Psychology
Which of the following is not a characteristic of psychological hardiness?
Agression
Daniella thinks that she is extremely overweight despite having a normal body weight. She avoids eating food and recently has lost a lot of weight. Even after this, she continues to think that she is overweight. Which eating disorder is Daniella most likely suffers from?
Anorexia Nervosa
Which of the following is true about anterograde amnesia?
Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.
In order for Tonya to stop smoking, her therapist laced her cigarettes with incense that smelled horrifically. What is the name of the technique that Tonya's therapist is using?
Aversive Conditioning
___ are more likely to commit suicide than __.
College Students, Non-College Students
A(n) ______ expresses the strength and direction (positive or negative) if the relationship between two variables.
Correlation Coefficient
In every experiment, the ____ is what the researcher is trying to determine has changed or not.
Dependent variable
According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.
False
According to the general adaptation syndrome, in the resistance stage, levels of endocrine and sympathetic activity are higher than in the alarm reaction stage.
False
Ainsworth and her colleagues identified three major types of attachment: secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and ambiguous/resistant attachment.
False
Correlations allow us to determine causualty
False
Dreams are more likely to be coherent in plot than emotionally gripping.
False
Erik Erikson focused more on unconscious processes and less on conscious choice and self-direction.
False
In divergent thinking, thought is limited to present facts; the problem solver narrows his or her thinking to find the best solution, whereas, in convergent thinking, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
False
Ivan Pavlov proved that reflexes cannot be learned by association.
False
PCP, or phencyclidine, is an opioid whose name is an acronym for its chemical structure.
False
People with lower Self-efficacy expectations have biological as well as psychological reasons for remaining calmer and are less prone to be disturbed by adverse events.
False
Psychodynamic and client-centered therapies appear to be most effective with well-educated, verbal, strongly motivated clients who report problems with schizophrenia and bipolar disorders.
False
When a client avoids talking about a difficult topic in therapy, such as an abusive relationship with a parent, saying, "I don't want to discuss it," this is known as transference.
False
Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________.
Fixed-Interval schedule
Which of the following psychologists might treat psychologically ill offenders, consult with attourneys on matters such as picking a jury, and analyze offenders' behavior and mental processes?
Forensic psychologists
Which of the following is not a demand that stress makes on an organism?
Fulfillment
_____ stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making.
Humanism
Ava, a four-year-old girl, combines words to form her own sentences. In this scenario, Ava is demonstrating __________.
Infinite creativity
A participant's agreement to participate in research after recieving information about the purposes of the study and the nature of the treatments is referred to as _____.
Informed Consent
Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?
It aims to help patients find socially acceptable ways of expressing wishes and gratifying needs.
Which of the following is true of functionalism
It looks at how habits help one cope with common situations.
In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called ______.
Self-Actualization
Which of the following is not a characteristic of middle adulthood?
Sense of smell declines
Excessive fear of public speaking is a common ____.
Social Anxiety Disorder
As opposed to dependent variable, an independent variable is manipulated by the experiments so that its effects may be determined.
True
Many case studies are clinical; that is, they are descriptions os a person's psychological problems and how a psychologist treated them.
True
Prolonged exposure to secondhand smoke during childhood is a risk factor for cancer of the throat.
True
Psychological Disorders are behaviors or mental processes that are connected with various kinds of distress or significant impairment in functioning.
True
The body's response to different stressors shows certain similarities whether the stressor is a bacterial invasion, perceived danger, or a major life change is known as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
True
When problems assault us, irrational beliefs help diminish their effect.
True
With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.
True
Unlike Type A people, Type B people ___________.
are less ambitious and less impatient
How do pigments gain their colors?
by absorbing light from certain segments of the spectrum and reflecting the rest.
Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?
excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution
Eli is a school student. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to impress her teacher and parents by getting into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through __________.
extrinsic rewards
In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________.
hippocampus
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that:
humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal.
When you first wake up in the morning and turn your lights on, the _______________ changes shape to keep out some of the light so it does not damage the eye.
iris
Ever since Michelle failed her biology test, she thinks that she will never be able to find a job when she eventually graduates. She feels that she will end up homeless. This situation best demonstrates __________.
irrational beliefs
When Kendall picked up her puppy, she did not realize that he'd gained a pound since the last time she picked him up. This small increase in weight is not big enough to be a
just noticable difference
Since the 1960's, most people suffering from extreme psychological disorders ___________.
live in the community
The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study found that__________were more similar than fraternal twins in spatial memory, ability to categorize things, and word comprehension.
monozygotic twins
Cognitive theorists note that:
people represent their worlds mentally.
According to Piaget, the __________ is the second stage of cognitive development in children.
preoperational
Peggy Blake and her colleagues constructed a scale of "life changing units" to measure the impact of life changes among college students. Surveys with students revealed that:
some of them considered academic success to be stressful
Newborns use the __________ to avoid painful stimuli.
withdrawal reflex
In the approach avoidance conflict, each of two goals is desirable, and both are within reach
False
The behaviorists Watson and Skinner emphasized the notions of personal freedom, choice, and self-direction.
False
The psychology of motivation concerns the whys and hows of behavior.
