Andy is a professional skydiver. During his freefall, he is able to automatically sense his body's position in relation to the earth's gravity without really having to look around him. This allows him to adjust his position appropriately during his fall to regulate his momentum. The sense that is illustrated in this scenario is _____.
vestibular sense
The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that stimulates the eye and produces visual sensations constitutes _____.
visible light