Psychology

Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?

Agression

Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and recently has lost a lot of weight. Even after this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?

Anorexia Nervosa

Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?

Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.

In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?

Aversive Conditioning

___ are more likely to commit suicide than __.

College Students, Non-College Students

A(n) ______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) if the relationship between two variables.

Correlation Coefficient

In every experiment, the ____ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.

Dependent variable

According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.

False

According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage.

False

Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three major types of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and ambiguous/resistant attachment.

False

Correlations allow us to determine causualty

False

Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.

False

Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.

False

In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

False

Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.

False

PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.

False

People with lower Self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining calmer and are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.

False

Psychodynamic and client-centered therapies appear to be most effective with well-educated, verbal, strongly motivated clients who report problems with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.

False

When a client avoids talking about a difficult topic in therapy, such as an abusive relationship with a parent, saying, "I don't want to discuss it," this is known as transference.

False

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________.

Fixed-Interval schedule

Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attourneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?

Forensic psychologists

Which of the following is not a demand that stress makes on an organism?

Fulfillment

_____ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.

Humanism

Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating __________.

Infinite creativity

A participant's agreement to participate in research after recieving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments is referred to as _____.

Informed Consent

Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?

It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.

Which of the following is true of functionalism

It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called ______.

Self-Actualization

Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?

Sense of smell declines

Excessive fear of public speaking is a common ____.

Social Anxiety Disorder

As opposed to dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experiments so that its effects may be determined.

True

Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions os a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.

True

Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.

True

Psychological Disorders are behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or significant impairment in functioning.

True

The body's response to different stressors shows certain similarities whether the stressor is a bacterial invasion, perceived danger, or a major life change is known as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).

True

When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.

True

With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.

True

Unlike Type A people, Type B people ___________.

are less ambitious and less impatient

How do pigments gain their colors?

by absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest.

Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?

excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution

Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through __________.

extrinsic rewards

In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________.

hippocampus

Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:

humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.

When you first wake up in the morning and turn your lights on, the _______________ changes shape to keep out some of the light so it does not damage the eye.

iris

Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates __________.

irrational beliefs

When Kendall picked up her puppy, she did not realize that he'd gained a pound since the last time she picked him up. This small increase in weight is not big enough to be a

just noticable difference

Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ___________.

live in the community

The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that__________were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.

monozygotic twins

Cognitive theorists note that:

people represent their worlds mentally.

According to Piaget, the __________ is the second stage of cognitive development in children.

preoperational

Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life changing units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that:

some of them considered academic success to be stressful

Newborns use the __________ to avoid painful stimuli.

withdrawal reflex

In the approach avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach

False

The behaviorists Watson and Skinner emphasized the notions of personal freedom, choice, and self-direction.

False

The psychology of motivation concerns the whys and hows of behavior.

False

There is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy helps people with psychological disorders

False

A(n) _______ Primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.

Industrial Psychologist

According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.

True

Behavior therapists see the effectiveness of behavior therapy as deriving from specific, learning-based procedures.

True

Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of their students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "well done" and "keep it up". Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.

True

During Bobbi's therapy session, she noticed that her therapist was frequently mentioning rewards and consequences. Her therapist most likely practices what type of therapy?

Behavior Therapy

In the context of obsessive compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions

False

Jalen wondered how many blueberries are necessary for the perfect-tasting pancake. In this example, changing the number of blueberries would be considered a dependent variable.

False

Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.

False

Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress

False

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

Humanistic theorists

According to the biological views on the origins of psychological disorders, humans are genetically predisposed to fear stimuli that may have posed a threat to their ancestors

True

Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations.

True

Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing.

True

Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleep walking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.

True

The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14.

True

Which of the following is true of the immune system?

b) It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.

False, is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule

In __________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.

divergent thinking

According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?

Love and belongingness

Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?

both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable

Flora had met with an accident a few day ago. She has forgotten everything about her life before the accident. Flora is suffering from ____________.

generalized dissociative amnesia

In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting?

Behavior Therapy

___ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.

Carl Jung

According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, __________ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.

Emotional Concern

believed that to a large extent a person is a conscious architect of his or her own personality.

Erik Erikson

The __________ is the third stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). In this stage, the muscles become fatigued:

Exhaustion Stage

__________ are best described as people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements in stressful situations as being largely outside themselves.

Externals

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

False

Because psychologists have engaged in thousands of studies on intelligence, they unequivocally agree on the definition of intelligence.

False

Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove.

False

Irrational beliefs can lessen an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability.

False

It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs.

False

Rates of suicide and suicide attempts are similar among various ethnic groups and according to gender.

False

Recall is the easiest type of memory task, making multiple-choice tests easier than fill-in-the-blank.

False

Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology

False

Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.

False

John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.

False, it was Albert Bandura.

The Weschler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.

False, stanford-binet did

Roul is one of the best football players in newborn warriors. However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable to sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes. In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a _____.

Health Psychologist

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory—analytical psychology?

It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.

Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?

It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.

Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?

Money

The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are more likely to do one of the following to cope with stress

Music and Exercise

A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job at work because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease

Overeating

Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from

Paranoid personality disorder

The audience was very impressed by the singer's ability to hit the high and low notes. This most closely relates to ______.

Pitch

Which of the following is true of psychological needs?

Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.

___ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.

Specific Phobias

In the context of classical conditioning, ________ helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.

Spontaneous Recovery

Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?

The identities must not be aware of the others.

Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to recieve sensory input from the object.

True

Although Hippocrates' theory of personality traits was speculative, many of his terms such as choleric, sanguine, melacholic are still used in descriptions of personality today.

True

Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.

True

Client-centered therapists believe in viewing the world through a client's frame of reference.

True

Cognitive therapy focuses on changing the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound people's problems.

True

If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life.

True

One suffering from mania may have grand illusion of schemes, speak rapidly, and show rapid flight of ideas

True

Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.

True

Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system.

True

Psychologists define personality as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguishes one person from another.

True

Your friends had to tell what the painting means because all you could see wasa bunch of random dots on the canvas. you are more likely using Bottom-up processing.

True

_____ is the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that the difference of intensity will be percieved.

Weber's Constant

The _____ of conversion disorders holds that it is a form of self-hypnosis.

biopsychosocial perspective

Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?

both are ages of feeling in-between

Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of _________.

bulimia nervosa

Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:

catastrophizing the extent of loss.

The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.

hypothalamus

Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles

many life changes are positive and occur less frequently

After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) __________.

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

The ____ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome

sympathetic nervous system

Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist

systematic desensitization

B. F. Skinner proposed

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.

Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde, dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.

False

A sample consists of multiple populations

False, A sample consists of individuals selected by the researcher to represent a larger group.

In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered and experimental group.

False

In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.

False

Psychophysicist Ernst Weber discovered through laboratory research that the threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of light. His research became known as the difference threshold.

False

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

False

Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapis eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep.

False

Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes. This group of rules is referred to as the laws of similarity.

False

In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as __________.

Interference Theory

According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?

It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration

______ is the founder of behaviorism.

John B. Watson

Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?

Moods and attitudes affect prospective memory.

Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?

Nembutal

Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.

Sleep Terrors

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

The experimental method allows phychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.

Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.

True

In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

True

In Psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. what did i eat for breakfast this morning? or what is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material.

True

In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.

True

In the 1940's and 1950's, the psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.

True

Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

True

Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

True

People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.

True

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of an objective test present respondents with a standardized group of test items in the form of a questionnaire.

True

The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.

True

High-frequency brain waves are associated with ____.

Wakefullness

A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?

accomodation

Positive reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring.

increases-increases