False
There is no scientific evidence that psychotherapy helps people with psychological disorders
False
A(n) _______ Primarily focuses on the relationships between people and work.
Industrial Psychologist
According to the American Lung Association, the hydrocarbons, or tars, in cigarette and cigar smoke lead to lung cancer.
True
Behavior therapists see the effectiveness of behavior therapy as deriving from specific, learning-based procedures.
True
Paulina is a kindergarten teacher. Every time one of their students answers correctly during her alphabet classes, she uses phrases like "well done" and "keep it up". Her behavior exemplifies reinforcement.
True
During Bobbi's therapy session, she noticed that her therapist was frequently mentioning rewards and consequences. Her therapist most likely practices what type of therapy?
Behavior Therapy
In the context of obsessive compulsive disorder, seemingly irresistible urges to engage in thoughts or behaviors that tend to reduce anxiety are referred to as obsessions
False
Jalen wondered how many blueberries are necessary for the perfect-tasting pancake. In this example, changing the number of blueberries would be considered a dependent variable.
False
Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.
False
Unhealthy stress is referred to as eustress
False
Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?
Humanistic theorists
According to the biological views on the origins of psychological disorders, humans are genetically predisposed to fear stimuli that may have posed a threat to their ancestors
True
Research shows that eating disorders are more common when the family environment is negative, with possible history of child abuse or neglect, or exposure to high parental expectations.
True
Short-term memory and working memory mean the same thing.
True
Sleep terrors, bedwetting, and sleep walking are all deep sleep disorders that occur during deep (stage 3 or 4) sleep.
True
The beginning of menstruation, or menarche, usually occurs between 11 and 14.
True
Which of the following is true of the immune system?
b) It remembers how to battle antigens, often for years.
A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.
False, is a Fixed-Ratio Schedule
In __________, the problem solver associates freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course.
divergent thinking
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?
Love and belongingness
Which of the following statements is true of approach-approach conflicts?
both goals involved in these conflicts are attainable
Flora had met with an accident a few day ago. She has forgotten everything about her life before the accident. Flora is suffering from ____________.
generalized dissociative amnesia
In the context of evidence-based practices, which of the following treatments would be most effective in treating depression, developmental disabilities, and bed-wetting?
Behavior Therapy
___ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.
Carl Jung
According to the different kinds of support for coping with stress, __________ involves listening to people's problems and expressing feelings of sympathy, caring, understanding, and reassurance.
Emotional Concern
believed that to a large extent a person is a conscious architect of his or her own personality.
Erik Erikson
The __________ is the third stage in a group of bodily changes that occur in the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). In this stage, the muscles become fatigued:
Exhaustion Stage
__________ are best described as people who perceive the ability to attain reinforcements in stressful situations as being largely outside themselves.
Externals
According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.
False
Because psychologists have engaged in thousands of studies on intelligence, they unequivocally agree on the definition of intelligence.
False
Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove.
False
Irrational beliefs can lessen an individual's emotional reaction to loss and enhance coping ability.
False
It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs.
False
Rates of suicide and suicide attempts are similar among various ethnic groups and according to gender.
False
Recall is the easiest type of memory task, making multiple-choice tests easier than fill-in-the-blank.
False
Research shows that cultural issues do not play a significant role in an individual's psychology
False
Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.
False
John B. Watson developed the social-cognitive perspective, arguing for the influence of social factors over cognition.
False, it was Albert Bandura.
The Weschler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.
False, stanford-binet did
Roul is one of the best football players in newborn warriors. However, his stamina has been reducing and he has been unable to sustain an entire game due to his habit of smoking cigarettes. In order to improve his performance, Raoul is most likely to consult a _____.
Health Psychologist
Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's psychodynamic theory—analytical psychology?
It emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.
Which of the following best defines the term preconscious?
It refers to material that is not in awareness but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention.
Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer?
Money
The American Psychological Association (2017) has found that Americans are more likely to do one of the following to cope with stress
Music and Exercise
A woman has difficulty concentrating on her job at work because she keeps worrying about things like leaving the door unlocked or the tap turned on. She feels that her house might be robbed or damaged any day because of her carelessness. According to this scenario, she is most likely suffering from __________.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Which of the following is a risk factor for coronary heart disease
Overeating
Lisa, a high school student, is suspicious of her classmates. She does not trust them and keeps a distance from everyone at school. Lisa is most likely suffering from
Paranoid personality disorder
The audience was very impressed by the singer's ability to hit the high and low notes. This most closely relates to ______.
Pitch
Which of the following is true of psychological needs?
Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.
___ are excessive, irrational fears of specific objects or situations, such as spiders, snakes, or heights.
Specific Phobias
In the context of classical conditioning, ________ helps organisms adapt to situations that recur from time to time.
Spontaneous Recovery
Concerning dissociative identity disorders, which of the following is inaccurate about their identities?
The identities must not be aware of the others.
Active touching means continuously moving your hand along the surface of an object so that you continue to recieve sensory input from the object.
True
Although Hippocrates' theory of personality traits was speculative, many of his terms such as choleric, sanguine, melacholic are still used in descriptions of personality today.
True
Biofeedback training is a system that provides information about a bodily function so the organism can gain control of that function.
True
Client-centered therapists believe in viewing the world through a client's frame of reference.
True
Cognitive therapy focuses on changing the beliefs, attitudes, and automatic types of thinking that create and compound people's problems.
True
If you have an internal locus of control, it means you feel you have control over the direction of your life.
True
One suffering from mania may have grand illusion of schemes, speak rapidly, and show rapid flight of ideas
True
Physical needs give rise to drives like hunger and thirst.
True
Psychological states such as anxiety and depression can impair the functioning of the immune system.
True
Psychologists define personality as the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguishes one person from another.
True
Your friends had to tell what the painting means because all you could see wasa bunch of random dots on the canvas. you are more likely using Bottom-up processing.
True
_____ is the fraction of the intensity by which a source of physical energy must be increased or decreased so that the difference of intensity will be percieved.
Weber's Constant
The _____ of conversion disorders holds that it is a form of self-hypnosis.
biopsychosocial perspective
Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?
both are ages of feeling in-between
Vomiting, binge eating, fasting, the use of laxatives, and engaging in prolonged exercise regimens are potentially characteristics of _________.
bulimia nervosa
Suppose a person is fired and he harbors beliefs such as: "This job was the most important thing in my life," "What a no-good failure I am," "My family will starve," "I'll never find a job as good," "There's nothing I can do about it." According to Albert Ellis, such irrational beliefs contribute to anxiety and depression by:
catastrophizing the extent of loss.
The __________ is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger.
hypothalamus
Which of the following are some of the differences between life changes and daily hassles
many life changes are positive and occur less frequently
After returning from work, Greg contemplates whether he should stay at home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay at home because he likes to relax, but feels guilty about not getting enough exercise. He knows that if he goes to the gym, he will be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the activity. According to Neal E. Miller, this is an example of a(n) __________.
multiple approach-avoidance conflict
The ____ activates the adrenal medulla, causing it to release a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline during the alarm reaction stage of the general adaptation syndrome
sympathetic nervous system
Katherine is terrified of dogs. To help alleviate her fears, her therapist first teaches her how to relax her muscles. Next, the therapist uses virtual therapy to expose Katherine to different dogs and asks her to stay relaxed. Which of the following is the basis for the virtual therapy used by Katherine's therapist
systematic desensitization
B. F. Skinner proposed
that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome.
Women seem less affected by alcohol than men because they have more of an enzyme called aldehyde, dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol in the stomach.
False
A sample consists of multiple populations
False, A sample consists of individuals selected by the researcher to represent a larger group.
In a study conducted to test the effect of a medicine, one group of participants is given the medicine while another group is not. The latter would be considered and experimental group.
False
In their continuing research, psychologists have come to define consciousness in only one way, as the continuing self in the world.
False
Psychophysicist Ernst Weber discovered through laboratory research that the threshold for perceiving differences in the intensity of light. His research became known as the difference threshold.
False
According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.
False
Dreams are most likely to be vivid during non-rapis eye movement (NREM) sleep, whereas images are vaguer and more fleeting during rapid-eye movement (REM) sleep.
False
Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes. This group of rules is referred to as the laws of similarity.
False
In the context of memory and forgetting, the view that one may forget stored material because other learning overlaps with it is known as __________.
Interference Theory
According to Freud, which of the following is true of the ego?
It stands for rational ways of coping with frustration
______ is the founder of behaviorism.
John B. Watson
Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?
Moods and attitudes affect prospective memory.
Which of the following substances is classified as a barbiturate?
Nembutal
Ray often wakes up at night talking loudly and incoherently. During this time, his heart rate increases, and he recalls vague images of someone pressing on his chest. However, he is never fully awake and returns to sleep. In the context of sleep disorders, Ray is exhibiting symptoms of _____.
Sleep Terrors
Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?
The experimental method allows phychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect.
Gestalt psychologists claimed that one cannot explain human perceptions, emotions, or thought processes in terms of basic units.
True
In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
True
In Psychodynamic theory, descriptive information that is not awareness, but can be brought into awareness by focusing one's attention (i.e. what did i eat for breakfast this morning? or what is my cell phone number?), is called preconscious material.
True
In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.
True
In the 1940's and 1950's, the psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.
True
Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.
True
Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
True
People with frequent nightmares are more likely than others to have anxiety, depression, and other psychological problems.
True
The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of an objective test present respondents with a standardized group of test items in the form of a questionnaire.
True
The difference between sensation and perception is that sensation, or the stimulation of our senses, is an automated process resulting from sources of energy (light and sound) or the presence of chemicals (as in taste and smell), while perception is an active process in which sensations are organized and interpreted to form an inner representation of the world.
True
High-frequency brain waves are associated with ____.
Wakefullness
A two-year-old child's family has a pet rabbit. When the family visits the zoo, the child sees a hamster for the first time and calls it a rabbit because of the physical features that are common to a rabbit and a hamster. According to Piaget, which cognitive process will most likely modify the child's understanding?
accomodation
Positive reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring, and negative reinforcement _______ the probability of a behavior occurring.
increases-increases